?_\˙˙˙˙@ëLCl^œš5Ukrainian GrammarBrowseButtons()/&;)z4˙˙ ‚ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXTŢ|CTXOMAPaž|FONTŐŞ|KWBTREEŞÍ|KWDATA Í|KWMAP™Í|SYSTEM|TOPIC‹|TTLBTREEŮŐ|bm07ć6Ÿ˙˙RŸ˙˙JŚAŚ˙˙˙˙ 9˙˙˙˙E1Ř˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙EäContents0 u% €€Œ˜€‚˙ContentswđEě‡ ܀က‚‚ă‚Ą™€‰‚㡟\7‰‚ăőŹC‰‚ăúłŽŐ‰€€‚ăěę\U‰‚ă!|‰‚ăÉ؉‚ăĽfź‰‚ă§óľ˙‰‚ăI*$‰‚ă4™‰‚ă…O‰‰‚€‚‚˙The following Help Topics are available:Introduction to Ukrainian GrammarThe Ukrainian AlphabetNouns Adjectives Pronouns Numerals Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Particles Interjections Conjunctions Q*u=' €T€¤„H~€‚˙For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.Oěž2 4€ €0¤‘€„H~€†"€‚˙For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu.&=ä# €€€‚˙R!ž61îş6ƒLGIntroduction to Ukrainian GrammarM%äƒ( €J€Œ˜€€‚˙Introduction to Ukrainian Grammar̨6O$ €Q€€‚˙In English, the meaning of a sentence is determined by the order of its words. The subject appears before the object. In the sentence "Bob ate the fish." there is no confusion as to who is doing the eating. In Ukrainian, sentence meaning is found in word endings, not in word order. This means that sentence structure is much more unrestricted than in English and that more meaning can be expressed in Ukrainian with fewer words. It also means that to understand a sentence in Ukrainian it is essential to understand the grammatical context of each word. For this reason, the discussions of Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives and Numerals will center around grammatical endings.†^ƒŐ( €˝€€‚‚‚‚‚˙The terms, case, declension (decline), and agreement will be used throughout the discussions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numerals. There are seven cases in Ukrainian which apply to these parts of speech. The seven cases tell how a word is being used in a sentence. These are presented below with their basic meanings.The seven cases:y3ONF#\€fíĽ €€ր‚˙€€ր‚˙˙˙Nominative used for the subject of a sentence9ŐÍF#\€ríĽ €€ր‚˙€€ր‚˙˙˙Accusative used for the direct object of a sentencel&N9 F#\€LíĽ €€ր‚˙€€ր‚˙˙˙Genitive used to show possessionl&ÍĽ F#\€LíĽ €€ր‚˙€€ր‚˙˙˙Dative used for indirect objectsI9 4 F#\€’íĽ €€ր‚˙€ €ր‚˙˙˙Instrumental used to show the means by which an action is performed›UĽ Ď F#\€ŞíĽ €€ր‚˙€>€ր‚˙˙˙Prepositional (or Locative) used only with prepositions, often showing locationl&4 ; F#\€LíĽ €€ր‚˙€€ր‚˙˙˙Vocativeused for calling someoneĎĎ B R€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€€€‚˙The Nominative case is considered the rootword and is the form found in the dictionary. It is also the only case that is never used with a preposition.Declension: the seven case endings which are applied to every noun, pronoun, adjective and numeral. To decline a noun is to apply the seven case endings that form its declension.Agreement: Because sentence meaning is tied to the case endings of words, it is important that each word accurately reflect its function. For this reason, an adjective and the noun it modifies will show the same case endings, or agree with each other so that their relationship to each other is clear.T-; j@' €[€€‚‚‚‚˙The Root presented on screen for each word in a Ukrainian Title is the dictionary entry for that word. The Ukrainian Grammar Basics (this Help file) explains how words change their endings for different grammatical meanings. This information will give the beginning student the basis needed to understand and appreciate Ukrainian grammar and syntax.Because Ukrainian is so different than English in its alphabet, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, it presents j@äspecial challenges to the beginning student. Here are some suggestions for getting started:& @# €€€‚˙;j@ËC( €'€Pœf€‚‚‚˙1. Start with the alphabet. Repeat this at the beginning of each Ukrainian session until most of the letters are familiar. When you begin reading your Ukrainian Titles, sound out each word with the help of the Pronunciation Guide in the Alphabet Help and the Word Sound available in each Title on CD.2. Familiarize yourself with the different case forms of nouns and pronouns. See how a word is used in different cases with the Search on Rootword command. This will show you the other occurrences of a word in a Title. This exercise will help you become familiar with the different case forms of a word and show you how different cases are used to give different meanings in a sentence. Remember to learn new words by the Root form of the word, not by one of the oblique cases.8@F) €€Pœf€‚‚‚‚˙3. As you progress, you will notice that the English translation of a Ukrainian sentence may be entirely different in its formation from the Ukrainian. To see how Ukrainian sentences are formed, read a sentence word-by-word with the individual English word translations. This step between the two languages lets you experience the logic of Ukrainian grammar with English words.4. Everyone has their own optimal learning style. Experiment with the many features of Transparent Language to find what works best for you.(ËC+F% €€Pœf€‚˙!öFLG+ $€í€€€€‚‚˙ Note: All words that contain more than one syllable will be presented with a stress mark in the Transparent Language program. Since there are no rules governing stress in Ukrainian, one must practice and memorize the stress of each word. G+F“G1#‘˙˙˙˙“GĎGͅThe Ukrainian Alphabet<LGĎG& €,€€€‚˙Ukrainian Alphabet(“G÷G% €€Pœf€‚˙ZĎGQHD#X€,K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ŕŕ like o in Mom^÷GŻHD#X€4K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Áá like b in brotherŁ^QHRIE#Z€źK €€€‚˙€ €€‚‚˙˙˙Ââ like v in vase before vowels; like w in wish before consonanats and at ends of wordsYŻHŤID#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ăălike h in howYRIJD#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Äälike d in dayYŤI]JD#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ĺĺlike e in bed\JšJD#X€0K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ż˛like ye in Yemen^]JKD#X€4K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ććlike s in pleasureYšJpKD#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ççlike z in zooZKĘKD#X€,K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ččlike i" in kit\pK&LD#X€0K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙ł ˜like ee in feet_ĘK…LD#X€6K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙ˇ šlike yi in YiddishY&LŢLD#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Éélike y in toyZ…L8MD#X€,K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ęęlike k in kiteZŢL’MD#X€,K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ëëlike l in lineY8MëMD#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ěělike m in MomZ’MEND#X€,K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Íílike n in noseYëMžND#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Îîlike o in notYEN÷ND#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ďďlike p in pitp,žNgOD#X€XK €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Đđa rolled R, as in Spanish or RussianY÷NŔOD#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ńńlike s in seaYgO%€D#X€*K €€€‚˙€ €€ŔO%€LG‚˙˙˙Ňňlike t in teašUŔOż€E#Z€ŞK €€€‚˙€ €€‚‚˙˙˙Óólike oo in booth between consonants;like w in wish at the beginning of wordsZ%€D#X€,K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ôôlike f in fell[ż€tD#X€.K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Őőlike ch in BachbÖD#X€<K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Öölike ts in tse-tse fly[t1‚D#X€.K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙×÷like ch in chin[ցŒ‚D#X€.K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Řřlike sh in shop`1‚ě‚D#X€8K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ůůlike shch in borshch]Œ‚IƒD#X€2K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Ţţlike you in youth[삤ƒD#X€.K €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙ß˙like ya in yard~7Iƒ"„G#^€nK €€€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Üüthe soft sign softens the preceeding consonantŤi¤ƒÍ…B R€Ó€Pœf€‚€€€ €€€ €€ €‚˙ Note: You will encounter an apostrophe in written Ukraininan. The apostrophe adds a é sound where it appears. Some, but not most, Ukrainian grammars will also show the letter „› after the letter Ăă. This letter makes a hard g sound, as in the word goose. This sound is found in only a handful of Ukrainian words, most of them of foreign origin. 6"„†1y"x#†4†”Nouns1 ͅ4†( €€Œ˜€€‚˙NounsČŽ†üˆ: B€€€ă‚Ą™‰‚‚‚€ €‚€€‚˙As in English, a Ukrainian noun names a person, place, thing, or abstract idea. However, every noun will also reflect with its ending its gender (masculine, feminine or neuter), number (singular or plural), and its case (one of seven cases as described in the topic, Introduction to Ukrainian Grammar ). Unlike in English, there are no articles in Ukrainian. Gender All nouns in Ukrainian belong to one of three gender groups: masculine, feminine and neuter. Nouns in Ukrainian are also divided into animate and inanimate. All animals and persons belong to the animate group, while all objects and abstract nouns are considered inanimate. &4†"‰# €€€‚˙p?üˆ’‰1 2€~€„i€ €€ €‚‚˙Masculine nouns end in a consonant, -é or the soft sign:„"‰Šn#Ź€,” €€Ö˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙áđŕň(brother)„’‰šŠq#˛€&” €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙ä˜ě(house)…Š‹n#Ź€.” €€„i˙ €€քi€ ‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙ńĄđďĺíü(August)‚šŠĄ‹q#˛€"” €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙÷ŕé(tea)Ֆ‹vŒ? L€-€„i€‚‚€€‚€€€€‚‚‚˙Sample declension of an animate Masculine NounNote: Inanimate masculine nouns retain the nominative case ending in the accusative case.ˇ(Ą‹-#î€PĽÄ Ž ú €€˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙€€ „i‚˙€&€ „i‚˙€6€ „i‚˙˙˙CaseSingularPluralTranslationĎ-vŒü˘#ZĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€.€ „i€ €‚˙€@€ „i€‚˙˙˙NominativeáđŕňáđŕňŁbrother(s)Ń/-ÍŽ˘#^ĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€0€ „i€ €‚˙€D€ „i€‚˙˙˙Accusativeáđľňŕáđŕň—âbrother(s)Ö4üŁ˘#hĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€,€ „i€ €‚˙€@€ „i€‚˙˙˙Genitiveáđľňŕáđŕň—âof the brother(s)á?͎Ŕ˘#~ĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„iŁŔͅ˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€8€ „i€ €‚˙€N€ „i€‚˙˙˙Dativeáđľňó/áđľňîâ˜áđŕňľěčto/for the brother(s)Ý;ŁmÁ˘#vĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€ €„i˙$€"€ „i€ €‚˙$€6€ „i€ €‚˙€J€ „i€‚˙˙˙Instrumentaláđľňîěáđŕňľěwith the brother(s)Ý;ŔJ¢#vĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€"€„i˙$€$€ „i€ €‚˙$€:€ „i€ €‚˙€N€ „i€‚˙˙˙Prepositionaláđľňîâ˜áđŕňľőon the brother(s)’[mÁÜÂ7 >€ś€„i€‚‚‚€ €€ €‚‚˙Feminine nouns end in -ŕ or -˙. A small number can also end in a soft consonant.„JÂ`Ăn#Ź€,xK €€Ö˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙â†ë˙(freedom)…ÜÂĺĂq#˛€(xK €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙ěŁřŕ(mouse)…`ĂjÄq#˛€(xK €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙ě˜öü(power)ĺĂ÷Än#Ź€>xK €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i‚˙˙˙ď—âí˜÷(midnight; North)XjÄOĆ= H€7€„i€‚€€‚€€€‚€‚˙Sample declension of a Feminine Noun. Note: Animate and inanimate feminine nouns have the same endings in the accusative case when they are singular. Plural inanimate feminine nouns have the nominative ending, while plural animate feminine nouns have the genitive ending.ˇ(÷ÄǏ#î€P͡ Ä  €€˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙€€ „i‚˙€&€ „i‚˙€6€ „i‚˙˙˙CaseSingularPluralTranslationĎ-OĆŐǢ#Z͡ Ä  €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€.€ „i€ €‚˙€>€ „i€‚˙˙˙NominativeěŁřŕěŁřčmouse/ miceŘ0ǭȨ# `͡ Ä  €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙0€.€ „i€ € € €‚˙€D€ „i€‚˙˙˙AccusativeěŁřóěčřĄémouse/ miceÝ5ŐNJɨ# j͡ Ä  €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙0€*€ „i€ € € €‚˙€@€ „i€‚˙˙˙GenitiveěŁřčěčřĄéof the mouse/ mice×5­Čaʢ#j͡ Ä  €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€&€ „i€ €‚˙€8€ „i€‚˙˙˙Dativeěčř—ěŁřŕěto/for the mouse/ miceč@ŠÉI˨# €Íˇ Ä  €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€ €„i˙0€"€ „i€ € € €‚˙$€8€ „i€ €‚˙€L€ „i€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalěŁřîţěŁřŕěčby/with the mouse/ miceÚ8aĘ#̢#p͡ Ä  €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€"€„i˙$€$€ „i€ €‚˙$€4€ „i€ €‚˙€F€ „i€‚˙˙˙PrepositionalěŁř˜ěŁřŕőon the mouse/ micet9I˗Ě; F€r€„i€‚‚€ €€ €€ €‚˙Neuter nouns end in -î or -ĺ, and sometimes -˙„#ĚÍn#Ź€,œ* €€Ö˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙ńĺë†(village)†—ĚĄÍq#˛€*œ* €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙ńĄđöĺ(heart)„Í%Îq#˛€&œ* €€„i˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙˜ě'•(name)°zĄÍŐÎ6 <€ô€„i€‚€‚€€€‚‚˙Sample declension of a Neuter Noun. Note: Neuter nouns retain the nominative case ending in the accusative case.Ś'%Î{Ď#΀NÍŇ Ň Ó €€˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i‚˙€$€„i‚˙€4€„i‚˙˙˙CaseSingularPluralTranslationŤ)ŐÎ2‚#ԀRÍŇ Ň Ó €€„i€‚˙$€€„i€ €‚˙$€*€„i€ €‚˙€<€„i€‚˙˙˙No{Ď2ͅminative˜ě'•˜ěĺíľname (s)Ş({ĎÜ‚#ԀPÍŇ Ň Ó €€„i€‚˙$€€„i€ €‚˙$€*€„i€ €‚˙€<€„i€‚˙˙˙Accusative˜ě'•˜ěĺíľname(s)Ż-2‹‚#ԀZÍŇ Ň Ó €€„i€‚˙$€€„i€ €‚˙$€(€„i€ €‚˙€8€„i€‚˙˙˙Genitive—ěĺ혘ěĄíof the name(s)ł1Ü>‚#ԀbÍŇ Ň Ó €€„i€‚˙$€€„i€ €‚˙$€$€„i€ €‚˙€8€„i€‚˙˙˙Dative—ěĺ혘ěĺíľěto/for the name(s)ź:‹ú‚#ԀtÍŇ Ň Ó €€„i€‚˙$€€„i€ €‚˙$€2€„i€ €‚˙€H€„i€‚˙˙˙Instrumental—ěĺíĺě˜ěĺíľěčwith/by the name(s)ś4>°‚#ԀhÍŇ Ň Ó €€„i€‚˙$€ €„i€ €‚˙$€2€„i€ €‚˙€F€„i€‚˙˙˙Prepositional—ěĺ혘ěĺíľőon the name(s)*úÚ' €€„i€‚˙f&°@@ N€M€€‚‚€‚‚€ €‚€‚‚€ ‚€‚‚‚˙Ukrainian NamesA person's name in Ukrainian consists of 3 parts: the first name, the patronymic, indicating that the person is the son or daughter of the father, and the surname or family name. For example:Áîăäľí Îëĺęńľíäđîâč÷ ĎĺňđĄíęî(Bohdan, son of Oleksandr, Petrenko)Îęńľíŕ Îëĺęńľíäđ˜âíŕ ĎĺňđĄíęî(Oksana, daughter of Oleksandr, Petrenko)Ukrainian first names decline like common nouns with similar endings. The patronymics decline like adjectives. Surnames that end with a consonant decline like nouns when they refer to a man, but do not decline at all when they refer to a woman. The polite form of address among acquaintances is the first name and patronymic. Among intimate friends or relatives, only the first name is used. When calling someone, you must use the vocative case.TÚ”N j€ €€‚‚€ €€ €€ €‚€ €€ €€ ‚€‚‚‚˙For example: Áîăäľíĺ Îëĺęńľíäđîâč÷ó!Îęńľíî Îëĺęńľíäđ˜âíî!Diminutive forms of nouns are commonly used in Ukrainian to express not only smallness, but also different emotional nuances. Diminutive forms of first names often express endearment:; @Ď1ľ ş“‚Ď •EAdjectives6” ( €€Œ˜€€‚˙AdjectivesŔšĎĹ & €5€€‚‚‚˙An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. In Ukrainian, adjectives agree with the nouns they modify. If the noun is singular, then the adjective will agree with the noun in gender, number (singular), and case. If the noun is plural, the adjective will agree only in number (plural) and case. Plural adjectives do not reflect gender.Presented below are the declensions for the adjective white. Remember the animate/inanimate accusative rule as you look at these declensions. The accusative form of the masculine singular adjective and the plural forms of all genders will be like the nominative for inanimate objects and like the genitive for animate beings.& ë # €€€‚˙ÎJĹ š „#؀”öŽ …   … €€€‚˙€€˙€€€‚˙€:€‚˙€`€‚‚˙€„€‚˙˙˙CaseMasculine singularFeminine SingularNeuter SingularPluralŐ1ë Ž ¤#böŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙€ €€ €‚˙€2€€ €‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€R€€ €‚˙˙˙Nominative á—ëčéá—ëŕá—ëĺá—ë˜ŕ<š n¤#xöŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€,€˙€.€€ €‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€R€€ €‚˙€f€€ €‚˙˙˙Animate Accusativeá—ëîăîá—ëóá—ëîăîá—ëčőŢ:Ž L¤#töŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€0€˙€2€€ €‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€T€€ €‚˙€d€€ €‚˙˙˙Inanimate Accusativeá—ëčéá—ëóá—ëĺá—ë˜×3n/@¤#föŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙€€€ €‚˙€.€€ €‚˙€@€€ €‚˙€T€€ €‚˙˙˙Genitiveá—L/@”ëîăîá—ëîšá—ëîăîá—ëčőŐ1LA¤#böŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙€€€ €‚˙€*€€ €‚˙€<€€ €‚˙€P€€ €‚˙˙˙Dativeá—ëîěóá—ë˜éá—ëîěóá—ëčěÚ6/@ŢA¤#löŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€ €˙€"€€ €‚˙€4€€ €‚˙€F€€ €‚˙€X€€ €‚˙˙˙Instrumentalá—ëčěá—ëîţá—ëčěá—ëčěčÜ8AşB¤#pöŽ …   … €€˙€€€‚˙€"€˙€$€€ €‚˙€8€€ €‚˙€J€€ €‚˙€^€€ €‚˙˙˙Prepositionalá—ëîěóá—ë˜éá—ëîěóá—ëčőŚŢAÎDn Ş€M€€‚‚‚€‚€€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €‚€‚‚‚€‚€€ €‚‚€ €€ € €‚‚˙Comparative DegreeThe comparative degree of an adjective is formed in Ukrainian with the addition of the inffix -˜ř or -ř.ęđŕńŁâčé > ęđŕńŁâ˜řčébeautiful > more beautifulSuperlative DegreeThe superlative degree is formed with the addition of the preffix íŕé- to the comparative form, or with the addition of the word for most.íŕé + ęđŕńŁâ˜řčéprefix + more beautiful > the most beautiful&şBôD# €€€‚˙+ÎDE% € €Œ˜€‚˙Or:vEôD•E1 2€Š€€ €€ €‚€‚‚˙íŕéá—ëüř ęđŕńŁâčéthe most + beautiful > the most beautiful9EÎE1;#˙ÎEFĂPronouns4 •EF( €€Œ˜€€‚˙PronounsŕąÎEâG/ ,€c€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚˙Personal Pronouns These pronouns refer to a person or thing that has been previously mentioned. For example, "Pam went to the game. I met her there." The pronoun 'her' refers to 'Pam.' 'Pam' is the antecedent of 'her.' Pronouns agree in gender and number with their antecedents. The case of a pronoun is determined by its use in the sentence.In Ukrainian, the nominative forms of the personal pronouns are as follows:Š5F‹Ht#¸€jœß … ƒ ˘ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€‚˙€@€‚˙€P€‚˙˙˙PersonSingularTranslationPluralTranslation§!âG2I†#܀Bœß … ƒ ˘ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙€$€€‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€8€€‚˙˙˙1st person˙IěčweŤ%‹HÝI†#܀Jœß … ƒ ˘ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙€&€€‚˙€2€€ €‚˙€>€€‚˙˙˙2nd personňčyouâčyouĂ=2I J†#܀zœß … ƒ ˘ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙€@€€‚˙€\€€ €‚˙€l€€‚˙˙˙3rd personâ˜í/ âîíľ/ âîí†he/ she/ itâîíŁtheyÖÝIcK- (€-€€‚‚€€‚‚˙Presented below are the personal pronouns in their six cases. Note: Unlike in English, the equivalent of 'I' is not capitalized in Ukrainian.@ JhLĹ#Z€ “F s h V S : f M €€€‚˙€€˙€€‚˙€€‚˙€6€‚˙€>€‚˙€H€‚˙€P€‚˙€X€‚‚˙€t€‚˙˙˙CaseIyou (singular)hesheitweyou(plural)theyEEcK­M#ЁŠ “F s h V S E _ I €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙€€€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€4€€€‚˙€B€€€‚˙€R€€€‚˙€b€€€‚˙€n€€€‚˙€z€€€‚˙˙˙Nominative˙ňčâ˜íâîíľâîí†ěčâčâîíŁIIhLöN#Ё’ “F s h V S E _ I €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙€€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙€>€€€‚˙€N€€€‚˙€Z€€€‚˙€j€€€‚˙€x€€€‚˙€†€€€‚˙˙˙AccusativeěĺíĄňĺáĄéî㆚šéîă†íŕńâŕńšőGG­MI€#ЁŽ “F s h V S E _ I €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙€€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙€J€€€‚˙€V€€€‚˙€f€€€‚˙€t€€€‚˙€‚€€€‚˙˙˙GenitiveöNI€•EěĺíĄňĺáĄéî㆚šéîă†íŕńâŕńšőIFöN’#ցŒ “F s h V S E _ I €€˙€€€‚˙€€˙"€€€€ €‚˙€(€€€‚˙€8€€€‚˙€H€€€‚˙€T€€€‚˙€d€€€‚˙€r€€€‚˙€€€€€‚˙˙˙Dativeěĺí—ňîá—éî쉚ééîě‰íŕěâŕěšěOOI€á‚#Ёž “F s h V S E _ I €€˙€€€‚˙€ €˙€"€€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙€D€€€‚˙€R€€€‚˙€`€€€‚˙€n€€€‚˙€~€€€‚˙€Ž€€€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalěížţňîážţíčěíĄţíčěíľěčâľěčíŁěčMM’.„#Ёš “F s h V S E _ I €€˙€€€‚˙€"€˙"€$€€€ €‚˙"€6€€€ €‚˙€H€€€‚˙€Z€‚˙€^€€€‚˙€p€€€‚˙€~€€€‚˙€Œ€€€‚˙˙˙Prepositionalěĺí—ňîá—íü†ěóíü†ěóíŕńâŕńíčő†?á‚´‡G \€€€‚€‚€‚€€ €€‚‚€‚€€‚‚‚˙The Reflexive PronounThe reflexive pronoun ńĺᥠalways refers back to the nearest subject. Since it can't be a subject itself, there is no nominative form. It expresses the idea of 'myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself, themselves.' The reflexive pronoun does not show gender or number, but it does decline.Possessive PronounsPossessive pronouns are used to show possession of something. They answer the question - whose? In English, these are: my, our, your, his/her/its, their. In Ukrainian, there are possessive pronouns for my, our, your (singular and plural) and ones own. These agree with the noun they modify in gender, number and case. As with adjectives, the plural possessive pronouns for our and your (plural) are the same for all three genders, they only show number (plural) and case.jE.„ˆ% €Š€€‚‚‚˙The nominative, singular forms of these possessive pronouns are:j#´‡ˆˆG#^€FôÝ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙ě˜é1st person, singular (my)m&ˆőˆG#^€LôÝ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙ňâ˜é2nd person, singular (your)i"ˆˆ^‰G#^€DôÝ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙íŕř1st person, plural (our)j#őˆȉG#^€FôÝ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙âŕř2nd person, plural (your)y2^‰AŠG#^€dôÝ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙éîăž, šź 3rd person singular (his/its, her)cȉ¤ŠG#^€8ôÝ €€€ €‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙šő 3rd person (their)w0AŠ‹G#^€`ôÝ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙ńâ˜é"one's own" - all persons and genders&¤ŠA‹# €€€‚˙"ę‹c8 >€Ő€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚˙Note: The possessive pronouns for "his, her, its and their" are borrowed from the genitive form of the personal pronoun. These do not agree with the noun they modify. Instead, they reflect the gender and number of their antecedent (as in English).Interrogative/Relative Pronouns These pronouns can either ask a question or act as the subject of a clause in a sentence. The interrogative/relative pronouns decline like adjectives.The interrogative/relative pronouns include:Q A‹´D#X€oÄ €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙őňî whoP cŽD#X€oÄ €€€ €‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙ůîwhatR´VŽD#X€oÄ €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙÷čéwhoseUŽŤŽD#X€"oÄ €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ęîňđŁéwhichZVŽD#X€,oÄ €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙˙ęŁéwhat kind ofoŤŽ˘. ,€Ţ€€‚€‚‚€‚‚‚˙Demonstrative Pronouns The demonstrative pronouns, shown here in the masculine nominative form, are:V ŔG#^€oO €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙öĺé this˘ Ŕ•EU˘aŔG#^€oO €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙ňîéthatW Ŕ¸ŔG#^€ oO €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙ňŕęŁésuch ˝aŔĹÂP n€{€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€ €€ ‚€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€ €‚˙Negative PronounsThese act as they do in English with one important exception. Negative pronouns in Ukrainian require the use of the equivalent of 'not.' A literal translation of a sentence including a negative pronoun would be, "No one cannot come in."The most commonly used negative pronouns are:í˜őňž no oneí˜ůž nothingIndefinite PronounsThe most commonly used negative pronouns are:őňî-íĄáóäü someone, anyoneK$¸ŔĂ' €H€€ €‚‚˙ůî-íĄáóäü something, anything9ĹÂIĂ1Ô“‚3…IĂyĂÇNumerals0 ĂyĂ% €€Œ˜€‚˙Numerals×IĂŒĹ< F€Ż€€‚€€‚‚€ ‚€‚€‚€‚˙Ordinal NumeralsAll ordinal numerals act as adjectives and agree with the noun they modify in gender, number and case. For example, first, second, third are presented below in masculine, nominative, singular form:ďĄđřčé, äđ‰ăčé, ňđĄňčéCardinal NumeralsThe cardinal numeral 1 agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number and case. The nominative singular of nouns is used after this numeral when it is in the nominative or inanimate accusative case.RyĂÇ> J€Ľ€€‚‚€ €‚‚‚€ €€ ‚€‚‚‚˙The masculine, feminine, and neuter forms in the nominative case are:îäŁí, îäíľ, îäíĄThe numeral 2 has both a masculine/neuter and a feminine form:äâŕ masculine/neuterä☠feminineThe nominative plural of nouns is used after the cardinal numerals 2, 3, and 4 when these are in the nominative or inanimate accusative case.6ŒĹRÇ1¤"˙t„RÇÇ„GVerbs-ÇÇ% €€Œ˜€‚˙VerbsxJRÇ÷Ë. *€•€€‚‚€‚€‚‚˙Verbs express action, existence or occurrence. A sentence is not complete without a verb, or implied verb. In Ukrainian, the present tense of the verb 'to be - is, are' is usually omitted, replaced by a dash or merely implied. In general, Ukrainian verbs act as verbs do in English. There is, however, one important concept that must be understood to understand the use of Ukrainian verbs:Verbal Aspect - Perfective or ImperfectiveEvery verb in Ukrainian has either the imperfective or the perfective aspect. The imperfective verb denotes the process of an action or a state without any reference to its completion, or refers to repeated action. The perfective verb denotes an action which has been completed in the past or will be completed in the future. Perfective verbs have only two tenses, the past and the future. Usually, the imperfective form is unprefixed and the perfective form has a prefix. This is the basic concept of verbal aspect. Pay attention to the many shades of meaning that can be expressed through the imperfective and perfective aspects of different verbs.ţ—ÇőÍg œ€/€€€ € €‚€€ € €€‚€‚€‚€€€ €‚€ €€ ‚€‚€ €‚˙Imperfective: đîáŁňč (to make, do)Perfective: çđîáŁňč (to finish making, doing)Infinitive The infinitive is considered the rootword of a verb. In English, the infinitive is expressed as 'to read, to eat,' etc. as in the sentence "I love to read." Infinitives are recognized in Ukrainian by the ending -ňč:á‰ňč to beďđîńŁňč to requestń—ńňč to sit down9÷Ë.Î& €&€Œ˜€‚‚˙Reflexive VerbsŕőÍ<Ď. *€Á€€€ €‚‚‚‚‚˙Some verbs in Ukrainian have a reflexive form which is formed by adding the ending -ń˙to the infinitive:Reflexive verbs are intransitive verbs where the the subject and object of the verb are the same. For example:b.ΞĎF#\€8œ: €€ր €‚˙€€ւ˙˙˙ěŁňčto was (something)a<Ď F#\€6œ: €€ր €‚˙€€ւ˙˙˙ěŁňčń˙to wash oneselfžĎ Çś}žĎÂ9 @€ű€€‚‚‚‚€‚€‚‚‚€‚€‚˙The reflexive ending is applied to all verb forms. Present TenseThe present tense exists for only imperfective verbs. This is logical since perfective verbs are used for completion of an action which has only a past or future meaning. Imperfective verbs, on the other hand, express the process of carrying out an action. 1st Conjugation and 2nd Conjugation A verb conjugation consists of the six forms of a verb in the present tense that correspond to 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, singular and plural (in English, 'I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they). Ukrainian verbs generally fall into one of two conjugation patterns. –_ X7 >€ž€€‚€ €€ €‚€ €‚˙First Conjugation (the 3rd person singular ends in ĺ or ˛)Infinitive: ěľňč (to have)&Â~# €€€‚˙nXěR#t€8ŰÖ č €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙PersonVerbTranslation}%~iX#€€JŰÖ č €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙1st person singularěľţI have)ěęX#€€RŰÖ č €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙2nd person singular쾲řüYou have„,inX#€€XŰÖ č €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person singular쾲He/She/It has~&ęěX#€€LŰÖ č €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙1st person plural쾲ěčWe have'nkX#€€NŰÖ č €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙2nd person plural쾲ňĺYou have€(ěëX#€€PŰÖ č €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person pluralěľţňüThey haveŤlk–? N€Ř€€‚‚€ €€ €‚€ €€‚€‚˙Second conjugation (the 3rd person singular ends in čňü or šňü)Infinitive: ńňî•ňč (to stand)nëR#t€8ŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙PersonVerbTranslation~&–‚X#€€LŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙1st person singularńňîI stand‚* X#€€TŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙2nd person singularńňîźřYou standŠ2‚Ž X#€€dŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙3rd person singularńňîźňüHe/She/It stands€(  X#€€PŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙1st person pluralńňîźěîWe stand)Ž  X#€€RŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙2nd person pluralńňîźňĺYou stand‚*  X#€€TŔÄ ß €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙3rd person pluralńňî•ňüThey stand, = & € €€‚‚‚‚˙2  o % €€Œ˜€‚˙Past TenseQ$= Ŕ - (€I€€‚‚€ €‚‚˙The past tense is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding the correct past tense ending to denote that the subject of the verb is masculine, feminine, neuter, or plural. Past tense verbs can show gender and number, but not person. For example:Infinitive: ńďľňč (to sleep)¤Ao d c#–€‚ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€*€‚˙€P€‚˙€r€‚˙˙˙Masculine SingularFeminine SingularNeuter SingularPlural›#Ŕ ˙ x#Ŕ€FÍŇ Ň Ó €€€ €‚˙€€€ €‚˙€"€€ €‚˙€4€€ €‚˙˙˙ńďŕâńďľëŕńďľëîńďľëč)d ($ € €€‚‚˙ 4˙ \% €€Œ˜€‚˙Future TenseS&(Ż- (€M€€‚‚€ €‚‚˙The future tense of a perfective verb is formed exactly like the present tense of an imperfective verb. The future tense of an imperfective verb is formed with the addition of the future form of the verb 'to be' plus the imperfective infinitive.The conjugation of the verb á‰ňč (to be):n\)@R#t€8äž ę €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙Ż)@Ç˙PersonVerbTranslation‚'ŻŤ@[#†€Näž ę €€€‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙1st person singulará‰äóI will…*)@0A[#†€Täž ę €€€‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€>€€‚˙˙˙2nd person singulará‰äĺřYou willŠ/Ť@şA[#†€^äž ę €€€‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙3rd person singulará‰äĺHe/She/It willƒ(0A=B[#†€Päž ę €€€‚˙€(€€ €‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙1st person pluralá‰äĺěîWe will„)şAÁB[#†€Räž ę €€€‚˙€(€€ €‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙2nd person pluralá‰äĺňĺYou will…*=BFC[#†€Täž ę €€€‚˙€(€€ €‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙3rd person pluralá‰äóňüThey will&ÁBlC# €€€‚˙/ FC›C% €€Œ˜€‚˙Gerunds§ulCBF2 2€ë€€‚‚€ €€ €‚˙Gerunds are also called verbal adverbs in Ukrainian because they act as adverbs and are formed from verbs. Imperfective gerunds have the meaning in English of the 'ing' form of a verb. 'She sat, reading her book.' Perfective gerunds have the meaning found in 'having (done something).' 'Having finished the book, she went to the store.' Gerunds are not formed from all verbs or in both aspects. Like adverbs, gerunds are indeclinable. They do not change their form.Imperfective gerunds, sometimes called present gerunds, are formed by replacing the 3rd person present tense plural ending -ňü with the ending -÷č:B÷›C„GK d€ď€€ €€ €‚€‚‚€ €‚€ €€ €‚€‚‚˙ńňî•ňü > ńňî•÷č(they stand > while standing)Perfective gerunds, sometimes called past gerunds, are formed by adding the ending -řč to the past tense masculine singular form of the verb:çđ†áčâ > çđ†áčâřč(he did > having done)8BFźG1ˆ3…)†źGďGFJAdverbs3 „GďG( €€Œ˜€€‚˙Adverbs źGüI~ ʀ€€€€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€‚‚‚‚€‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€‚€ ‚€‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚˙As in English, Ukrainian adverbs modify a verb, adjective or another adverb. Adverbs do not decline in Ukrainian and are usually easy to spot by the ending -î or -ĺ:řâŁäęî quicklyëĄăęî easilyä†áđĺ fine, wellSome may have a different ending:Interrogative adverbs:ęóäŁ to where÷îě‰ whyęîëŁ whenIndefinite adverbs:äĺńü somewhere•ęîńü somehowJďGFJ/ .€6€€ €€‚‚‚€‚˙—íîä˜ sometimes= üIƒJ1Şt„ˆ ƒJˇJ0OPrepositions4FJˇJ% €€Œ˜€‚˙PrepositionsCƒJúK' €9€€‚‚‚‚˙Prepositions are used with nouns in every case except the nominative. They affect the case of the nouns, adjectives, and pronouns following them. Many prepositions can be followed by different cases to give different meanings.Some of the most common preposions in Ukrainian are:oˇJiLR#t€:  €€€‚˙€€‚˙€.€‚˙˙˙PrepositionMeaningCasemúKÖLU#z€0  €€€ €‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ó intoaccusativeoiLEMU#z€4  €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ďđîaboutaccusativenÖLłMU#z€2  €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙çfrom, ofgenitivepEM#NU#z€6  €€€ ‚˙€ €€‚˙€"€‚˙˙˙äîto, up togenitivenłM‘NU#z€2  €€€ €‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙çwithinstrumentalw#NOX#€€>  "€€€€ €‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙ íŕon, atprepositional(‘N0O$ €€€‚‚˙: OjO1ű)† jOŸOـParticles5 0OŸO( €€Œ˜€€‚˙Particles.ęjOـD V€Ő€€‚‚‚‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€‚‚˙Particles are words which adŸOـ0Od different shades of meaning to other words in a sentence or to the sentence as a whole.Some of the most commonly used particles in Ukrainian are:ňŕę yes÷č whether, ifíĺ notí˜ no= ŸO1\ˆ‘ ˙˙˙˙5‚Conjunctions8ـN( € €Œ˜€€‚˙Conjunctions_;­$ €v€R€‚˙Conjunctions join words, phrases, clauses and sentences:ˆFN5‚B T€Œ€€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€‚˙˜ andŕëĄ butŕហorŕᣠin order thatäžęč while> ­s‚1”† s‚­‚†Interjections:5‚­‚) "€"€Œ˜˜€€‚˙InterjectionsÄžs‚q„& €=€€‚‚‚˙An interjection is a word or expression which is often given emotional value in the stream of speech. In print an interjection is usually followed by an exclamation mark. Interjections can express awe, disgust, gratitude and pain, and they can also incite others to action. Most linguists agree that interjections comprise the earliest parts of speech.Some of the most frequently used Ukrainian interjections:Y­‚ʄA#R€0D˘ €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙InterjectionMeaningdq„.…G#^€:D˘ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙îé awe; surprise; paincʄ‘…G#^€8D˘ €€€ €‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙îősurprise; complaintY.…ę…G#^€$D˘ €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙ňüőódisgust&‘…†# €€€‚˙1ę…˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ŒƒđČHelvTms RmnSymbolCourierTimes New RomanArialMS Serif¤MS Sans SerifTimesŸŕü@~€üHelveticaÚŁ SystemţCourier NewľÁŁÚŁNew YorkGenevaAţLinePrinterč˘[CG TimesţUniversQQÚ^Ú _ÚUnivers CondensedAntique OliveGaramondrror CG OmegaAlbertus MediumAlbertus Extra BoldClarendon CondensedCoronetLetter GothicMarigoldWingdings¸Ŕč’ĹČŻMarlettüŔűŔ¸ŔčArial CE~hc5amr.hCourier New CEHTimes New Roman CEMT ExtraŔÄn Á,Arial NarrowŔ°j ÁˇArial BlackŔűŔ¸Arial Rounded MT BoBook AntiquaĹ(ő ÁBookman Old StyleCentury Gothic ýŔčCentury Schoolbook Monotype Sorts ýŔčMap SymbolsŔä#Ŕ HaettenschweilerŔ´jAlgerianÁěŻüŔ¸ÔBraggadocioŔč’ĹźmBritannic BoldműŔBrush Script MTColonna MTDesdemonaFootlight MT LightImpactKino MTWide LatinMatura MT Script CaPlaybillMS LineDrawBookshelf Symbol 1Bookshelf Symbol 2Bookshelf Symbol 3TL SS Cyrillic StreTL SS Cyrillic UnstTLAsianMS Reference 1MS Reference 2News Gothic MTLucida HandwritingLucida SansLucida Sans UnicodeOCR A ExtendedCalisto MTAbadi MT CondensedCopperplate GothicComic Sans MSLucida ConsoleTahomaMS OutlookTL NaskhVerdanaTLPolishTurkishTurkish Courier NewTLCentralEuropeGeorgiaTrebuchet MSTL Naskh Help31TLCyrillicTLEastEuropeTL Help CyrillicModernMS DialogArial GreekArial CyrCourier New GreekCourier New CyrTimes New Roman CyrCyrillic TestWP MultinationalA RWP TypographicSymboTLAsian TransliteraTLEast EuropeđaTLAsianTransliteratUnivers (WN)…Ŕtƒ}CenturySchbk SWAJCheltenhm BT˝Üţ˙˙3Courier SWA˙óŤ3öEřDutch SWAžah€˙Geometr415 Md BTPQVItalianGarmnd BTÜţ˙Swis721 Blk BT˙uřSwis721 Lt BT…Üţ˙Swiss SWA…ŔučŤSwissNarrow SWAüÜSymbol Set SWAŔt}Vivante-DTC‰ôaƒ}ZapfCallig SWA=aWP Greek CenturyWP BoxDrawing…ÜţWP Greek Courier˙˙PWP Hebrew DavidžWP Phoneticƒ}äuƒWP IconicSymbolsAWP IconicSymbolsBWP MathA^[‹ĺ]ÂU3ŔWP MathBQƒ=ôatHÇWP MathExtendedAaWP MathExtendedBa˙WP Greek Helveƒ}ü¸WP Japaneseĺ]ÂU‹DWP Arabic SihafaVMWP CyrillicAQh°žWP CyrillicBEü‹Greek SymbolsžIconic Symbols ExtţMath Ext}¸¤}šš Multinational ExtÇTypographic Extjh CG Times (WN)đM¸PQRomanŸa˙uü˙օŔuCƒ}Scriptt7…°ţ˙˙P˙œHelv>öt$E¸PV˙ÔaUnivers (W1)˙ЉEřV˙Times New Roman GreEnyauô˙֋Eř_^[‹ĺ] CelticHandW3öP‹=ÜCeltic€˙ׅŔu1EřCeltic Gaelige a˙EasternEurope1˙uüCouriMCYhXah@ŸaNimbuSanLCYa¸TimelTCYÃ=XatĄCouriMEEaÇXaNimbuSanLEE=\aVWTimelTEEjčô˙˙P˙ŒCouriMGRëID$P˙œNimbuSanLGRŔë1ž aTimelTGR˙5\a˙׋‰CouriMTUƁţXar߸NimbuSanLTU3ŔëńƒTimelTTU `aƒ=`aAvantGarGotItcTa‹ƒAlteSchDrîĄ\aBauerBodTaĂU‹BlippBlaDŔtQƒ=aBalloDDroSha at6CoopeBlaDBolEüPUřRCoppeTMeda˙ a3CouriMMüƒĐ˙ë3Ŕ‹ĺ]ĂGaramItcTUV˙a…ŔMurraHilDD$j0PVNimbuSanL¸é‰OptusTReg˙Ča…ŔtOptusTMedj0PV˙pParkAveDëUD$‹-TimelTP˙Ճř‹ŘvƒëVanDijDĂs¸ë'DMalik Lt BT˙ÄaƒDavidFix3Ŕ‰5üa]_^KivunPit$hbŠaÇüDavid˙aĄüaÂMiriamčÓ˙˙˙‹ř…˙t jTimes New Roman TurTimes New Roman BalArial Turř…öt\…˙tIjArial Baltica˙t$Courier New TurjWhCourier New BalticTahoma CEë…öt V‹5Tahoma Cyra…˙tW˙ÖTahoma GreekˆVWjTahoma Tura…Ŕt˙ujTahoma BalticxaëjGaramond CE˙uÇEŹDGaramond CyrëhdaGaramond Greek EđGaramond Tur˙jjjGaramond Baltic ˙uôLucida Console CEěƒLucida Console Cyr Lucida Console GreeLucida Console Tur˙Arial Narrow CEV˙ÔArial Narrow Cyra¸Arial Narrow Greek…Arial Narrow Tur˙t$Arial Narrow BalticArial Black CE ‹ěƒěArial Black CyrŹArial Black GreekžArial Black TurƒřtArial Black BalticBookman Old Style CBookman Old Style GBookman Old Style TBookman Old Style BImpact CEŔ÷ŘP˙uč3Impact Cyr3Ŕ‹ĺ]ÂImpact GreekaSVWImpact Tur„݃=Impact BalticS˙ČEnya TuraPSčzhĄAvantGarGotItcT TurAlteSchD Tur€˙ĚBauerBodT Tur˙˙3Ŕš@BlippBlaD Turôđţ˙BalloDDroSha Tura˙CoppeTMed Turđţ˙˙P˙CouriM Turđţ˙˙‹5xGaramItcT Tur…Ŕ| jMurraHilD Turč3NimbuSanL TurěVOptusTReg Tura…ŔtOOptusTMed TurÜa…ParkAveD Tur˙˙Džřţ˙TimelT Tur a˙uü˙VanDijD Turaé’hĄTLCyrillic CEřţ˙TLCyrillic CyrüPh žTLCyrillic Turu1…řTLEastEurope CE˙PQjTLEastEurope Cyr˙uüTLEastEurope Turt˙˙TTTTTTŤ˘Ôşş˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ş˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙3…˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙!˙˙˙˙"˙˙˙˙#˙˙˙˙$˙˙˙˙%˙˙˙˙&˙˙˙˙'˙˙˙˙(˙˙˙˙)˙˙˙˙*˙˙˙˙+˙˙˙˙,˙˙˙˙-˙˙˙˙.˙˙˙˙/˙˙˙˙0˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙2˙˙˙˙3˙˙˙˙4˙˙˙˙5˙˙˙˙6˙˙˙˙7˙˙˙˙8˙˙˙˙9˙˙˙˙:˙˙˙˙;˙˙˙˙<˙˙˙˙=˙˙˙˙>˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙D#E˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙G#H˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙Pt„Q˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙U“‚V˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙a˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙d˙˙˙˙e˙˙˙˙f)†g˙˙˙˙h˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙m˙˙˙˙n˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙r˙˙˙˙st˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‚˙˙˙˙ƒ˙˙˙˙„˙˙˙˙…˙˙˙˙†˙˙˙˙‡˙˙˙˙ˆ˙˙˙˙‰˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙‹˙˙˙˙Œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‘˙˙˙˙’˙˙˙˙“˙˙˙˙”˙˙˙˙•˙˙˙˙–˙˙˙˙—˙˙˙˙˜˙˙˙˙™˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙›˙˙˙˙œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙Ÿ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˘˙˙˙˙Ł˙˙˙˙¤˙˙˙˙Ľ˙˙˙˙Ś˙˙˙˙§˙˙˙˙¨˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙Ş˙˙˙˙Ť˙˙˙˙Ź˙˙˙˙­˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙Ż˙˙˙˙°˙˙˙˙ą˙˙˙˙˛˙˙˙˙ł˙˙˙˙´˙˙˙˙ľ˙˙˙˙ś˙˙˙˙ˇ˙˙˙˙¸˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙ş˙˙˙˙ť˙˙˙˙ź˙˙˙˙˝˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙ż˙˙˙˙Ŕ˙˙˙˙Á˙˙˙˙Â˙˙˙˙Ă˙˙˙˙Ä˙˙˙˙Ĺ˙˙˙˙Ć˙˙˙˙Ç˙˙˙˙Č˙˙˙˙É˙˙˙˙Ę˙˙˙˙Ë˙˙˙˙Ě˙˙˙˙Í˙˙˙˙Î˙˙˙˙Ď˙˙˙˙Đ˙˙˙˙Ń˙˙˙˙Ň˙˙˙˙Ó˙˙˙˙Ô˙˙˙˙Ő˙˙˙˙Ö˙˙˙˙×˙˙˙˙Ř˙˙˙˙Ů˙˙˙˙Ú˙˙˙˙Ű˙˙˙˙Ü˙˙˙˙Ý˙˙˙˙Ţ˙˙˙˙ß˙˙˙˙ŕ˙˙˙˙á˙â˙˙˙˙ă˙˙˙˙ä˙˙˙˙ĺ˙˙˙˙ć˙˙˙˙ç˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙é˙˙˙˙ę˙˙˙˙ë˙˙˙˙ě˙˙˙˙í˙˙˙˙î˙˙˙˙ď˙˙˙˙đ˙˙˙˙ń˙˙˙˙ň˙˙˙˙ó˙˙˙˙ô˙˙˙˙ő˙˙˙˙ö˙˙˙˙÷˙˙˙˙ř˙˙˙˙ů˙˙˙˙ú˙˙˙˙ű˙˙˙˙ü˙˙˙˙ý˙˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙!˙˙˙˙"˙˙˙˙#˙˙˙˙$˙˙˙˙%˙˙˙˙&˙˙˙˙'˙˙˙˙(˙˙˙˙)˙˙˙˙*˙˙˙˙+˙˙˙˙,˙˙˙˙-˙˙˙˙.˙˙˙˙/˙˙˙˙0˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙2˙˙˙˙3˙˙˙˙4˙˙˙˙5˙˙˙˙6˙˙˙˙7˙˙˙˙8˙˙˙˙9˙˙˙˙:˙˙˙˙;˙˙˙˙<˙˙˙˙=˙˙˙˙>˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙D˙˙˙˙E˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙G˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙P˙˙˙˙Q˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙U˙˙˙˙V˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙a˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙d˙˙˙˙e˙˙˙˙f˙˙˙˙g˙˙˙˙h˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙m˙˙˙˙n˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙r˙˙˙˙s˙˙˙˙t˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‚˙˙˙˙ƒ˙˙˙˙„˙˙˙˙…˙˙˙˙†˙˙˙˙‡˙˙˙˙ˆ˙˙˙˙‰˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙‹˙˙˙˙Œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‘˙˙˙˙’˙˙˙˙“˙˙˙˙”˙˙˙˙•˙˙˙˙–˙˙˙˙—˙˙˙˙˜˙˙˙˙™˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙›˙˙˙˙œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙Ÿ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˘˙˙˙˙Ł˙˙˙˙¤˙˙˙˙Ľ˙˙˙˙Ś˙˙˙˙§˙˙˙˙¨˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙Ş˙˙˙˙Ť˙˙˙˙Ź˙˙˙˙­˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙Ż˙˙˙˙°˙˙˙˙ą˙˙˙˙˛˙˙˙˙ł˙˙˙˙´˙˙˙˙ľ˙˙˙˙ś˙˙˙˙ˇ˙˙˙˙¸˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙ş˙˙˙˙ť˙˙˙˙ź˙˙˙˙˝˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙ż˙˙˙˙Ŕ˙˙˙˙Á˙˙˙˙Â˙˙˙˙Ă˙˙˙˙Ä˙˙˙˙Ĺ˙˙˙˙Ć˙˙˙˙Ç˙˙˙˙Č˙˙˙˙É˙˙˙˙Ę˙˙˙˙Ë˙˙˙˙Ě˙˙˙˙Í˙˙˙˙Î˙˙˙˙Ď˙˙˙˙ĐˆŃ˙˙˙˙Ň˙˙˙˙Ó˙˙˙˙„#t„x†ş3…xx“‚“‚şş3…şş“‚3…‘“‚“‚ş˙ˆ3…“‚“‚)†“‚xş3…/&;)i24Ŕ@ĚŔ‚˙˙!x!˙˙˙˙adjectivesadverbsagreementalphabet animateaspectcaseconjunctioncontents declension$definitive pronouns(demonstrative pronouns,diminutives0gender, number, case4imperfective verbs8inanimate<indeclinable nouns@indefinite pronounsDinfinitiveHinterjectionsLinterrogative pronounsPnegative pronounsTnounsXnumerals\particles`perfective verbsdpersonal pronounshpossessive pronounslprepositionsppronounstUkrainian grammarxUkrainian names|verbs€ ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€0€ „i€ €‚˙€D€ „i€‚˙˙˙Accusativeáđľňŕáđŕň—âbrother(s)Ö4üŁ˘#hĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„i˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€,€ „i€ €‚˙€@€ „i€‚˙˙˙Genitiveáđľňŕáđŕň—âof the brother(s)á?͎Ŕ˘#~ĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€€„iŁŔͅ˙$€€ „i€ €‚˙$€8€ „i€ €‚˙€N€ „i€‚˙˙˙Dativeáđľňó/áđľňîâ˜áđŕňľěčto/for the brother(s)Ý;ŁmÁ˘#vĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€ €„i˙$€"€ „i€ €‚˙$€6€ „i€ €‚˙€J€ „i€‚˙˙˙Instrumentaláđľňîěáđŕňľěwith the brother(s)Ý;ŔJ¢#vĽÄ Ž ú €€ „i˙€€„i€‚˙€"€„i˙$€$€ „i€ €‚˙$€:€ „i€ €‚˙€N€ „i€‚˙˙˙Prepositionaláđľňîâ˜áđŕňľőon the brother(s)’[mÁÜÂ7 >€ś€„i€‚‚‚€ €€ €‚‚˙Feminine nouns end in -ŕ or -˙. A small number can also end in a soft consonant.„JÂ`Ăn#Ź€,xK €€Ö˙&€€քi€ €‚˙€€քi˙€€„i€‚˙˙˙â†ë˙(freedom)…ÜÂĺĂq#˛€(xK €€„i˙&€/&;)LzŔ(ýŔč’Ĺ˙˙˙˙˙˙ContentsxIntroduction to Ukrainian Grammar†The Ukrainian AlphabetşNouns#Adjectives“‚Pronouns˙Numerals3…Verbst„Adverbs)†PrepositionsˆParticlesConjunctions‘InterjectionsŚ 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6/&;)L4 6 6 6˙˙0˙˙˙˙4™‘‚Ą™xĽfźt„úłŽŐ#gmŢœŔzŢşż@}Ţ)†kB}ޓ‚mB}Ţşm,„Ţ3…¸őˆ2$ö#§óľ˙)†…O‰őŹCşÉŘ3…I*$ˆ!|˙ˇź\7†ěę\U“‚}fĽ^˙ą¤md#˝¤mdt„î 1h˛â¨wş˙˙^Ă˙v˙dą0^ĂV‹ńƒ~(t/‹Ž$ƒf(…Étčá˙ś ‹Ž,č,˙˙˙^Ă˙v˙dą0^ĂU‹ěQQV‹ńƒ~$t3ƒž$t4EřP‹Ž,EüP˙ś čnţ˙˙ƒ}üu ‹Ž$čăľ˙˙V˙xą0^ÉĂ˙v˙dą0ë냚$uƒČ˙ˁ ĂU‹ěQSV‹ńW‹Ž$…ÉÇEütƒ~(tč4‹Ž$芵˙˙V˙xą0ƒ}tU‹=hą0h0u˙v ˙ם;Ău-V˙€ą0j˙v ˙×;Ăuƒž$t ‹ÎčƒeüV˙xą0ƒ}üt ˙v ˙Tą0_^[ÉÂV‹ńV˙€ą0ƒ~$t9ƒ~(u3‹Ž$…Ét)芅Ŕt ‹Îč.V˙xą0˙ś0‹Îčđ˙˙jX^ĂV˙xą03Ŕ^ĂU‹ě3Ŕ] ĂSVW‹ńj˙ś4ž4˙Pą0˙7‹lą0˙ӋŽ$ž$č8˙v ˙Tą0˙7čĂł˙˙ƒ'YjN0čٙ˙˙˙ś ‹Ž,čşü˙˙‹Îč^™˙˙˙v˙Ó˙v˙Ӄf$_^[ĂU‹ěěHSV‹MW…řý˙˙PEP蜪˙˙˙0˙Üł0…řý˙˙P…řý˙˙P˙Ŕł0˝řý˙˙ƒÉ˙3ŔňŽ÷ŃI‹ń…řý˙˙ź5řý˙˙WP˙ŕą0€8\t Ć\€¤5ůý˙˙Fź5řý˙˙‹5„´0Whc0˙֍…¸ü˙˙P…řý˙˙P˙@ą0‹Řƒű˙t0W…äü˙˙P˙֍…řý˙˙P˙Dą0…¸ü˙˙PS˙<ą0…Ŕu×S˙Lą0_^[ÉÂj˙˙q ˙hą0Ă˙q ˙Tą0ĂU‹ěěŹSVjţjţ3ŰS‰MüQ‹ĚSSč%Ą˙˙Tý˙˙肖˙˙M°˙čł0SE°P藕˙˙‹uüY…ŔY…Ż‹W…Tý˙˙PčĐö˙˙M°˙¸ł0‹=¤ł0hb?…Tű˙˙P˙×9˜t0th?…Tű˙˙P˙׋FƒřuO¸A?P…Tů˙˙P˙׍…Tů˙˙PEřPTý˙˙čŠ˙˙˙0…Tű˙˙P芠˙˙_‹FN‰^˙PTý˙˙č —˙˙^[ÉĂ3Ƀř•ÁIƒáÁ@?‹Á렍M°˙¸ł0ëċAÇAĂU‹ě‹Á‹M‰Ç@]‹ 3Ŕ‹…ŇuËIkÉ,Ę;ŃsV‹rƒÂ,…öu@;Ńrń^ËSV‹2…öt<ƒyt03Ŕ‹R;Â}-‹ŘkŰ,t3ƒ>t@ƒĆ,;Â|ó;Â}ƒaj‰AX^[ËA@ëĚ3ŔëóU‹ě˙q‹ ˙učœ˙˙]ÂU‹ě‹A‹Q@‹‹I˙4‚˙učć›˙˙]ÂU‹ě‹A‹Q@‹˙u‹‚kŔ,‹I‹ ˙4˙Üł0]‹Q‹A‹ @‹DĂU‹ěƒě,SV‹u3É9M W‰Mř‰Mđ‰uü‰MčÇE섡9M„Ž;ń„šf‹f;Á„Žj\[ƒĆf;Ă…Śf‹FFf;Ă…˜f‹f=.„‹‹=˜´0f=?u)FFf9…Ťjjhc0jFFV˙ׅŔt`ÇEčƒĆS‰uäV‹5”´0˙օŔ‰Eôtyfƒ=ŕ„0u@EěPEÔP˙4ą0…Ŕtťŕ„0SEÔP˙źł0…Ŕ‰Eěu&fƒ%ŕ„0ÇEř‹ué0ťŕ„0S˙´0‰EějP˙uäPS˙ׅŔtۋEôj\XS˙օŔ‰Eôu ÇEřëŔjjh(c0jS˙ׅŔ…0jjh8c0jS˙ׅŔ…‹}ô+űŃ˙w6PEüP˙řł0…Ŕ„V˙uüS˙´0‹Eüfƒ$xEđP˙uüčM…Ŕ‰Eř…‚˙uü˙ôł0ƒeü˙uđ‹5´0˙֋ř‹Eđfƒ|xţ\uƒEô˙uô˙֋]č‹Ďȍt™6PEüP˙řł0…Ŕ„Ÿ…Űt˙uühPc0˙Üł0ƒÇ lpŔŔ¸˙˙˙Ě˙˙™˙˙f˙˙3˙˙˙˙˙Ě˙ĚĚ˙™Ě˙fĚ˙3Ě˙Ě˙˙™˙̙˙™™˙f™˙3™˙™˙˙f˙Ěf˙™f˙ff˙3f˙f˙˙3˙Ě3˙™3˙f3˙33˙3˙˙˙Ě˙™˙f˙3˙˙˙˙ĚĚ˙̙˙Ěf˙Ě3˙Ě˙Ě˙ĚĚĚĚ̙ĚĚfĚĚ3ĚĚĚĚ˙™Ě̙̙™Ěf™Ě3™Ě™Ě˙fĚĚf̙fĚffĚ3fĚfĚ˙3ĚĚ3̙3Ěf3Ě33Ě3Ě˙ĚĚ̙ĚfĚ3ĚĚ˙˙™Ě˙™™˙™f˙™3˙™˙™˙̙Ě̙™Ě™f̙3̙̙˙™™Ě™™™™™f™™3™™™™˙f™Ěf™™f™ff™3f™f™˙3™Ě3™™3™f3™33™3™˙™Ě™™™f™3™™˙˙fĚ˙f™˙ff˙f3˙f˙f˙ĚfĚĚf™ĚffĚf3ĚfĚf˙™f̙f™™ff™f3™f™f˙ffĚff™fffff3ffff˙3fĚ3f™3ff3f33f3f˙fĚf™fff3ff˙˙3Ě˙3™˙3f˙33˙3˙3˙Ě3ĚĚ3™Ě3fĚ33Ě3Ě3˙™3̙3™™3f™33™3™3˙f3Ěf3™f3ff33f3f3˙33Ě33™33f3333333˙3Ě3™3f3333˙˙Ě˙™˙f˙3˙˙˙ĚĚ̙ĚfĚ3ĚĚ˙™Ě™™™f™3™™˙fĚf™fff3ff˙3Ě3™3f3333˙̙f3îÝťŞˆwUD"îÝťŞˆwUD"îÝťŞˆwUD"îîîÝÝÝťťťŞŞŞˆˆˆwwwUUUDDD"""‚ ű˙úúůůřý˙ýřůůúűůúůůřűü˙üűřůůúűůůřř÷+öőö+÷řůůűůřř÷öűü˙üűö÷řůűřř÷öő+ůöőö÷řűřřöőůü÷őö÷űřöőů˙ú÷őöűřö÷ů˙ý+öűˆřööö˙Ž÷öűřöú˙ůŹ˙öűřöţ˙ýţ˙Œöűř+ő÷˙ř÷˙“÷ő+ű÷+ő÷űŹ˙Źű÷ő+ř ř