?_aÿÿÿÿ/QHl_±J3Swedish Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4ÆE¸‘Qf¯Âÿÿ ‚ ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXTÊ |CTXOMAP ë|FONTrÒ|KWBTREElù|KWDATANø|KWMAP[ù|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREE›|bm0ù)iary_Verbs_Helping_Verbs 1 Auxiliary_Verbs_Helping_Verbs swegramr.rtf 24 R60AE3DBD Present_Participle_Gerund 0 Present_Participle_Gerund swegramr.rtf 25 * 7D8C910 Verbs 1 Verbs swegramr.rtf 25 ,3A60B236 Supine 0 Supine swegramr.rtf 26 * 7D8C910 Verbs 1 Verbs swegramr.rtf 26 >741A69D4 Past_Participle 1 Past_Participle swegramr.rtf 26 ZF87DB8C4 Auxiliary_Verbs_Helping_Verbs 1 Auxiliary_Verbs_Helping_Verbs swegramr.rtf 26 C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc1186: FFFF: 1409E3 R:NEWGERM: 29F3F: FFFF: 1486ED R:NEWGERM: 2A077: FFFF: 150000 R:NEWGERM: 2A894: FFFF: 15034A R:NEWGERM: 2B584: FFFF: 15817D R:NEWGERM: 2BBCA: FFFF: 158516 R:NEWGERM: 2C893: FFFF: 1601F7 601F7 : 118077 R:NEWGERM: 249B1: FFFF: 1202F5 R:NEWGERM: 25054: FFFF: 128000 R:NEWGERM: 25E91: FFFF: 1284C6 R:NEWGERM: 27A09: FFFF:âÍÙÍÿÿÿÿ 9ÿÿÿÿE1Çÿÿÿÿ×ÿÿÿÿEÓContents2 w' €€Œ˜‚H€‚ÿContentsZE‡¶ :µ€‚H€‚€‚㡧9’€‰€€‚ãõ¬C€‰€‚€ƒã©gõ͉€‚€ƒã4± ʼn€‚€ƒã¦ Š‰€‚€ƒã^”k㉀‚ãìê\U€‰€‚€ƒãtv]‰€‚€ƒã™eÓo‰€‚€ƒã½ä›‰€‚ÿThe following Help Topics are available:Alphabet and Pronunciation Nouns Gender: Neuter and Common Number: Singular and Plural Definite and Indefinite Articles Possessive Forms of Nouns (Genitive) Pronouns Personal Pronouns (Subject and Object) Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Ew£× |‹€‚H€ƒãfƒÊ‰€‚€ƒãEÎŒ‰€‚€ƒã~“¨ü‰€‚€ƒã”œI؉€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚€ƒã®¨$‰€‚€ƒãnž‰€‚€ƒã0P4׉€‚€ƒãÁ?° ‰€‚€ƒã•Ö:Á‰€‚€ƒã[«|ȉ€‚€ƒã:_W‘‰€‚€ƒãÔit‰€‚ÿPossessives Demonstratives Interrogative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives Verbs Compound Verbs Present Tense Past Tense (Imperfect) Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense (Pluperfect) Future Conditional Mood Past Participle "6‡Åì ¦m€‚H€ƒã½=®`‰€‚€ƒã6²`:‰€‚€ƒãĸ}ø‰€‚€ƒãÜ⢕‰€‚€ƒã”høò‰€‚€ƒã˜ƒ‰€‚€ƒãÿ½‰€‚ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ã¥f¼€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ã…O‰€‰€‚ã§óµÿ€‰€‚ã>ø®q€‰€‚ãU™û€‰€‚ãèýUÓ€‰€‚ÿPresent Participle Supine Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) Modal Verbs Deponent VerbsImperative Active and Passive Voice Adjectives Adverbs Comparison Conjunctions Prepositions Numbers Negative Construction Interrogatives ~6£CH `€l€‚HãàFîo€‰€‚ã1f,€‰€‚ãL“ƒ€‰€‚ÿSentences Time and Dates Grammar Pages7 Åz, (€€È‚HãÃt÷¶€‰‚ÿNumber|=Cö? N€z€Èã+† V€‰‚ã‹—4뉂ã(ÈL‰‚ãÊç¶v‰‚ÿPersonGenderVerb ConjugationDefinite/Indefinite2z(/ .€€Œ!±AÑa€‚ÿ«uöÓ6 <€ì€„H~€‚€†"€€‚ÿTo access Help for Windows, press F1.To access Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu.K( 1í%£ b 6Alphabet and PronunciationDÓb ' €:€Œ˜‚H€‚ÿAlphabet and Pronunciationšr ü ( €ä€€‚‚€‚ÿThe following table lists the 29 individual letters in the Swedish alphabet and various letter combinations.“b t#¸€>“ß „ ª j €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿLETTEREXAMPLEEXAMPLEƒ ü  w#¾€“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿš ¬ }#Ê€:“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿVowelsLongShortƒ  / w#¾€“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿçF¬  ¡#Œ“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ@€,€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€|€€ €‚ÿÿÿafatherdagbetween a in cart and u in cutdagg×B/ í •#ú€„“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ.€€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€X€€ €‚ÿ€d€€ €‚ÿ€t€€ €‚ÿÿÿebay (not diphthong) or French néelebeltlett¹$ ¦•#ú€H“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ(€€€€ €€ ‚ÿ"€(€€€ €‚ÿ€8€€ €‚ÿÿÿibeevithitvitt¹$í _•#ú€H“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ(€€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ"€(€€€ €‚ÿ€8€€ €‚ÿÿÿosoonbohotboll7‰¦¢@®#*“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ@€€€€ €€ €€ €€ ‚ÿ(€†€€€ €€ ‚ÿ.€˜€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€_¢@Ó€ €‚ÿÿÿubetween moon and few and long German ü (rounded lips)husbetween put and short German ü (rounded lips)rullas_¶A¡#æ“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ4€€€€ €€ €€ ‚ÿ€h€€€ ‚ÿ.€v€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€Ö€€ €‚ÿÿÿyGerman über or French une (rounded lips)ytashort German ü or French u (rounded lips)nyttÈ3¢@~B•#ú€f“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ(€€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€:€€€ ‚ÿ"€F€€€ €‚ÿ€V€€ €‚ÿÿÿåtone (rounded lips)råhotråttÇ,¶AEC›#X“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ(€€€€ €€ ‚ÿ(€€€€ €€ ‚ÿ"€8€€€ €‚ÿ€H€€ €‚ÿÿÿämanära, läsagetbäståP~B*D•#ú€ “ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ(€€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€D€€€ ‚ÿ"€R€€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿöfur (long; rounded lips)öragirl (short; rounded lips)röttƒ EC­Dw#¾€“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¿E*DlEz#Ä€Š“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿ€R€€‚ÿ€v€€ ‚ÿÿÿConsonantsGeneral/specific ExampleOther positionsExampleƒ ­DïEw#¾€“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ•lE„F}#Ê€0“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿbbreadbakaÍDïEQG‰# “ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€F€€ €‚ÿ€Z€€ €‚ÿ€p€€ €‚ÿÿÿccedar (before e, i, y, ä, ö)cigarrcartoonCarlssonîq„F?H}#Ê€â“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€Ì€€ €‚ÿ€Ú€‚ÿ€Þ€‚ÿÿÿdduck (harder pronunciation than in English; tip of tongue should touch the back of front teeth)dag•QGÔH}#Ê€0“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿffunflickaÏ@?H£I#“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€B€€ €‚ÿ€N€€ €‚ÿ(€Z€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿgyet (before e, i, y, ä, ö)gegogaffel, gripa•ÔH8J}#Ê€0“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿhholdhitta“£IËJ}#Ê€,“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿjyesjagaÄ;8JK‰#â€v“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€D€€ €‚ÿ€V€€ €‚ÿ€d€€ €‚ÿÿÿksure (before e, i, y, ä, ö)kivaskitkalla”ËJ#L}#Ê€.“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿllandlandKÀLƒ#Ö€4“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ(€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿmmilkmamma•#LUM}#Ê€0“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿnnightnatt•ÀLêM}#Ê€0“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿppastpassaþcUMèN›#Æ“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿR€€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€¤€€ €‚ÿ€¾€‚ÿ€Â€‚ÿÿÿq (+ u)k in kit followed by v in vast (q is usually followed by u)Holmquist­0êM•O}#Ê€`“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€F€€ €‚ÿ€X€‚ÿ€\€‚ÿÿÿrroll (rolled as in Scottish)rullaèN1€}#Ê€&“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€•O1€Ó‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿssosyìo•O}#Ê€Þ“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€Æ€€ €‚ÿ€Ö€‚ÿ€Ú€‚ÿÿÿttell (harder pronunciation than English; tip of tongue should touch the back of front teeth)tack”1€±}#Ê€.“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿvvanvinnaÖM‡‚‰#‚“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€8€€ €‚ÿ€P€€ €‚ÿ€„€€ €‚ÿÿÿwvan (mostly in names)Wahlbergwin (a few loan words)whiskey›±"ƒƒ#Ö€0“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿxboxboxa“‡‚µƒ}#Ê€,“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿzsozenitƒ "ƒ8„w#¾€“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿÔKµƒ …‰#‖“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€D€€ €‚ÿ€Z€€ €‚ÿ€€€€ €‚ÿÿÿCombinationsGeneral/specificExampleOther positionsExampleƒ 8„…w#¾€“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿÈ? …W†‰#â€~“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€P€€ €‚ÿ€`€€ €‚ÿ€p€€ €‚ÿÿÿchshut (at the beginning of words)cheflackoch±(…‡‰#â€P“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ(€$€€ €€ €‚ÿ€H€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿck, kklacknicka, Pekka÷nW†ÿ‡‰#â€Ü“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿ(€f€€ €€ €‚ÿ€†€‚ÿ€Ê€€ €‚ÿÿÿdj, gj, lj, hjyet (at the beginning of words)djup, ljusconsonants pronounced separatelyviljaÒC‡Ñˆ#“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ:€ €€€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€l€€ €‚ÿ€~€‚ÿ€‚€‚ÿÿÿkjbetween sure and chair and Scottish lochkjusa÷tÿ‡È‰ƒ#Ö€è“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿ(€º€€ €€ €‚ÿ€à€‚ÿ€ä€‚ÿÿÿrd, rl, rn, rs, rtr is not pronounced; turn up the tip of the tongue behind front teethvardag, svartÐGш˜Š‰#‎“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿ4€F€€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€†€‚ÿ€Š€‚ÿÿÿ(s)sio, sch, skj, sj, stjshutmission, skjorta, schemaÙPȉq‹‰#†“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€F€€ €‚ÿ€Z€€ €‚ÿ€Ž€€ €‚ÿÿÿskshut (before e, i, y, ä, ö)skyndaskip (other positions)skolaÊA˜Š;Œ‰# “ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ.€€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€d€€ €‚ÿ€z€‚ÿ€~€‚ÿÿÿtionbetween shut and chat (word endings)station¿6q‹úŒ‰#â€l“ß „ ª j €€€ ‚ÿ.€ €€€ €€ €‚ÿ€T€€ €‚ÿ€d€‚ÿ€h€‚ÿÿÿtjbetween sure and Scottish lochtjurL';ŒF% €N€€‚‚‚ÿThe Swedish alphabetical order is:d=úŒª' €z€È€€‚ÿA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Å Ä ÖŒAF6K d€ƒ€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚ÿW is regarded as a variant of V. In many lists (telephone directories for instance), last names starting with C are mixed with those starting with K (Carlsson/Karlsson).Note that Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö are separate, individual letters, not accents or diacritics on A and O. They always come last in the alphabet.6ªl1g×̓l™ÛÎNouns-6™% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNouns¤ZlIÂJ b€µ€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿNouns label or name things, ™IÂ6persons, places, concepts, etc.: kvinna (woman), päron (pear), längtan (longing). They typically function as subjects or direct/indirect objects of sentences. Swedish nouns have two genders (common and neuter) and two numbers (singular and plural). They are used with definite and indefinite articles, and take different endings.Common nouns (about 80 per cent of all nouns) are also called en words (en blomma /a flower/). Neuter nouns are also called ett words (ett träd /a tree/). A few nouns can be both common and neuter: en/ett paraply (an umbrella). sO™¼Â$ €ž€€‚‚ÿPlurals are formed by adding different endings depending on the declension.(IÂäÂ% €€‚H€‚ÿ;¼ÂÃ% €,€"˜È€ ‚ÿTable of Noun Forms&äÂEÃ# €€€‚ÿ‰&ÃÎÃc#–€Lœ }   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿDECLENSIONSINGULARTRANSLATIONŽEÃ\Äo#®€>œ }   €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€"€€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿIndefiniteDefinitet ÎÃÐÄi#¢€œ }   €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ•&\ÄeÅo#®€Lœ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€&€€ €‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿ1sten blommablommanflower ÐÄôÅo#®€@œ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿ2nden hundhundendogº<eÅ®Æ~#Ì€xœ }   €€€‚ÿ*€ €€ €‚€ €‚ÿ*€8€€ ‚€€ €‚ÿ€^€‚‚ÿÿÿ3rden parkett geniparkengenietparkgenius–'ôÅDÇo#®€Nœ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€*€€ €‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿ4thett ansikteansiktetfaceÁC®ÆÈ~#Ì€†œ }   €€€‚ÿ*€ €€ €‚€ €‚ÿ*€:€€ ‚€€ €‚ÿ€`€‚‚ÿÿÿ5thett fåren lärarefåretlärarenone sheepteacherl DÇqÈc#–€œ }   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿrÈãÈc#–€œ }   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿPLURALŽqÈqÉo#®€>œ }   €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€"€€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿIndefiniteDefinitel ãÈÝÉc#–€œ }   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ–'qÉsÊo#®€Nœ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€€ €‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿ1stblommorblommornaflowers‘"ÝÉËo#®€Dœ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿ2ndhundarhundarnadogs¾@sÊÂË~#Ì€€œ }   €€€‚ÿ*€ €€ ‚€€ €‚ÿ*€2€€ ‚€€ €‚ÿ€`€‚ÿÿÿ3rdparkergenierparkernageniernaparksgeniuses•&ËWÌo#®€Lœ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€$€€ €‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿ4thansiktenansiktenafaces¬:ÂËÍr#´€tœ }   €€€‚ÿ€ €‚‚ÿ*€$€€ ‚€€ €‚ÿ€J€‚‚ÿÿÿ5thfårlärarefårenlärarnamany sheepteachers&WÌ)Í# €€€‚ÿð–ÍÎZ ‚€-€‚H€ ƒã©gõ͉€‚€ ƒã4± ʼn€‚€ ƒã¦ Š‰€‚€ ƒã^”k㉀‚ÿGender: Neuter and Common Number: Singular and Plural Definite and Indefinite Articles Possessive Forms of Nouns (Genitive) 1 )ÍJÎ$ €€€‚‚ÿSee also ‘WÎÛÎ: D€®€ÈãÃÒúL€‰€ ‚ã–é ˆ€‰€ ‚ÿThe Definite Declension of AdjectivesThe Indefinite Declension of Adjectives7JÎÏ1ì£gÏ@ϯCGender. ÛÎ@Ï% €€Œ˜€‚ÿGender?Ï‹9 @€ €€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿEach Swedish noun has one of two genders: common or neuter. Common nouns use en as the indefinite article; neuter nouns use ett.@Ï‹ÛÎ The best method is to learn nouns and articles together.Compound nouns take the gender and plural of their final element:x @Ïl ¦€€È€€€€€ €€‚€€€€€ €€‚€€€€€€€€ €€‚ÿett barn (a child) + en vagn (a wagon, a cart) = en barnvagn (a pram)en stol (a chair) + ett ben (a leg) = ett stolsben (a chair leg)ett gräs (grass) + en klippning (a cutting) + en maskin (a machine) = en gräsklippningsmaskin (a lawnmower)&‹)# €€€‚ÿ4]% €€"˜È€ ‚ÿCommon NounsR*)¯( €T€€‚€‚‚ÿ1. Most nouns denoting human beings:p=]3 6€z€È€€€€€€‚ÿen man (a man), en kvinna (a woman), en pojke (a boy)I$¯h% €H€€‚‚‚ÿ2. Most nouns denoting animals:m:Õ3 6€t€È€€€€€€‚ÿen fisk (a fish), en gris (a pig), en hund (a dog)W2h,% €d€€‚‚‚ÿ3. Most nouns denoting days, months, seasons:†RÕ²4 8€¤€È€€€€€€‚‚ÿen tisdag (Tuesday), en kall augusti (a cold August), hösten (the autumn)Q-,$ €Z€€‚‚ÿ4. Most nouns with the following endings:q²tR#t€>\AŽ ² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿENDINGEXAMPLETRANSLATION]ÑU#z€\AŽ ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿstD[#†€0\AŽ ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿaen visaa song}"ÑÁ[#†€D\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿansen leveransa delivery‚'DC[#†€N\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿanten fabrikanta manufacturer{ Á¾[#†€@\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿareen arbetarea worker|!C:[#†€B\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿdomen sjukdoman illness&¾»[#†€L\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿelseen frestelsea temptation€%:; [#†€J\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿensen konferensa conference{ »¶ [#†€@\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿheten sevärdheta sightz; 0 [#†€>\AŽ ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€ €€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿiktrafikenthe traffic$¶ ¯ [#†€H\AŽ ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿ(n)ingen vägledninga guide}"0 , [#†€D\AŽ ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€ €€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿionen positiona position‚'¯ ® [#†€N\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿismsurrealismenthe surrealismy, ' [#†€<\AŽ ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿnaden tystnadsilence&® M # €€€‚ÿ4'  % €€"˜È€ ‚ÿNeuter Nouns[6M Ü % €l€€‚‚‚ÿ1. Most geographical names that are proper nouns:S ] . ,€¦€È€€€€‚‚ÿSverige är vackert (Sweden is beautiful), Sahara är hett (The Sahara is hot)CÜ   $ €>€€‚‚ÿ2. Letters of the alphabet:7] × ' € €È€€‚ÿett a (an a)S.  *% €\€€‚‚‚ÿ3. Most nouns with the following endings:q× ›R#t€>­A  Ä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿENDINGEXAMPLETRANSLATION]*øU#z€­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿƒ(›{[#†€P­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿandeett antagandean assumptionzø @[#†€>­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿendeett leendea smile{ @Û΀%{Œ@[#†€J­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€ €€€ €‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿeriett infanterian infantryÁV @MAk#¦€¬­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ>€€€€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚ÿ€p€‚‚‚ÿÿÿum/eum/iumett datumett museumett gymnasiuma datea museuma highschool}"Œ@ÊA[#†€D­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€ €€€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿekett biblioteka libraryyMACB[#†€<­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€ €€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿemett systema systemyÊA¼B[#†€<­A  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€ €€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿivett objektiva lens&CBâB# €€€‚ÿÍ‹¼B¯CB R€€ì€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚ÿNote: Nouns ending in ande or ende but denoting a person are common nouns:en sökande (an applicant), en gående (a pedestrian)LâBûC19l̓ûC>DNumber: Singular and PluralC¯C>D% €<€Œ˜€‚ÿNumber: Singular and PluralŠdûCÈE& €É€€‚‚‚ÿA noun can be singular (one person or thing) or plural (more than one person or thing). Swedish nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives change their form based on number. In both singular and plural, Swedish distinguishes between indefinite and definite forms.The Swedish language has five declensions, or five ways of forming the plurals of nouns. a1>D)F0 0€b€È€ã¦ Š€‰€‚ÿSee also Definite and Indefinite Articles &ÈEOF# €€€‚ÿ8)F‡F% €&€"˜È€ ‚ÿFirst DeclensionÏOF›GE X€Ÿ€€‚€€€‚‚‚‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿFirst declension nouns end in -or/-orna in the plural.The first declension includes:1. Common nouns of more than one syllable ending in a. These drop the -a before adding the plural ending.—4‡F2Hc#–€h›A» É  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ›G¢Hf#œ€›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ72H?If#œ€n›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿen gatagatorgatornastreet/streets/the streets£=¢HâIf#œ€z›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen blommablommorblommornaflower/flowers/the flowers¥h?I‡J= J€Ð€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿ2. Some common nouns ending in el and er. These drop the e before adding the plural ending:—4âIKc#–€h›A» É  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ‡JŽKf#œ€›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ—1K%Lf#œ€b›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿen åderådrorådrornavein/veins/the veins¦@ŽKËLf#œ€€›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿen toffeltofflortofflornaslipper/slippers/the slippers’a%L]M1 2€Â€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ3. Very few nouns ending in a consonant. These simply add or/-orna to the singular form:—4ËLôMc#–€h›A» É  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ]MdNf#œ€›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ–0ôMúNf#œ€`›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿen rosrosorrosornarose/roses/the roses°sdNªO= J€æ€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿIn informal Swedish, the or and orna endings are often pronounced as if they were spelled er and erna.9úN €% €(€"˜È€ ‚ÿSecond DeclensionªO €¯Cl?ªOx€- *€~€€‚€€€‚ÿSecond declension nouns end in: -ar/-arna in the plural.M% €Å€( €J€PÖ,€‚‚‚‚ÿThe second declension includes:d=x€)' €z€€€‚‚ÿ1. Many monosyllabic common nouns ending in a consonant:—4Å€Àc#–€h›A» É  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp )0‚f#œ€›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ“-ÀÂf#œ€Z›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿen armarmararmarnaarm/arms/the armsœ60‚_ƒf#œ€l›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿen brunnbrunnarbrunnarnawell/wells/the wells^9½ƒ% €r€€‚‚‚ÿ2. Some monosyllabic common nouns ending in a vowel:—4_ƒT„c#–€h›A» É  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ½ƒÄ„f#œ€›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ–0T„Z…f#œ€`›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿen frufruarfruarnawife/wives/the wives“-Ä„í…f#œ€Z›A» É  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿen ååaråarnariver/rivers/the riversù¯Z…æ†J b€_€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿ3. Many common nouns ending in unstressed e, el, en, er, dom, (n)ing, lek, is. Those with the singular endings e, el, en, and er drop the e before adding ar. —4í…}‡c#–€h›A» É O €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp æ†í‡f#œ€›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ—1}‡„ˆf#œ€b›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen pojkepojkarpojkarnaboy/boys/the boys :í‡$‰f#œ€t›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen mantelmantlarmantlarnacloak/cloaks/the cloaks7„ˆÁ‰f#œ€n›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿen ökenöknaröknarnadesert/deserts/the deserts£=$‰dŠf#œ€z›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen vintervintrarvintrarnawinter/winters/the winters­GÁ‰‹f#œ€Ž›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿen spådomspådomarspådomarnaprophecy/prophecies/the prophecies¥?dŠ¶‹f#œ€~›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿen sanningsanningarsanningarnatruth/truths/the truthsŸ9‹UŒf#œ€r›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿen kärlekkärlekarkärlekarnalove/loves/the loves–0¶‹ëŒf#œ€`›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿen grisgrisargrisarnapig/pigs/the pigsÖ˜UŒÁ> J€1€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿPlease note that monosyllabic common nouns that have a short vowel and end in m or n, double the final consonant before adding ar and arna:—4ëŒXŽc#–€h›A» É " €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ÁÈŽf#œ€›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ›5XŽcf#œ€j›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿen remremmarremmarnastrap/straps/the straps¡8ÈŽÀi#¢€p›A» É " €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿ en munmunnarmunnarnamouth/mouths/the moutcÀ¯ChssNcƒÀ% €œ€€‚‚‚ÿThere are also some second declension nouns with irregular plural forms. —4ÀÁc#–€h›A» É O €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ƒÀŠÁf#œ€›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ¡;Á+Âf#œ€v›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€<€€‚ÿÿÿen sommarsomrarsomrarnasummer/summers/the summers£=ŠÁÎÂf#œ€z›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen aftonaftnaraftnarnaevening/evenings/the evenings©C+ÂwÃf#œ€†›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen dotterdöttrardöttrarnadaughter/daughters/the daughters :ÎÂÄf#œ€t›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen modermödrarmödrarnamother/mothers/the mothers¦@wýÄf#œ€€›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen morgonmorgnarmorgnarnamorning/mornings/the mornings :Ä]Åf#œ€t›A» É O €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen djävuldjävlardjävlarnadevil/devils/the devils&½ÄƒÅ# €€€‚ÿ¿“]ÅBÆ, &€'€"˜È€€€‚ÿAlthough almost all nouns in the second declension are common nouns, one neuter noun, ett finger (finger), falls into this declension as well.&ƒÅhÆ# €€€‚ÿ>BƦÆ) "€*€"˜È€‚€ ‚ÿThird DeclensionÕ–hÆ{Ç? L€-€€‚€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿThird declension nouns end in -er/-erna in the plural.Third declension nouns include:1. Many monosyllabic nouns ending in a consonant:—4¦ÆÈc#–€h›A» É " €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp {Ç‚Èf#œ€›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ˜2ÈÉf#œ€d›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿen damdamerdamernalady/ladies/the ladiesR'‚ÈlÉ+ &€N€€‚€€‚‚ÿ2. Many nouns of foreign origin:—4ÉÊc#–€h›A» É ² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION|lÉÊi#¢€&›A» É ² €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ š4ÊËf#œ€h›A» É ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen regelreglerreglernarule/rules/the rules›5Ê´Ëf#œ€j›A» É ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿen arméarméerarméernaarmy/armies/the armies™3ËMÌf#œ€f›A» É ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿen menymenyermenyernamenu/menus/the menus¥?´ËòÌf#œ€~›A» É ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿen salongsalongersalongernaparlor/parlors/the parlors·QMÌ©Íf#œ€¢›A» É ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€V€€‚ÿÿÿen situationsituationersituationernasituation/situations/the situationsyBòÌ"Î7 >€„€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿ3. Common nouns ending in -else, het, nad, -när, -skap:—4©Í¹Îc#–€h›A» É — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION|"Î5Ïi#¢€&›A» É — €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ Éc¹Î f#œ€Æ›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿ€h€€‚ÿÿÿen villrådighetvillrådighetervillrådigheternairresolution/irresolutions/the irresolutions5Ï ¯C«E5Ï·f#œ€Š›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿen rodnadrodnaderrodnadernablushing/blushings/the blushings¦@ ]f#œ€€›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€L€€‚ÿÿÿen händelsehändelserhändelsernaevent/events/the events«E·f#œ€Š›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€P€€‚ÿÿÿen konstnärkonstnärerkonstnärernaartist/artists/the artists±K]¹f#œ€–›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿen kunskapkunskaperkinskapernaknowledge/knowledges/the knowledgesj3#7 >€f€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿ4. Neuter nouns ending in -eri and -ori:—4¹ºc#–€h›A» É — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONv #0i#¢€›A» É — €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ ¹Mºél#¨€š›A» É — €€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€V€€‚ÿÿÿett bryggeribryggerierbryggeriernabrewery/breweries/the breweries²I0›i#¢€’›A» É — €€€€ ‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€d€€‚ÿÿÿett konditori konditorierkonditoriernacafé/cafés/the cafés—`é27 >€À€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿ5. Some common nouns ending in a vowel which add only -r and -rna to form the plural:—4›Éc#–€h›A» É — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONv 2?i#¢€›A» É — €€€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ Ž(ÉÍf#œ€P›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿen kokorkornacow/cows/the cows”.?af#œ€\›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿen skoskorskornashoe/shoes/the shoes7Íþf#œ€n›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen bastubasturbasturnasauna/saunas/the saunasŽ(aŒ f#œ€P›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿen tåtårtårnatoe/toes/the toes•/þ! f#œ€^›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿen mömörmörnamaid/maidens/the maidens¢<Œ à f#œ€x›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿen fiendefienderfiendernaenemy/enemies/the enemiesš4! ] f#œ€h›A» É — €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen linjelinjerlinjernaline/lines/the linesÙ“Ã 6 F Z€'€€‚€ ‚€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿPlease note the following:Polysyllabic nouns ending in unstressed el, en, drop the e before adding the plural endings er and erna:—4] Í c#–€h›A» É Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp 6 = f#œ€›A» É Í €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ :Í Ý f#œ€t›A» É Í €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen sägensägnersägnernalegend/legends/the legends±q= Ž@ P€â€€‚€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿNouns of Latin origin ending in eum, ium, drop the um before adding the plural endings er and erna:—4Ý %c#–€h¿A» ½ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION|Ž¡i#¢€&¿A» ½ ˆ €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ ¢<%O@f#œ€x¿A» ½ ˆ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€>€¡O@¯C€‚ÿÿÿett museummuseermuseernamuseum/museums/the museums¨e¡÷@C V€Ê€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿNouns ending in unstressed a, drop the a before adding the plural endings er and erna:—4O@ŽAc#–€h›AÄ Æ % €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ÷@þAf#œ€›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿž8ŽAœBf#œ€p›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€<€€‚ÿÿÿett dramadramerdramernadrama/dramas/the dramas^þA+C1 2€¼€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿSome nouns double their final consonant before adding the plural endings er and erna:—4œBÂCc#–€h›AÄ Æ % €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp +C2Df#œ€›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿž8ÂCÐDf#œ€p›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen vänvännervännernafriend/friends/the friends•/2DeEf#œ€^›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen nötnötternötternanut/nuts/the nutsúžÐD_F\ †€=€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿSome nouns modify their root vowel and add the plural endings er and erna. The vowel modifies from a to ä, from å to ä, or from o to ö:—4eEöFc#–€h›AÄ Æ ý €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION|_FrGi#¢€&›AÄ Æ ý €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ ™3öF Hf#œ€f›AÄ Æ ý €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿen handhänderhändernahand/hands/the hands¥?rG°Hf#œ€~›AÄ Æ ý €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿett landländerländernacountry/countries/the countries“- HCIf#œ€Z›AÄ Æ ý €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿen sonsönersönernason/sons/the sons饰H,JD V€K€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿSome nouns modify their root vowel from o to ö and double their final consonant (or change from k to ck) before adding the plural endings er and erna.—4CIÃJc#–€h›AÄ Æ % €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ,J3Kf#œ€›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ–0ÃJÉKf#œ€`›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen fotfötterfötternafoot/feet/the feet˜23KaLf#œ€d›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen rotrötterrötternaroot/roots/the roots˜2ÉKùLf#œ€d›AÄ Æ % €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen bokböckerböckernabook/books/the booksšiaL“M1 2€Ò€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿSome third declension nouns occur only in the plural: grönsaker (vegetables), ferier (vacation).9ùLÌM% €(€"˜È€ ‚ÿFourth Declensionõ°“MÁNE X€a€€‚€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€€‚€‚ÿFourth declension nouns end in -n or -na in the plural.The fourth declension includes only neuter nouns and is comprised of:1. Neuter nouns ending in a vowel:—4ÌMXOc#–€h›A» É " €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp ÁNÈOf#œ€›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ7XOq€f#œ€n›A» É " €€€ ÈOq€¯C‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿett pianopianonpianonapiano/pianos/the pianos :ÈOf#œ€t›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€F€€‚ÿÿÿett ansikteansiktenansiktenaface/faces/the faces”.q€¥f#œ€\›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿett fröfrönfrönaseed/seeds/the seeds‚K'‚7 >€–€€‚€€€€€‚€‚ÿ2. Neuter nouns ending in ande (originally present participles):—4¥¾‚c#–€h­A ¿ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION|'‚:ƒi#¢€&­A ¿ ˆ €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ ÏW¾‚ „x#À€®­A ¿ ˆ €€€ ‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€X€ÿ"€Z€‚€€‚ÿÿÿett medgivandemedgivandenmedgivandenaconcession/concessions/the concessionsY(:ƒb„1 2€P€€‚€€€‚€‚ÿ3. The letters of the alphabet:—4 „ù„c#–€h¤AÄ Á  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp b„i…f#œ€¤AÄ Á  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ‹%ù„ô…f#œ€J¤AÄ Á  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿett aananaan a/ as/ many as›mi…†. ,€Ú€€‚€€‚€‚ÿThe following frequent nouns of the fourth declension are exceptions and have irregular plural forms:—4ô…&‡c#–€h¤A» Å Þ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp †–‡f#œ€¤A» Å Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ’,&‡(ˆf#œ€X¤A» Å Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿett ögaögonögoneneye/eyes/the eyes’,–‡ºˆf#œ€X¤A» Å Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿett öraöronöronenear/ears/the earsœ6(ˆV‰f#œ€l¤A» Å Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿett huvudhuvudenhuvudenahead/heads/the heads&ºˆ|‰# €€€‚ÿ8V‰´‰% €&€"˜È€ ‚ÿFifth DeclensionY|‰ ŒF Z€'€€‚€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚ÿFifth declension nouns do not add anything to their stem to form the indefinite plural. This declension is called the zero plural (0 plural). Thus, the indefinite singular and indefinite plural forms are identical (compare to English sheep, sheep). In neuter nouns, the definite plural forms add en to the indefinite plural forms.In common nouns, the definite plural forms add na to the indefinite plural forms.Note: Since the indefinite singular and indefinite plural forms are identical, ambiguities can occur:&´‰3Œ# €€€‚ÿ~L Œ±Œ2 4€˜€È€€€‚€€‚‚ÿHennes lärare åkte till Italien.Her teacher/teachers went to Italy.¢p3ŒS2 4€à€€‚‚€€€‚€‚ÿFifth declension nouns can be common or neuter and include:1. Many neuter nouns ending in a consonant:—4±Œêc#–€h›A» É " €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp SZŽf#œ€›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ7ê÷Žf#œ€n›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿett barnbarnbarnenchild/children/the children–0ZŽf#œ€`›A» É " €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿett hushushusenhouse/houses/the houses²o÷ŽKÀC V€Þ€€‚€€€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿ2. Most common nouns referring to people, enKÀ¯Cding in are and ande, as well as some ending in -er:—4âÀc#–€h›A» É a €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATIONp KÀRÁf#œ€›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ£=âÀõÁf#œ€z›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿen lärarelärarelärarnateacher/teachers/the teachers°JRÁ¥Âf#œ€”›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€T€€‚ÿÿÿen studerandestuderandestuderandenastudent/students/the studentsÆQõÁkÃu#º€¢›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€ÿ€P€‚G€‚ÿÿÿen politikerpolitikerpolitikernapolitician/politicians/the politicians&¥Â‘Ã# €€€‚ÿ1¿kÃÂÅr ²€€ì€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNote: Common nouns of the fifth declension ending in are (as lärare above), drop the e before adding na to form the definite plural (lärarna).Note: Nouns ending in ande but not denoting a person (unlike studerande above) are neuter and inflected according to the fourth declension with n and na as plural forms: ett medgivande, flera medgivanden, medgivandena (one concession, many concessions, the many concessions).'‘ÃéÅ$ €€ì€‚ÿK$ÂÅ4Æ' €H€€€‚‚ÿ3. Nouns denoting measurements:—4éÅËÆc#–€h›A» É a €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION›54ÆfÇf#œ€j›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen metermetermeternameter/meters/the meters³MËÆÈf#œ€š›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€€‚ÿÿÿen kilometerkilometerkilometernakilometer/kilometers/the kilometers›5fÇ´Èf#œ€j›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿen literliterliternaliter/liters/the liters™3ÈMÉf#œ€f›A» É a €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿett pundpundpundenpound/pounds/the pounds…Y´ÈÒÉ, (€²€€‚€ ‚‚€‚ÿThe following frequent nouns of the fifth declension have irregular plural forms:—4MÉiÊc#–€h¤AÄ Â Œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION|ÒÉåÊi#¢€&¤AÄ Â Œ €€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ ¡;iʆËf#œ€v¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿbroderbröderbrödernabrother/brothers/the brothers›5åÊ!Ìf#œ€j¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿfaderfäderfädernafather/fathers/the fathers‹%†Ë¬Ìf#œ€J¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€€‚ÿÿÿmanmänmännenman/men/the men’,!Ì>Íf#œ€X¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿgåsgässgässengoose/geese/the geese*¬ÌÎÍf#œ€T¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿluslösslössenlouse/lice/the lice*>Í^Îf#œ€T¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿmusmössmössenmouse/mice/the mice›5ÎÍùÎf#œ€j¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿmilmilmilenone Swedish mile/miles/the miles’,^΋Ïf#œ€X¤AÄ Â Œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€€‚ÿÿÿtumtumtummeninch/inches/the inchesyOùÎ* $€ž€€‚€€‚ÿNote: One Swedish mile equals ten kilometers, approximately six US mile‹Ï¯Cs.Q ‹Ïa1gƆaª‘NDefinite and Indefinite ArticlesI$ª% €H€Œ˜€‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles Ïaª1 0€Ÿ€€€€€€‚‚ÿArticles that refer to specific persons or objects are called definite articles: den, det (the). Articles that refer to unspecified persons or objects are called indefinite articles: en, ett (a, an).:ªä% €*€"˜È€ ‚ÿIndefinite ArticleðµªÔ; D€k€€‚€€€€€€‚€‚ÿIn the singular, the indefinite article is en for common nouns and ett for neuter nouns. Indefinite plural nouns in Swedish have endings (suffixes) rather than articles.[+ä/0 0€V€È€ã4± Å€‰€‚ÿSee also Number: Singular and Plural&ÔU# €€€‚ÿŠ2/ßX#€€dOA|   €€€€ ‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿCOMMON SINGULAR ARTICLEEXAMPLETRANSLATIONYU8R#t€OA|   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿrߪU#z€:OA|   €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿenen apelsinan orangem8U#z€0OA|   €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿen modera motherx ªX#€€@OA|   €€€€ ‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿNEUTER SINGULAR ARTICLE]ìU#z€OA|   €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿq]U#z€8OA|   €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿettett äpplean applemìÊU#z€0OA|   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿett pianoa piano:]& €(€"˜È€ ‚‚ÿDefinite Articleì²Êð: B€e€€‚€€€€‚€‚€‚‚ÿIn the singular, the definite article is den for common nouns and det for neuter nouns.Definite plural nouns in Swedish have endings (suffixes) rather than articles.[+K0 0€V€È€ã4± Å€‰€‚ÿSee also Number: Singular and Plural&ðq# €€€‚ÿŠ2KûX#€€d4A¤ ® €€€€ ‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿCOMMON SINGULAR ARTICLEEXAMPLETRANSLATIONYqT R#t€4A¤ ® €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿtûÈ U#z€>4A¤ ® €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿdenden modernthe mother]T % U#z€4A¤ ® €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿx È  X#€€@4A¤ ® €€€€ ‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿNEUTER SINGULAR ARTICLE]% ú U#z€4A¤ ® €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ{ u [#†€@4A¤ ® €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿdendet pianotthe piano6ßú « W |€¿€€‚‚€‚‚€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿDefinite Article SingularThe definite article is added as a suffix; en/n for common nouns, and et/t for neuter nouns. Nouns ending in a consonant add en or et, and nouns ending in a vowel add n or t.vu ! [#†€6ÈA ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONTRANSLATION4« ° [#†€hÈA ² €€€ €‚ÿ€,€€ €‚ÿ€d€‚ÿÿÿIndefinite articleDefinite singular suffix]!  U#z€ÈA ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ}"° Š[#†€DÈA ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿen sonsonena son/the sonŒ+ a#’€VÈA ² "€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿen flickaflickana girl/the girl]ŠsU#z€ÈA ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿkÞ[#†€ ÈA ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿNEUTERYsC@R#t€ÈA ÞC@² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ„)ÞÇ@[#†€RÈA ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿett barnbarneta child/the child†+C@MA[#†€VÈA ² €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿett äppleäppletan apple/the apple\Ç@ÜA3 6€¸€€‚€€€€€‚ÿThere are some exceptions. Common nouns ending in unstressed el, er, or add n only:ݤMA¹B9 @€I€È€‚€€‚‚€‚‚€€‚ÿfågelfågeln (bird)broderbrodern, dotterdottern, faderfadern, modermodern (brother, daughter, father, mother)doktordoktorn, motormotorn (doctor, engine)ŽXÜAGC6 <€°€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿNeuter nouns ending in unstressed el, er add et, but drop the e in their stem:a1¹B¨C0 0€b€È€‚€€‚‚€‚ÿsegelseglet (sail)fingerfingret (finger)¾GCfD= H€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿBoth neuter and common nouns ending in unstressed en, add en or et according to gender, but drop the e in their stem:f6¨CÌD0 0€l€È€‚€€‚‚€‚ÿen ökenöknen (desert)ett vapenvapnet (weapon)ŽafDZE- *€Â€€‚€€€‚ÿMany common nouns ending in an have the same form whether they are definite or indefinite:xAÌDÒE7 >€‚€È€‚€€€€€€‚ÿanmälan (notice), ansökan (application), fruktan (fear)KZEF, (€>€€‚‚€‚€‚ÿDefinite Article Plural[+ÒExF0 0€V€È€ã4± Å€‰€‚ÿSee also Number: Singular and Plural¯~F'G1 2€ü€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ1. In the first, second, and third declensions, the definite plural suffix na is added to the indefinite plural form.|*xF£GR#t€T¶AÉ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION]'GHU#z€¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ„)£G„H[#†€R¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€&€€‚ÿÿÿgatorgatornastreets/the streets~#HI[#†€F¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€&€€‚ÿÿÿarmararmarnaarms/the arms‚'„H„I[#†€N¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿdamerdamernaladies/the ladiesšiIJ1 2€Ò€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ2. In the fourth declension the definite plural suffix a is added to the indefinite plural form:|*„IšJR#t€T¶AÉ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION]J÷JU#z€¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿƒ(šJzK[#†€P¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿpianonpianonapianos/the pianosþÆ÷JxL8 >€€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿ3. In the fifth declension, common nouns add the definite plural suffix na to the indefinite plural form, and neuter nouns add the definite plural suffix en to the indefinite plural form.|*zKôLR#t€T¶AÉ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿINDEF. PLURALDEF. PLURALTRANSLATION]xLQMU#z€¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ˜=ôLéM[#†€z¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿelektrikerelektrikernaelectricians/the electricians„)QMmN[#†€R¶AÉ  €€€ ‚ÿ€€€€ ‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿbarnbarnenchildren/the children$éM‘N" €€€ÿU$mNæN1À ~æN2OÍ‹Possessive Forms of Nouns (genitive)L'‘N2O% €N€Œ˜€‚ÿPossessive Forms of Nouns (Genitive)–iæNÈO- *€Ò€€€€€‚‚ÿAdd s to the indefinite or definite singular or plural form of all nouns to get the genitive form:a 2O5€A#R€@ãA² €€€‚ÿ€&ÈO5€‘N€‚ÿÿÿPossessive formsTRANSLATIONJÈO€D#X€ ãA² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ^5€Ý€D#X€4ãA² €€€ €‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿIndefinite Singular:m&€JG#^€LãA² "€€€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿen flickas blommaa girls flowerFÝ€A#R€ ãA² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ\JìD#X€0ãA² €€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿDefinite Singular:m&Y‚G#^€LãA² "€€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿflickans blommathe girls flowerJ죂D#X€ ãA² €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿÿÿ`Y‚ƒG#^€2ãA² €€€ €‚ÿ€,€€ ‚ÿÿÿIndefinite Plural:m#£‚pƒJ#d€FãA² "€€€€ €‚ÿ€(€€ ‚ÿÿÿflickors blommagirls flowerJƒºƒD#X€ ãA² €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿÿÿ^pƒ„G#^€.ãA² €€€ €‚ÿ€(€€ ‚ÿÿÿDefinite Plural:s)ºƒ‹„J#d€RãA² "€€€€ €‚ÿ€,€€ ‚ÿÿÿflickornas blommathe girls flower»„…I `€w€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€‚‚ÿNote: Do not use an apostrophe in front of the genitive s.Exception: After proper names ending in s, x, z, an apostrophe (but no s) may be used to indicate the genitive:a ‹„ð…A#R€@FAo €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿPossessive formsTRANSLATIONJ…:†D#X€ FAo €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ‹Gð…ņD#X€ŽFAo €€€ ‚ÿ€<€€‚ÿÿÿSchweiz/Schweiz vackra bergThe beautiful mountains of Switzerlandi%:†.‡D#X€JFAo €€€ ‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿMarx/Marx teorierMarxs theories“SņÁˆ@ N€§€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿNote: The apostrophe as a genitive indicator is used with proper names only to avoid ambiguities: Andreas bok (Andreas book, i.e., a girl called Andrea) versus Andreas bok (Andreas book, i.e., a boy called Andreas). There are some remnants of older Swedish genitive case in fixed expressions after the preposition till (to):^.‡‰A#R€:¤Aß €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿGENITIVE CASETRANSLATIONJÁˆi‰D#X€ ¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ]‰ƉD#X€2¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿtill fotson/by footai‰'ŠD#X€:¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿtill skogsto the forestYƉ€ŠD#X€*¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿtill havsto seaZ'ŠÚŠD#X€,¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿtill sjössto seao+€ŠI‹D#X€V¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿgå till bordsgo to the table (to eat)`ÚŠ©‹D#X€8¤Aß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿgå till sängsgo to bed$I‹Í‹" €€€ÿ9©‹Œ1ˆƆ±Œ8ŒPronouns2 Í‹8Œ& €€Œ˜€‚‚ÿPronounsW'Œ0 .€O€€€€€€‚ÿPronouns are words which are used in place of a noun: han (he = Daniel), de (they = Maria and Erik). There are several categories of pronouns: personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, indefinite and reflexive. In Swedish, pronoun use is governed by number and gender.B8ŒÑ1j~`Ñ Ž2Personal Pronouns9 Ž% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿPersonal Pronouns@ÑJŽ% €6€"˜È€ ‚ÿSubject and Object Forms? Ž‰1 0€€€‚€‚‚€€‚‚ÿPersonal pronouns have different forms according to their use and positions in the sentence. The subject forms of personal pronouns replace the subject of a sentence. The object forms of personal pronouns are used for both direct and indirect objects.Singular:y!JŽÀX#€€B‰A¡ Þ €€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿSUBJECTOBJECTTRANSLATION‰À]‰kÀU#z€‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿnÀÙÀU#z€2‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿjagmig (mej)I/ mey$kÀRÁU#z€H‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿdudig (dej)you (normal form)sÙÀÅÁU#z€<‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿnieryou (very formal)‚-RÁGÂU#z€Z‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿhan, honhonom, hennehe/ she/ him/ hernÅÁµÂU#z€2‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿdendenit (common)nGÂ#ÃU#z€2‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿdetdetit (neuter)9µÂ\Ã+ &€€€‚€‚€‚ÿPlural:Y#õÃR#t€‰A¡ Þ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿg\ÃÄX#€€‰A¡ Þ €€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿPLURALrµÃŽÄ[#†€.‰A¡ Þ €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿSubjectObject]ÄëÄU#z€‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿhŽÄSÅU#z€&‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿviosswe/ usdëÄ·ÅU#z€‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿnieryoux#SÅ/ÆU#z€F‰A¡ Þ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿde (dom)dem (dom)they/ them樷ÅÇ> J€Q€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿNote: Mig, dig are pronounced mej, dej. De is pronounced dom (short vowel). The spellings mej, dej, dom are accepted but rarely used in cultivated Swedish.B/ÆWÇ& €8€"˜È€ ‚‚ÿUse of Personal PronounsS,ǪÇ' €X€€‚€‚ÿThe first person refers to the speaker:ñœWÇ›ÈU x€9€È€‚€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿJag heter Per. Kalla mig Pelle. Det vi säger stannar mellan oss.My name is Per, call me Pelle. What we are saying will stay between us.@ ªÇÛÉ3 4€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe second person is used as a form of address, and corresponds to the English you. Du, the usual form, is used in the singular, and is not capitalized. Ni is used when addressing more than one person or when addressing someone more formally and conservatively:\ÿ›È7Ë] ˆ€ÿ€È€‚€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿVar är du någonstans? Vi kan inte åka utan dig.Where are you (one person)? We cannot leave without you.Var är ni någonstans? Vi kan inte åka utan er.Where are you (two people or the conservative form)? We cannot leave without you.”mÛÉËË' €Ú€€‚€‚ÿThe third person personal pronouns correspond to the English pronouns he /she /it/ they/ him/ her/ them:Þ˜7Ë©ÌF Z€1€È€‚€€€€€‚€€€€‚€‚ÿVar är han/hon/den/det/de någonstans? Jag kan inte se honom/henne/den/det/dem.Where is/are he/she/it/they? I cannot see him/her/it/them.¹…ËËbÍ4 6€ €€€€€€€‚‚ÿNote: Hon (she) is used with the nouns människa (human being) and klocka (when referring to time, not to the object itself):Ö ©Ì8Î6 :€A€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚€‚ÿMänniskan hinner knappt födas innan hon ska dö.Man is hardly born before it is time to die.Vad är klockan? Hon är fyra.What time is it? Four oclock.p<bͨÎ4 8€x€€€€‚‚€€€‚ÿThe use of det:1. Referring back to a neuter noun:yD8Î!Ï5 :€ˆ€È€‚€€€‚€€‚ÿJag har ett äpple. Det är rött.I have an apple. It is red.ÀŒ¨ÎáÏ4 6€€€‚€€€€€‚ÿ2. As a complement with vara, bli, heta, kallas, finns (be, become, be named, be called, be/exist) regardless of gender and number:÷¦!ÏäQ p€M€áÏäÈ€‚€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿVad är det? Det är en bil.What is it? Its a car.Hon heter Katarina, men det kallas hon aldrig.Her name is Katarina, but she is never called that.TáÏe- *€¨€€‚€€€‚ÿ3. As a formal subject. In many cases it corresponds to the English there is:ÁätN j€ƒ€È€‚€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿDet är svårt att komma igång och motionera.It is hard to start exercising.Det har hänt något.Something has happened.Det sitter en pojke i bilen.There is a boy in the car. è´e\4 6€i€€‚€€€€€‚ÿ4. It is used as an object of vara, bli, kunna, göra, veta (be, become, be able to, do, know), when answering a question containing those verbs (no equivalent in English):Ö—t2? L€/€È€‚€€€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿBlev det en flicka? Ja, det blev det!Was it a girl? Yes, it was!Kan du kinesiska? Nej, det kan jag inte.Do you know Chinese? No, I dont.C\u1ã ±J€ u¯AReflexive Pronouns:2¯% €*€Œ˜€‚ÿReflexive Pronouns¢puQ2 4€à€€‚€ ‚€€ ‚€‚ÿReflexive pronouns refer to the subject and can be used as either direct or indirect objects: SingularZ¯«A#R€2wAß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿREFLEXIVETRANSLATIONJQõD#X€ wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿY«ND#X€*wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿmig (mej)myselfi%õ·D#X€JwAß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿdig (dej)yourself (normal form)bND#X€<wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿeryourself (very formal)k'·„D#X€NwAß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿsig (sej)himself, herself, itself4 ¸( €€€‚‚€‚ÿPluralZ„A#R€2wAß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿREFLEXIVETRANSLATIONJ¸\D#X€ wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿV²D#X€$wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿossourselvesV\ D#X€$wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿeryourselves]²e D#X€2wAß €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿsig (sej)themselvesîµ S 9 @€k€€‚€€€€€‚‚€‚ÿNote: Mig, dig, sig are pronounced mej, dej, sej. The spellings mej, dej, sej are accepted but rarely used in cultivated Swedish.Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject:´ye  ; F€ò€È€‚€€€€€€€‚‚ÿJag tvättar mig. Ni klär på er. De kammar sig.I wash (myself). You are dressing. They are combing their hair.¦S ­ ' €þ€€‚€‚ÿThere is a significant difference in meaning between the reflexive pronouns and the object forms of the personal pronouns:¨q U 7 >€â€È€‚€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿHan hängde sig. Han hängde honom.He hanged himself. He hanged him (= somebody else than the subject).-­ ‚ % €€"˜È€ ‚ÿSjälvÅ–U G / ,€-€€‚€€€‚‚ÿThe Swedish words själv/självt/själva are used to express myself/ yourself/ himself, etc. when emphasis of the words they refer to is desired:µw‚ ü > L€î€Ú€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿJag vill göra det själv. Barnen bestämmer själva.I want to do this myself. The children themselves decide.k>G g- *€|€‚€‚€€‚‚ÿSjälv is often used idiomatically, as in the following:#§ü –@| Æ€O€Ú€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚ÿSjälva kungen kom till premiären.The king himself came to the opening night.Självaste kungen kom till premiären.The very king himself came to the opening night.Det säger sig självt.That goes without saying.Hon pratar för sig själv.She is talking to herself.g–@2I själva verket...As a matter of fact...Hon är inte sig själv i dag.She is not herself today.Hur mår du? Bra, (och) själv?}JgA3 6€”€Ú€€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿHow are you? Fine, (and) yourself?Tack själv.Thanks to you, too.B–@UA1 `PŠ UAŽAÜNRelative Pronouns9AŽA% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿRelative PronounsåªUAsC; D€U€€€€€€‚‚€€€‚ÿRelative pronouns refer to nouns or pronouns in the preceding main clause: Jag har köpt ett hus som ligger vid en sjö (I bought a house that is situated by a lake). The relative pronouns in Swedish are som, vilken, vilket, vilka, vad, vars, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas (which/that/who/whom/whose). Som is the most common relative pronoun. It can be used as a subject or object, and can refer to any gender and number.û¹ŽAnDB R€s€È€‚€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿJag köpte en bok som var dyr. Jag träffade två vänner, som jag inte sett på länge.I bought a book that was expensive. I met two friends whom I had not seen in a long time.d7sCÒD- *€n€€‚€€€‚ÿSom can be omitted when it is used as an object:–`nDhE6 <€À€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚ÿHär får du en bok, (som) du kommer att tycka om.Here is a book (that) you will enjoy.–dÒDþE2 4€È€€€€€€€‚ÿUnlike in English, the relative pronoun som may not be omitted when it is used as a subject:™dhE—F5 :€È€È€‚€€€‚€€‚ÿBoken, som ligger på bordet, är intressant.The book (that is) on the table is interesting.WþEG* $€®€€‚€€‚ÿVilken, vilket, vilka reflect the gender and number of the word(s) they refer to:še—F²G5 :€Ê€È€‚€€€‚€€‚ÿHär är boken i vilken vi får veta allt.Here is the book in which we get to know everything.Q'GH* $€N€€‚€€‚ÿNote the a difference in meaning:ó¨²GöIK d€Q€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€€€‚ÿJag hittade en penna och ett block, som hade varit borta länge.I found a pen and a notepad which had been missing for a long time. (Ambiguous: either both the pen and the notepad or only the notepad had been missing.)Jag hittade en penna och ett block, vilka hade varit borta länge.I found a pen and a notepad which had been missing for a long time. (Vilka makes it clear that they had both been missing.) jH–J6 <€Ô€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿNågot som or vilket are also used to refer to a complete clause (som alone cannot be used here):Ž_öI$K/ .€¾€È€‚€€€‚‚ÿHon är sen, något som/vilket inte förvånar mig.She is late, which does not surprise me.K$–JoK' €H€€‚€‚ÿNote the difference in meaning:J$K¹LF Z€ €È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚ÿHon visade mig en målning, som jag tyckte mycket om.She showed me a painting that I liked a lot (= I liked the painting).Hon visade mig en målning, något som/vilket jag tyckte mycket om.(I liked the fact that she was showing me the painting.)ª€oKcM* "€€€€€‚ÿVars, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas are the genitive forms of the relative pronouns, and are not generally used in conversation:y4¹LÜNE X€i€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿMannen, vars bror bor i Australien, har inte kommit hem ännu.The man whose brother lives in Australia has not returned home yet.Studenterna, vilkas/vars familj inte betalar skolavgiften, arbetar ofta på loven.The students whose families do not pay the school fees often work during vacation.< cMO1ìJ€n‚ OLO·ÃPossessives4ÜNLO% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPossessives J%O–O% €J€"˜È€ ‚ÿPossessive Adjectives and Pronouns¶ŠLOX€, &€€€‚€€‚‚ÿIn Swedish, possessive adjectives have the same form as poss–OX€ÜNessive pronouns. For example, min/mitt/mina can mean either my or mine:a1–O¹€0 0€b€È€€€€€‚ÿDet där är min penna. (That is my pencil.)s;X€,8 @€v€€€€€€‚‚€‚€‚ÿ Boken är min. (The book is mine.)Singular—*¹€Ãm#ª€To| … ] €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€(€‚‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATION„,G‚l#¨€0o| … ] €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿCommonNeuterl ó‚c#–€o| … ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿƒG‚6ƒf#œ€:o| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿminmittminamy, mine”.³‚ʃf#œ€\o| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿdindittdinayour, yours (normal form)‘+6ƒ[„f#œ€Vo| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿererterayour, yours (very formal)'ʃè„f#œ€No| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€€‚ÿÿÿhans/sinhans/sitthans/sinahis™3[„…f#œ€fo| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€€‚ÿÿÿhennes/sinhennes/sitthennes/sinaher, hers'脆f#œ€No| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€€‚ÿÿÿdess/sindess/sittdess/sinaits8 …F†+ &€€€‚€‚€‚ÿPlural—*†݆m#ª€To| … ] €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€(€‚‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATION„F†a‡f#œ€<o| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿvårvårtvåraour, oursŒ&݆í‡f#œ€Lo| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿererterayour, yours (plural)™3a‡†ˆf#œ€fo| … ] €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€H€€‚ÿÿÿderas/sinderas/sittderas/sinatheir/theirsÄ–í‡J‰. *€-€€‚€€€‚ÿAll possessive pronouns, except the 3rd person forms hans, hennes, dess, deras agree in number and gender with the noun(s) to which they refer.ÝU†ˆ'‹ˆ Þ€«€È€‚€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿMin bil är gul. Hennes väskor är svarta. Vårt hus är litet. Deras katter är söta.My car is yellow. Her bags are black. Our house is small. Their cats are cute.Bilen är min. Väskorna är hennes. Huset är vårt. Katterna är deras.The car is mine. The bags are hers. The house is ours. The cats are theirs.g>J‰Ž‹) "€|€€€€‚ÿDess is mostly used in written language, often in titles:®x'‹<Œ6 <€ð€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚ÿUniversitetet och dess politiska roll i dagens Sverige.The University and its Political Role in Sweden Today.>Ž‹»A P€}€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚ÿHis, her/hers, its, and their/theirs each translate into two different forms in Swedish: hans, hennes, dess, deras or sin/sitt/sina.Hans/ hennes/ dess/ deras are used when they refer to the subject OR when they refer to an object which is does not belong to the subject of the clause in which they occur:¿e<ŒzZ ‚€Ë€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿHon och hennes dotter åkte till England.She and her daughter went to England.(Hennes refers to hon, one of the subjects of the clause.)Lena är Susannes sekreterare. Hon öppnar hennes post.Lena is Susannes secretary. She opens her mail.(Hennes because the object, the mail, does not belong to the subject of the clause, hon = Lena.)Ï»ˆÀ3 4€Ÿ€€€€€€€‚ÿThe possessive reflexive adjectives sin/sitt/sina are used when they refer to thzˆÀÜNe subject of the clause AND when the object belongs to the subject. They are translated as his own/ her own/ their own.ã«zkÁ8 >€W€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚‚ÿHon skickade ett vykort till sin dotter.She sent a postcard to her (own) daughter.(Sin because it refers to the subject AND the object belongs to the subject.)I#ˆÀ´Á& €F€€€‚ÿNote the difference in meaning: kÁ·Ãc ”€A€È€‚€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿBirgit är ute och dansar med sin pojkvän.Birgit is out dancing with her (own) boyfriend.Cecilia brukar också gå ut och dansa med hennes pojkvän.Cecilia also goes out dancing with her (= Birgits) boyfriend.Bertil och Anna bor hos hans/hennes far.Bertil and Anna live with his/her father.Bertil och Anna bor hos sin far.Bertil and Anna live with their (own) father (= they are siblings).?´ÁöÃ1þPŠ† öÃ-ÄúËDemonstratives7·Ã-Ä% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿDemonstratives Ç£öÃôÄ$ €G€€‚ÿDemonstrative pronouns refer to someone or something that has been mentioned previously. They agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun they refer to.ð«-ÄäÅE X€W€È€‚€€€€‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿDenna/Denne man / Den här mannen skulle jag vilja gifta mig med.This man I would like to marry.De spelar alltid samma sång.They always play the same song.&ôÄ Æ# €€€‚ÿ•2äÅŸÆc#–€dã8¹ u   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿCOMMON SING.NEUTER SING.PLURALTRANSLATIONp ÆÇf#œ€ã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ•/ŸÆ¤Çf#œ€^ã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿden härdet härde härthis (one), these–0Ç:Èf#œ€`ã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿdenna/dennedettadessathis (one), these•/¤ÇÏÈf#œ€^ã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿden därdet därde/demthat (one), those):È^Éf#œ€Rã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿsamma/sammesammasamma(the) same˜2ÏÈöÉf#œ€dã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€N€€‚ÿÿÿdensamma/densammedetsammadesammathe same…^É{Êf#œ€>ã8¹ u   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿsådansådantsådanasuchå©öÉ`Ë< F€S€Œ˜€‚€€€€€€€‚ÿDenna, denne, detta, dessa, densamma, densamme, detsamma, desamma are mostly used in writing. Note that de (those) takes the object form dem in cases such as:šV{ÊúËD X€¬€È€‚€€€€€‚€€€€€‚ÿJag vill ha de här blommorna, inte dem.I want these flowers, not those.G`ËAÌ1`n‚  AÌÌl Interrogative Pronouns>úËÌ% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogative Pronouns®‰AÌ-Í% €€€‚‚ÿInterrogative pronouns replace a noun when they introduce direct and indirect questions. The main Swedish interrogative pronouns are:ÚDÌΖ#ü€ˆ“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿ€Z€‚ÿ€n€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONGENITIVENEUTERGENITIVEPLURALGENITIVETRANSLATION¥-ͬΖ#ü€“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿå4Αϱ#2h“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€ÿ€$€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€B€€‚ÿÿÿvemvemsvilkavilkaswho, whom, whose+¬Îµí#ªV“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €ÿ‘ϵúË€€€ ‚ÿ€€ÿ€€€‚ÿ€"€ÿ€$€€ ‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€€‚ÿ€F€ÿ€H€€‚ÿÿÿvadvad, vilkawhatÓ:‘ψ™#t“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€T€‚ÿ€d€€‚ÿÿÿvilkenvilkensvilketvilketsvilkavilkaswhich9IµÁð#°’“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€€ÿ€€€‚ÿ€"€ÿ€$€€ ‚ÿ€@€ÿ€B€€‚ÿ€H€ÿ€J€€ ‚ÿ€j€ÿ€l€€‚ÿ€r€ÿ€t€€‚ÿÿÿvad för envad för ettvad för (ena)what kind of>Nˆÿð#°œ“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€(€ÿ€*€€ ‚ÿ€J€ÿ€L€€‚ÿ€R€ÿ€T€€ ‚ÿ€t€ÿ€v€€‚ÿ€|€ÿ€~€€‚ÿÿÿvad för någonvad för någotvad för någrawhat kind of>NÁ=ð#°œ“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€(€ÿ€*€€ ‚ÿ€J€ÿ€L€€‚ÿ€R€ÿ€T€€ ‚ÿ€t€ÿ€v€€‚ÿ€|€ÿ€~€€‚ÿÿÿvad för sortsvad för sortsvad för sortswhat kind of>Nÿ{ð#°œ“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€ €ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€(€ÿ€*€€ ‚ÿ€J€ÿ€L€€‚ÿ€R€ÿ€T€€ ‚ÿ€t€ÿ€v€€‚ÿ€|€ÿ€~€€‚ÿÿÿvad för slagsvad för slagsvad för slagswhat kind of4D=¯ð#°ˆ“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€€ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €ÿ€"€€ ‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€€‚ÿ€D€ÿ€F€€ ‚ÿ€`€ÿ€b€€‚ÿ€h€ÿ€j€€‚ÿÿÿhur(u)danhur(u)danthur(u)danawhat kind ofS{¶´#8¦“{ Œ v ‹ m ß €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿ€f€ÿ€h€€‚ÿ€n€‚ÿ€r€ÿ€t€€‚ÿÿÿvilkenderavilkenderasvilketderavilketderaswhich one (out of two)&¯Ü# €€€‚ÿ>¶ ( €,€Œ˜€€‚ÿExamples of usage:RòÜl ` Ž€å€È€‚€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿVem var det? Jag undrar vem det var. Vems är boken? Vilkas bilar kan vi ta?Who was that? I wonder who that was. Whose book is it? Whose cars can we use?Vad har hänt? Vilka är de tre största städerna i världen? Vilket brev skrev du?What has happened? What are the three largest cities in the world? Which letter did you write?Vad för sorts/slags ost tycker du om? Hur(u)dant blir vädret i dag?What (kind of) cheese do you like? What is the weather going to be like today?D ° 1v+† „ ° ú /ÇIndefinite PronounsJ%l ú % €J€Œ˜€‚ÿIndefinite Pronouns and Adjectivesõ¾° ï 7 <€}€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€‚ÿIndefinite pronouns refer to persons or objects that are not identified. Some can also be used as adjectives. The following are the most commonly used indefinite pronouns:1. Man ª6ú ™ t#¸€le8a Ž | Ä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿSUBJECTOBJECTPOSSESSIVEREFLEXIVETRANSLATIONƒ ï w#¾€e8a Ž | Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿÅM™ áx#À€še8a Ž | Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€2€€‚‚ÿÿÿmanenens, sinsigone/you/people/theyones/your; oneself, yourself.&# €€€‚ÿs@áz3 6€€€@Ú€€€€€€‚ÿMan måste alltid förklara sig, ens ord missförstås ofta. i&@7 >€Ò€Ú€€€€€€‚€‚ÿOne/You always needs/need to explain oneself/yourself; ones/your words arz&@l e often misunderstood.9z_@* $€€€€‚€‚ÿ2. Varje ‰&&@è@c#–€Lw8… m ‡ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATIONŠ _@rA~#Ì€w8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿÀ6è@2BŠ#ä€lw8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€ÿ.€&€€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvarjevarjeevery, each (adjective only)½3rAïBŠ#ä€fw8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€ÿ€€‚ÿ€€ÿ.€ €€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvarvartevery, each (adjective only)¶82B¥C~#Ì€pw8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€ÿ€8€‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿvar och envart och etteach one, every singleÐFïBuDŠ#䀌w8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€ÿ.€0€€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvarendavartendaeach one, every single (adjective only)¶8¥C+E~#Ì€pw8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€ÿ€8€‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿvarenda envartenda etteach one, every single¢<uDÍEf#œ€xw8… m ‡ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿvarannanvartannatvarandraevery second, every other&+EóE# €€€‚ÿô¬ÍEçFH ^€Y€Ú€€€€€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿVarje dag regnar det. Vartenda hus är blött. Varannan källare är översvämmad.Every day it rains. Every single house is wet. Every other basement is flooded.Q'óE8G* $€N€€€‚€‚ÿ3. Vardera, någondera, ingendera ‰&çFÁGc#–€Ln8s j ² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATIONŠ 8GKH~#Ì€n8s j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ¥'ÁGðH~#Ì€Nn8s j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿvarderavartderaeach, either­/KHI~#Ì€^n8s j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿnågonderanågotderasome, any, either©+ðHFJ~#Ì€Vn8s j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿingenderaingetderanone, neither¨*IîJ~#Ì€Tn8s j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿenderaettderaone, one of these–FJ„K~#Ì€0n8s j ² €€ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿbådaderaboth&îJªK# €€€‚ÿ믄K•L< F€_€Ú€€€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿEndera dagen inser nog företagen, att ingetdera av dem har pengar kvar.One of these days, the companies will probably realize that none of them has any money left.7 ªKÌL* $€€€€‚€‚ÿ4. All ‰&•LUMc#–€L‰8‘ Š û €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATIONŠ ÌLßM~#Ì€‰8‘ Š û €€ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€€ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ«-UMŠN~#Ì€Z‰8‘ Š û €€ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€€ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿalltallaall, everything, everyone£=ßM-Of#œ€z‰8‘ Š û €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€€‚ÿÿÿall + nounallt + nounalla + nounall (of the), every¨BŠNÕOf#œ€„‰8‘ Š û €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€P€€‚ÿÿÿhela + nounhela + nounhela + nounthe whole, all (of the)&-O €# €€€‚ÿÕO €l ÿ¬ÕO S t€Y€Ú€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿAlla sa att allt hopp var ute. Han hade all anledning att oroa sig hela dagen.Everyone said that all hope was gone. He had every reason to worry all day.7 €B( €€€‚€‚‚ÿ5. Annan œ( Þt#¸€Pw8s s j Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATION‡ Be‚z#Ä€w8s s j Ö €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿÀFÞ%ƒz#Ä€Œw8s s j Ö €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿ€\€€‚ÿÿÿINDEFINITE(en) annan(ett) annatandraanother (one), othersµ;e‚Úƒz#Ä€vw8s s j Ö €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿ€X€€‚ÿÿÿDEFINITEden andradet andrade andrathe other(s)&%ƒ„# €€€‚ÿ¶yÚƒ¶„= J€ò€Ú€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿEn tjuv stal pengarna. En annan tog andra värdesaker.One thief stole the money. Another took other valuables.>„ô„( €,€€‚€‚‚ÿ6. Någon, ingen ‰&¶„}…c#–€Le8a a  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿCOMMONNEUTERPLURALTRANSLATIONp ô„í…f#œ€e8a a  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿˆ"}…u†f#œ€De8a a  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿnågonnågotnågrasome, any7í…‡f#œ€ne8a a  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿÿÿingeningetingano, nobody, none, not . . . any&u†8‡# €€€‚ÿ—`‡χ7 >€À€Ú€€€€€€€‚‚ÿHar du något socker? Ingen har något kvar.Do you have any sugar? Nobody has any left. ša8‡iˆ9 B€Â€€‚€‚€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ7. Båda, mycket, många, litetEnglish both (of) corresponds to Swedish båda or bägge:š`χ‰: D€À€Ú€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿBåda cyklarna är fina. Jag vill ha bägge (två).Both bikes are nice. I want them both.c8iˆf‰+ &€p€€‚€€‚‚ÿEnglish much, a lot correspond to Swedish mycket:„G‰ê‰= J€Ž€Ú€€€€‚€€€€€‚ÿHur mycket tjänar han? Mycket!How much does he earn? A lot!`2f‰JŠ. ,€d€€‚€€€‚‚ÿEnglish many corresponds to Swedish många:žaê‰èŠ= J€Â€Ú€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿHur många kom till mötet? Inte många.How many (people) came to the meeting? Not many.b7JŠJ‹+ &€n€€‚€€‚‚ÿEnglish (a) little corresponds to Swedish litet:­pèŠ÷‹= J€à€Ú€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿDet finns litet mat kvar. Litet blev gjort i dag.There is a little food left. Little was done today.ÄŠJ‹»Œ: B€€€‚€‚€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ8. Whoever/whatever, etc.The English whoever/whatever and the like correspond to Swedish constructions with som helst or än:[÷‹A#R€4x €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXPRESSIONTRANSLATIONF»Œ\A#R€ x €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿe!ÁD#X€Bx €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿvem som helstwhoever/anyoneW\ŽD#X€&x €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿvem änwhoeverh$Á€ŽD#X€Hx €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿvad som helstwhatever/anythingXŽØŽD#X€(x €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿvad änwhateverˆ>€Ž`J#d€|x "€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€<€€‚ÿÿÿvilken som helst (common)whichever/any/anyone (at all)ˆ>ØŽ ÀJ#d€|x "€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€<€€‚ÿÿÿvilket som helst (neuter)whichever/any/anyone (at all)` Àl ~4`ŠÀJ#d€hx "€€€ €€ ‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿvilka som helst (plural)any, anyone (at all)s/ ÀýÀD#X€^x €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿnär som helstat any time at all, whenevern*ŠÀkÁD#X€Tx €€€ ‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿÿÿvar/vart som helstanywhere, whereverp,ýÀÛÁD#X€Xx €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿhur som helsthowever; any way (at all)¢>kÁ}Âd#˜€|x €€ÿ€€P­€W€ ‚ÿ€<€P­€Wÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿingen/inget/inga som helstnone at all, none whatsoeverk'ÛÁèÂD#X€Nx €€€ ‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿingenting som helstnothing at all'}ÂÃ$ €€Ú€‚ÿ»–èÂÊÃ% €-€p€‚ÿThere are many idiomatic expressions for these types of constructions. The examples below show several different ways of saying whoever in Swedish:1 ÃûÃ% €€PÚ€‚ÿ («ÊÃ#Æ} È€W€Pp쀀€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚ÿ Släpp in honom, vem han än är. Let him in, whoever he is. Svara inte, vem som än ringer. Dont answer, whoever calls. Säg till alla som frågar att lektionen är inställd. Tell whoever asks that the class is canceled. Den som inte arbetar, ska inte heller äta. Whoever does not work, should not eat. Fråga vem som helst! Ask whomever! Läraren, eller vem det nu var, ställde in lektionen.æ¢ûà ÇD V€E€Pp쀀€‚‚€€‚€€€€€‚ÿ The teacher, or whoever she was, canceled the class. Vem i all världen vill prata med chefen? Who ever wants to talk to the boss? (= who on earth)&#Æ/Ç# €€€‚ÿ6 ÇeÇ1Þ2 + eÇ“Çž‰Verbs. /Ç“Ç% €€Œ˜€‚ÿVerbs è¦eÇ{ÉB R€M€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿVerbs describe actions, processes, or states of being. There are four conjugations of Swedish verbs. The four conjugations are distinguished by their supine endings: -at for the first conjugation, -t for the second conjugation, -tt for the third conjugation and -it for the fourth conjugation. There are no plural verb forms in present day Swedish.The stem is the part of the verb to which endings are added. ;“ǶÉ& €*€"˜È€ ‚‚ÿFirst Conjugationõ°{É«ÊE X€a€€‚€€€€€ €‚€€€‚€‚ÿ1. Supine ending -atThe first conjugation includes some 80 per cent of all Swedish verbs. Almost all new verbs belong here,as well as all verbs ending in era:o¶ÉËR#t€:®è Ä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿFORMEXAMPLETRANSLATIONY«ÊsËR#t€®è Ä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ|'ËïËU#z€N®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿInfinitive(att) dansa(to) dance$sËnÌ[#†€H®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿPresentdansardance, dances{ ïËéÌ[#†€@®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿImperfectdansadedancedƒ(nÌlÍ[#†€P®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿSupinedansat(have, had) danced†+éÌòÍ[#†€V®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ"€*€€€ €‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿPresent participledansandedancingÊalͼÎi#¢€Â®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ>€$€€€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚ÿ€¨€‚ÿÿÿPast participledansad (common)dansat (neuter)dansade (plural/definite)(is) dancedqòÍ-ÏU#z€8®è Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿImperativedansadancež8¼Î×f š€q€€‚€‚‚€‚€€€€€ €‚€€€€€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿSecond Conjugation2. Supine ending -tThe second conjugation includes two main types of verbs-Ï×/Ç; those with stems ending in either voiced (d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v) or voiceless (k, n, p, s, x) consonants. There are several divisions and subdivisions in this large and complex category:‹"-Ïbi#¢€D¿8š › Æ €€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿFORMEXAMPLESTRANSLATIONp ×Òf#œ€¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿŒ&b^f#œ€L¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿInfinitiveköraköpadrive; buy—+Òõl#¨€V¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿPresentkörköperdrive(s); buy(s) .^•r#´€\¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€,€€ €‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿImperfectkördeköptedrove; bought¡/õ6r#´€^¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€$€€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿSupinekörtköpthave driven; bought¨6•Þr#´€l¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ"€$€€€ €‚ÿ€6€€ €‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿPast participlekördköptis driven; bought¯=6r#´€z¿8š › Æ €€€ ‚ÿ"€*€€€ €‚ÿ€B€€ €‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿPresent participlekörandeköpandedriving; buyingíÄÞz) €‰€€‚‚€‚ÿMany common verbs belong to the second conjugation but have one or several irregular forms. In some cases, past participle forms exist only in compounds (here marked by a preceding hyphen): ÈCB…#Ú€†n8j … h ‹ œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿ€l€‚ÿÿÿINFINITIVEPRESENTIMPERFECTSUPINEPAST. PART.TRANSLATION’ zÔ…#Ú€n8j … h ‹ œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿµ-B‰ˆ#à€Zn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿgöragörgjordegjortgjorddo, make«#Ô4 ˆ#à€Fn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿhaharhadehafthavdhaveÌ,‰  #Xn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€ÿ€:€‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿhetaheterhettehetatbe calledÒ24 Ò  #dn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€8€ÿ€:€‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿkunnakankundekunnatcan, be able to¼4 Ž ˆ#à€hn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿläggaläggerladelagtlagdlay, place, putÖ6Ò d  #ln8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€H€ÿ€J€‚ÿ€N€ÿ€P€€‚ÿÿÿskolaskall, skaskulleskolatshall, will²*Ž  ˆ#à€Tn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€H€€‚ÿÿÿsägasägersade, sasagtsagdsay¸0d Î ˆ#à€`n8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€F€€‚ÿÿÿsättasättersattesattsattplace, putÆ& ” #Ln8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€6€ÿ€8€‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿvetavetvisstevetatknowÇ'Î [ #Nn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€ÿ€:€‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿviljavillvillevelatwantÔu@K d€‡€€‚€ ‚€‚‚€€€€ €‚€€€‚€‚ÿThird Conjugation3. Supine ending -ttOnly a few words belong to the third [u@/Çconjugation. They are generally monosyllabic, and their stems end in a stressed vowel other than a:w[ì@X#€€>¿8j ² €€€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿFORMEXAMPLETRANSLATION]u@IAU#z€¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿmì@¶AU#z€0¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿInfinitivebolivevIA,B[#†€6¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿPresentborlive(s)x¶A¤B[#†€:¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿImperfectboddelivedy,BC[#†€<¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿSupinebotthave lived€%¤BC[#†€J¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€$€€€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿPast participleboddis livedƒ(C D[#†€P¿8j ² €€€ ‚ÿ"€*€€€ €‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿPresent participleboendelivingòÉCE) €“€€‚‚€‚ÿMany of the common verbs belonging to the third conjugation have one or several irregular forms. In some cases, past participle forms exist only in compounds (here marked by a preceding hyphen): ÈC DÚE…#Ú€†n8j … h ‹ œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿ€l€‚ÿÿÿINFINITIVEPRESENTIMPERFECTSUPINEPAST. PART.TRANSLATION’ ElF…#Ú€n8j … h ‹ œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¯'ÚEGˆ#à€Nn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿbeberbadbettbeddask, pray¿lFÚG #>n8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿdödördogdöttdieÉ)G£H #Rn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€ÿ€.€‚ÿ€2€ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿfåfårfickfåttget, receiveÇ'ÚGjI #Nn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€8€ÿ€:€‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿgegergavgett, givitgiveÅ%£H/J #Jn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€ÿ€.€‚ÿ€2€ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿgågårgickgåttgo, walk©!jIØJˆ#à€Bn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿsesersågsettseddseeÜ|/J´L` Ž€ù€€‚€‚‚€‚€‚€€€€€ €‚€‚€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿFourth Conjugation 4. Supine ending -itThe fourth conjugation is comprised of strong verbs. Strong verbs are those that have stems ending in consonants, and change the stem vowels in the imperfect and/or supine forms. There are many subdivisions in this category which has about one hundred of the most frequent verbs. Some examples of strong verbs:ÈCØJ|M…#Ú€†n8j … h ‹ œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿ€l€‚ÿÿÿINFINITIVEPRESENTIMPERFECTSUPINEPAST. PART.TRANSLATION’ ´LN…#Ú€n8j … h ‹ œ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ³+|MÁNˆ#à€Vn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿbliblirblevblivitblivenbecome°(NqOˆ#à€Pn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€B€€‚ÿÿÿridariderredriditridenride´,ÁN1€ˆ#à€Xn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€L€€‚ÿÿÿflygaqO1€/ÇflygerflögflugitflugenflyÀ8qOñ€ˆ#à€pn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€L€€‚ÿÿÿfrysafryserfrösfrusitfrusenbe cold, freezeº21€«ˆ#à€dn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€L€€‚ÿÿÿbindabinderbandbunditbundenbind, tie»3ñ€f‚ˆ#à€fn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿ€V€€‚ÿÿÿdrickadrickerdrackdruckitdruckendrinkÏ/«5ƒ #^n8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€‚ÿ€D€ÿ€F€€‚ÿÿÿfinnafinnsfannsfunnitsbe, exist²*f‚烈#à€Tn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€F€€‚ÿÿÿta, tagatartogtagittagentake¯'5ƒ–„ˆ#à€Nn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿbärabärbarburitburencarryµ-çƒK…ˆ#à€Zn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€L€€‚ÿÿÿfallafallerföllfallitfallenfallµ-–„†ˆ#à€Zn8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€L€€‚ÿÿÿhållahållerhöllhållithållenholdÀ K…À† #@n8j … h ‹ œ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿvaraärvarvaritbe1 †ñ†$ €€€‚‚ÿSee also:=À†‰Ø ~{€‚H€ƒã®¨$‰€‚€ƒãnž‰€‚€ƒã0P4׉€‚€ƒãÁ?° ‰€‚€ƒã•Ö:Á‰€‚€ƒã[«|ȉ€‚€ƒã:_W‘‰€‚€ƒãÔit‰€‚€ƒã½=®`‰€‚€ƒã6²`:‰€‚€ƒãĸ}ø‰€‚€ƒãÜ⢕‰€‚€ƒã”høò‰€‚ÿCompound Verbs Present Tense Past Tense (Imperfect) Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense (Pluperfect) Future Conditional Mood Past Participle Present Participle Supine Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) Modal Verbs Deponent Verbs˜Jñ†ž‰N l€”€‚H€ƒã˜ƒ‰€‚€ƒãÿ½‰€‚€ƒã(ÈL€‰€‚ÿImperative Active and Passive Voice Verb Conjugation?‰݉1„ 7€ ݉ŠÒÀCompound Verbs7ž‰Š% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿCompound Verbs éÂ݉ýŠ' €…€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe many Swedish compound verbs are divided into two types, inseparable and separable compound verbs. Inseparable verbs form an inseparable compound and fall into the following categories:\äŠYx ¾€É€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿ1. Most verbs compounded with nouns: rådfråga (advise, consult).2. Most verbs compounded with adjectives: godkänna (approve).3. Most verbs compounded with other verbs: gråtskrika (cry and scream).4. Most verbs compounded with numerals and prepositions: tredubbla (triple), överdriva (exaggerate).5. Verbs compounded with the following prefixes: be, ent, för(e), an, bi, er, miss, o, sam, und, van: betala (pay), föredra (prefer), missförstå (misunderstand).&ýŠ# €€€‚ÿŽNY @ N€€œ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿSeparable verbs are those which can be used in both separate and compound forms. In some cases the meaning remains the same (although the stylistic value can differ considerably), but often it changes semantically according to form. The separated form usually has a more concrete meaning, while the compound form is more abstract:RïkÀc ”€ß€Ú€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿuppstiga or stiga upp (rise, get up)förvarna or varna för (forewarn)avbryta (interrupt) but bryta av (break off)avgå (resign) kÀž‰but gå av (break off or get off)överstiga (exceed, surpass) but stiga över (step over)g7 ÒÀ0 0€n€€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.> kÀÁ1Ê+ B‚ ÁFÁßÃPresent Tense6ÒÀFÁ% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Tense Þ³Á$Â+ $€g€€€€‚‚ÿThe present tense in Swedish is used to express what is happening in the present time or what will happen in the future (English present tense or present continuous tense):¨wFÁÌÂ1 2€î€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚ÿKonserten börjar klockan 7.The concert starts at seven.Jag sitter och skriver ett brev.I am writing a letter.Ð$ÂßÃC T€¡€€‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿ Han läser alltid samma bok. He always reads the same book. Jag åker till Uppsala i morgon. I am going to Uppsala tomorrow.See Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.GÌÂ&Ä1d7€ ƒ„ &ÄXÄ‹ÇPast Tense (Imperfect)2 ßÃXÄ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Tense¥o&ÄýÄ6 <€Þ€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe simple past tense (also called imperfect or preterite) is used to describe completed past events:î³XÄëÅ; D€g€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€€‚‚ÿKonserten började klockan 7.The concert started at seven.Jag satt och skrev ett brev.I was writing a letter.Han läste alltid samma bok.He always read the same book.„XýÄoÆ, (€°€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿSome Swedish fixed expressions use the imperfect where English uses the present:·„ëÅ&Ç3 4€ €È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚ÿDet var dyrt/gott/varmt/trevligt/synd...Thats expensive/good/hot/nice/a shame...Hur var namnet?What is your name, please?e6oÆ‹Ç/ .€l€€ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.F&ÇÑÇ1àB‚ ›‡ ÑÇȾËPresent Perfect Tense>‹ÇÈ% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Perfect Tense ‰RÑǘÉ7 <€¥€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe present perfect tense is often equivalent to the English present perfect tense (I have gone) and sometimes to the English past tense (I went). The present perfect is a compound tense and is formed using the present tense of the auxiliary verb ha (which can be omitted in subordinate clauses) and the supine of the main verb:i-ÈË< F€[€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚ÿKonserten har redan börjat.The concert has already started.Jag har skrivit klart brevet nu, fast jag ännu inte (har) fått svar på mitt förra.I have finished (writing) the letter now although I have not yet received any answer to my previous one.Vem har skrivit Hamlet?Who wrote Hamlet?½€˜É¾Ë= H€€€ãÉØ€‰€‚ãĸ}ø€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.See Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) for forms of the auxiliary verbs.PËÌ1Ûƒ„ WŠ ÿÿÿÿÌ™ÏPast Perfect Tense (Pluperfect)G"¾ËUÌ% €D€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Perfect Tense (Pluperfect)]&̲Í7 <€M€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe past perfect is a compound tense and is formed using the past tense of the auxiliary verb ha (which can be omitted in subordinate clauses) and the supine of the main verb. It expresses an action in the past which took place before another action (expressed in the imperfect form):&óUÌØÎ3 4€ç€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚ÿKonserten hade redan börjat när han fick meddelandet.The concert had already started when he got the message.Sedan jag (hade) skrivit färdigt brevet, började jag laga mat.After I had finished (writing) the letter, I started cooking.Á²Í™Ï@ N€€€ãÉØ€‰€‚ãĸ}ø€‰€€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.See Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) for forms of the auxiliary verbs.7ØÎÐÏ1 ›‡ âÿÿÿÿÐϬFuture/ ™Ï % €€Œ˜€‚ÿFuture ÐÏ ™ÏÓÐÏß6 :€;€€€€‚‚€€‚€‚ÿThere are four main ways to express the future.1. The simplest and most common method is to use the present tense with an appropriate time marker:lD K( €ˆ€È€€‚‚ÿJag åker till Uppsala i morgon.I am going to Uppsala tomorrow. ¶„ß2 2€ €€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ2. Another method is to use kommer att with the infinitive of the main verb. This is often used with a nonpersonal subject:´‚Kµ2 2€€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚ÿJag kommer att vara där över helgen.I will be there over the weekend.Det kommer att snöa i morgon.It will snow tomorrow.‡P<7 >€ €€‚€€€€€‚€‚ÿ3. A third method is to use ska with the infinitive of the main verb:jAµ¦) "€‚€È€‚€‚‚ÿSka du studera i Uppsala?Are you going to study in Uppsala?x0<H ^€a€€€€€€€€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚ÿ4. A fourth method is to use tänker (present tense of the verb to think) with the infinitive of the main verb. This implies plans for the future: Hon tänker öppna ett konditori. She is planning to open a café. Vad tänker du göra ikväll? What are you doing tonight?)¦G% €€È€‚‚ÿe6¬/ .€l€€ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.AGí18WŠ dí&-Conditional Mood9¬&% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿConditional Mood ݦí7 <€M€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿThe conditional mood is used to express a doubt, a wish or a possibility. It is formed by skulle (should, could, would) and the infinitive of the main verb:M%&P( €J€È€€‚‚ÿDe skulle komma.They would come.Ý£-: B€G€€‚€‚€‚‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿ Om vi hade råd, skulle vi köpa en villa. If we could afford it, we would buy a house.See Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.@Pm1bâ}€m¥ê@Past Participle8-¥% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Participle ¨{mM - *€ö€€€€‚€‚ÿThe past participle is used with the auxiliary verb vara (to be, to make) to express passive or adjectival meanings:~,¥Ë R#t€XÀÉ ² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿCONJUGATIONPAST PARTICIPLETRANSLATION¦,M q z#Ä€XÀ© Ž | ² €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€R€€‚ÿÿÿ Sing. commonSing. neuterPlural Ë ð t#¸€À© Ž | ² €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¦,q – z#Ä€XÀ© Ž | ² €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€F€€‚ÿÿÿ1starbetadarbetatarbetadeworked¶8ð L ~#Ì€pÀ© Ž | ² €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚‚ÿ€$€‚‚ÿ€:€‚‚ÿ€T€€‚‚ÿÿÿ2ndböjdköptböjtköptböjdaköptabentbought›!– ç z#Ä€BÀ© Ž | ² €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿ3rdsyddsyttsyddasewn£)L Š z#Ä€RÀ© Ž | ² €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿ4thbjudenbjudetbjudnainvited&ç ° # €€€‚ÿ›jŠ K1 2€Ô€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚ÿJag är bjuden på middag.I am invited to supper.Mannen var böjd i ryggen.The man had a bent back.qF° ¼+ &€Œ€€‚€‚€‚ÿNote the difference between the past participle and the supine:À‚K|> J€€È€€€ €€€€ €€‚‚ÿJag har skrivit brevet (supine). Brevet är skrivet (past participle).I have written the letter. The letter is written.g7¼ @0 0€n€€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.| @-c1|o@2 4€b€‚H€€ƒã6²`:‰€‚ÿSee Supine for usage of the supine forms.{L @ê@/ .€˜€€ãĸ}ø€‰€‚ÿSee Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) for forms of the auxiliary verbs.Co@-A1dôƒ-AhA:FPresent Participle;ê@hA% €,€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Participle ì²-ATB: B€e€€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿThe present participle is formed by adding ande to verbs with stems ending in a consonant or in unstressed a, and ende to verbs with stems ending in a stressed vowel: ´khACI b€Ö€È€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿarbeta arbetande, skriva skrivande (work working, write writing)gå gående (go going) °TB¸C/ ,€€€‚€€‚€‚ÿThis form does not correspond to the English continuous tense. Rather, it is used as an adjective, a noun, or an adverb: ÝCÎD9 @€»€È€€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿHon har omfattande kunskaper i geografi. (She has an extensive knowledge of geography.)inflytande, studerande, påstående (influence, student, statement)Detta var förbluffande enkelt. (This was amazingly easy.) šr¸ChE( €ä€€‚‚€‚ÿThe English present participle in the continuous sense is usually translated by two verbs in the same form: k=ÎDÓE. ,€z€È€€€€‚‚ÿLigger han fortfarande och sover?Is he still sleeping?g7hE:F0 0€n€€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.7ÓEqF1ç}€‡ÿÿÿÿqF!MSupine. :FŸF% €€Œ˜€‚ÿSupineª}qFIG- *€ú€€€€‚€‚ÿThe indeclinable supine is used with the auxiliary verb ha (have) to form the present perfect and past perfect tenses:}%ŸFÆGX#€€Jœs   €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿCONJUGATIONSUPINETRANSLATIONa IG'HX#€€œs   €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿqÆG˜HX#€€2œs   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ1starbetatworkedz 'HIZ#„€@œs   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚‚ÿ€$€€‚‚ÿÿÿ2ndböjtköptbentboughtl˜H~IX#€€(œs   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ3rdsyttsewnqIïIX#€€2œs   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ4thbjuditinvited¬y~I›J3 6€ò€È€‚‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚ÿJag har bjudit dem på middag.I have invited them to supper.Mannen hade böjt ryggen.The man had bent his back.oEïI K* $€Š€€€‚€‚ÿNote the difference between the past participle and the supine:À‚›JÊK> J€€È€€€ €€€€ €€‚‚ÿJag har skrivit brevet (supine). Brevet är skrivet (past participle).I have written the letter. The letter is written.g7 K1L0 0€n€€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.uCÊK¦L2 4€†€‚H€€ƒãÔit‰€‚ÿSee Past Participle for usage of the past participle forms.{L1L!M/ .€˜€€ãĸ}ø€‰€‚ÿSee Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) for forms of the auxiliary verbs.P¦LqM1‰ôƒ,qM¸MƒAuxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)G"!M¸M% €D€Œ˜€‚ÿAuxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)xHqM0N0 0€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe main auxiliary verbs in Swedish are ha (have) and vara (be).Œ)¸M¼Nc#–€Roj … ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿINFINITIVEPRESENTIMPERFECTSUPINEl 0N(Oc#–€oj … ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿy¼N¡Oc#–€,oj … ^ €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿhaharhadehaftz(O'€c#–€.oj … ^ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €¡O'€!M‚ÿÿÿvaraärvarvarit?ô¡OfK d€é€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿHa is used with other verbs to form the present perfect and the past perfect tenses. Vara is used with the past participle. They can also both be used independently as main verbs.See Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.ž8'€ƒf š€q€‚H€ãÜ⢕€‰€‚ãÔit€‰€‚ã6²`:€‰€‚ãÁ?° €‰€‚ã•Ö:Á€‰€‚ÿSee Modal Verbs for other modal auxiliary verbs.See Past Participle for usage of the past participle forms.See Supine for usage of the supine forms.See Present Perfect Tense for usage of the present perfect tense.See Past Perfect Tense (Pluperfect) for usage of the past perfect tense.< f@ƒ1C ‡t@ƒtƒ†Modal Verbs4ƒtƒ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿModal Verbs Ê@ƒw„9 @€•€Œ!±AÑa€‚‚ƒ€€‚ÿModal (auxiliary) verbs express possibility, desirability, intention, permission, necessity, or uncertainty in connection with a main verb in the infinitive:Jag skulle vilja be dig om en tjänst.b*tƒÙ„8 @€T€‘€Œ!±AÑa€€€‚‚ÿI would like to ask you for a favor.H$w„!…$ €H€€‚‚ÿThere are eleven Swedish modals:ª6Ù„Ë…t#¸€loj … ^ š €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿINFINITIVEPRESENTIMPERFECTSUPINETRANSLATION !…J†t#¸€oj … ^ š €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿª3Ë…ô†w#¾€foj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿskolaska/skallskulle(skolat)shall, will )J†”‡w#¾€Roj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿkunnakankundekunnatbe able tož'ô†2ˆw#¾€Noj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿviljavill villevelatwant tož'”‡Јw#¾€Noj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿmåstemåstemåstmust, have to£,2ˆs‰w#¾€Xoj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿbörabörbordebortshould, ought to–Ј Šw#¾€>oj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿtörtordeis probablys‰–Šw#¾€,oj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿmåmåttemay‹ Š!‹w#¾€(oj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿmåndemay–Š±‹w#¾€2oj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿläris said to— !‹HŒw#¾€@oj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€4€€‚ÿÿÿlåtalåterlätlåtitlet™"±‹áŒw#¾€Doj … ^ š €€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿfåfårfickfåttmay, must¥fHŒ†? N€Ì€€‚ãĸ}ø€‰€€€€€€‚ÿSee Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) for the main auxiliary verbs ha (have) and vara (be).?áŒÅ1 ,2‚ÅŽCÇDeponent VerbsB†Ž1 2€"€Œ˜Œ!±AÑa€‚ÿDeponent Verbsü·ÅE X€o€Œ!±AÑa€‚‚ƒ€€€€€€‚ÿDeponent verbs have active meanings but passive forms (in all tenses). They can only be used in an active sense:Jag hoppas han kommer. Minns du honom? Finns hans hus kvar?zýŽ‰À} È€û€‘€Œ!±AÑa€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿI hope he will come. Do you remember him? Is his house still standing?Jag hoppades... Det har funnits... De hade f‰À†ärdats... Hon skulle minnas...I was hoping... It has been... They had been traveling... She would remember... Ã’ÁF Z€‡€Œ!±AÑa€‚€€‚‚ƒ€€€€‚ÿDeponent verbs rarely have a form without s. Those which do have entirely different meanings and are considered different verbs: Jag tyckte han var snygg. Han tycktes inte märka det.|>‰ÀÂ> L€|€‘€Œ!±AÑa€€€€€‚‚ÿI thought he was goodlooking. He seemed not to notice.S#’ÁaÂ0 0€F€Œ!±AÑa€‚‚ÿSome common deponent verbs are:U¶ÂA#R€(T© €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿVERBTRANSLATIONFaÂüÂA#R€ T© €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿV¶ÂRÃD#X€$T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿandasbreatheXüªÃD#X€(T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿenvisaspersistYRÃÄD#X€*T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿfinnasbe, existTªÃWÄD#X€ T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿhoppashopeVÄ­ÄD#X€$T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿfärdastravelWWÄÅD#X€&T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿlyckassucceedW­Ä[ÅD#X€&T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿlåtsaspretendZŵÅD#X€,T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿsaknasbe missing`[ÅÆD#X€8T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿminnasremember, recall`µÅuÆD#X€8T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿtrivasbe content/happyTÆÉÆD#X€ T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿtyckasseemVuÆÇD#X€$T© €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿträngascrowd$ÉÆCÇ" €€€ÿ; Ç~Ç1›t߃~DZÇÌImperative3CDZÇ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿImperative ëº~ÇœÈ1 0€u€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe imperative is used for commands and requests: Kom hit! (Come here!) The imperative form of the verb is the same as its stem (not necessarily the same as the infinitive form):–3±Ç2Éc#–€fœƒ ‡   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿCONJUGATIONINFINITIVEIMPERATIVETRANSLATIONl œÈžÉc#–€œƒ ‡   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ‡2É%Êi#¢€<œƒ ‡   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿ1starbetaarbetawork„žÉ©Êi#¢€6œƒ ‡   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿ2ndkännakännfeel„%Ê-Ëi#¢€6œƒ ‡   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿ3rdtrotrobelieve‡©Ê´Ëi#¢€<œƒ ‡   €€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿ4thskrivaskrivwriteg7-ËÌ0 0€n€€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿSee Verbs for tables of conjugations and forms.I´ËdÌ1n2‚Ýd̤ÌëActive and Passive Voice@̤Ì% €6€Œ˜€‚ÿActive and Passive Voice‰bdÌ-Í' €Ä€€‚€‚ÿIn the active voice, the grammatical subject is the doer of the action expressed by the verb:X1¤Ì…Í' €b€È€€‚ÿMannen köpte en ros. (The man bought a rose.)[6-ÍàÍ% €l€€‚‚‚ÿIn the passive voice, the subject is acted upon: c<…ÍCÎ' €x€È€€‚ÿEn ros köptes av mannen. (A rose was bought by the man.)ä¢àÍ3B R€E€€‚€€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿNote that the direct object in the active voice sentence (en ros) becomes the subject in the passive voice one, while the former subject (mannen) becomes the agent. Passive constructions without agents also occur:: Bilen lämnades slarvigt parkerad (The car was left carelessly parked).In Swedish, the passive can be formed either:1. By adding the ending s to the acCÎ3Ìtive form of the verb (all tenses): qICΤ( €’€È€‚€‚ÿMiddag serveras i matsalen.Dinner will be served in the dining room.–i3:- *€Ò€€‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿOR:2. With the auxiliary verbs vara, bli (be, become) and the past participle of the main verb: ~M¤¸1 2€š€È€‚€‚‚€‚€‚ÿHon är bortrest.She is away.Hennes bil blev påkörd.Her car was hit.¶‰:n- (€€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿThe pronoun man (one, you) or other impersonal subjects and the active form of the verb can also be used to express the passive: }U¸ë( €ª€È€‚€‚ÿMan vet inte så mycket om olyckan ännu.Not much is known about the accident yet.; n&1)߃y&YŒAdjectives3ëY% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdjectives ûÄ&T7 <€‰€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿAdjectives describe or modify nouns. They agree in declension, gender, and number with the noun that they modify. There are two adjective declensions in Swedish: definite and indefinite.‹LYß? N€˜€È‚H€ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ÿSee also Comparison See also Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives &T# €€€‚ÿAßF% €8€"˜È€ ‚ÿThe Indefinite Declensionå·+. *€o€€‚€‚‚‚€‚ÿAn adjective is declined according to the indefinite declension when the noun it qualifies is in the indefinite form.1. With singular common nouns, adjectives take no ending:XFƒA#R€.¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONF+ÉA#R€ ¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿa ƒ*A#R€@¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿen kall vintera cold winterj?É”+ &€~€€‚€€‚‚ÿ2. For singular neuter nouns, the adjective ending is t:X*ìA#R€.¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONF”2A#R€ ¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿk$ìG#^€H¸Jä "€€€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿett kallt vädera cold weatherm?2 . ,€~€€‚€€‚€‚ÿ3. For plural neuter and common nouns, the ending is a:Xb A#R€.¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONF ¨ A#R€ ¸Jä €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿg b  G#^€@¸Jä "€€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿkalla vintrarcold wintersg ¨ v G#^€@¸Jä "€€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿkalla fingrarcold fingersÒ ‘ I `€¥€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThere are some variations to these rules. Many adjectives ending in a long vowel add tt to the neuter form: frifritt, blåblått, nynytt, etc. (free, blue, new). Also, many adjectives (especially loan words) ending in a long vowel and -t have the same common and neuter forms: konkret, akut, privat, separat (concrete, acute, private, separate). This is also true for adjectives ending in a short vowel and -tt: lätt, rätt, platt (easy, correct, flat).&v · # €€€‚ÿP+‘  % €V€"˜È€ ‚ÿUse of the Indefinite form of adjectivesW2· ^ % €d€€‚‚‚ÿThe indefinite form of the adjective is used:iD Ç % €ˆ€"˜È€‚ÿ1. To describe an attribute, with a noun following the adjective:&^ í # €€€‚ÿ蠂 ¸E X€ €þ€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿJag såg en stilig man. Vi fick god mat. Han har en snabb bil.I saw a handsome man. We had good food. He has a fast car.'×í ßP n€¯€"˜È€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿ2. After the indefinite pronouns många (many), någon (some, someone), ingen (no, nobody, not any), varje (every), var (every), varannan (every second), varenda (every one) and their inflected forms:&¸@# €€€ß@ë‚ÿÒ”ßã@> J€)€þ€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿHon köpte många röda äpplen. Varje sorglig sång får mig att vilja gråta.She bought many red apples. Every sad song makes me want to cry.&@ A# €€€‚ÿ;ã@DA% €,€"˜È€‚ÿ3. In exclamations:& AjA# €€€‚ÿ”WDAþA= J€®€þ€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿVilken stilig man! Sådana röda äpplen!What a handsome man! What red apples!™njA—B+ &€Ü€€‚€€‚‚ÿNote that the neuter form of the adjective is usually not used when the neuter noun refers to a person:.½þAÅCq °€{€þ€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿStadsbudet var arg. Affärsbiträdet var ung. Stadsrådet blev nervös.The porter was angry. The shop assistant was young. The cabinet minister was getting nervous.&—BëC# €€€‚ÿ?ÅC*D% €4€"˜È€ ‚ÿThe Definite Declensionê˜ëCFR r€1€€‚€€€€€€€€‚€‚€€€€‚€‚ÿAn adjective is declined according to the definite declension when the noun it qualifies is in the definite form. Adjectives take an a ending (sometimes e) in the definite declension for both common and neuter nouns, singular and plural. In addition to this ending, the definite article must precede the adjective. The noun keeps its definite article suffix.Definite Forms of Adjectives:¹4*DÍF…#Ú€h\Ja | s ^ £ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿARTICLEADJECTIVECOMMONNEUTERTRANSLATION–FcGˆ#à€\Ja | s ^ £ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿÕ;ÍF8Hš#v\Ja | s ^ £ €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ"€$€€€ €‚ÿ€6€€ €‚ÿ€L€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿSingulardenfinablommanthe pretty flowerÄ-cGüH—#þ€Z\Ja | s ^ £ €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€€ €‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿdetfinaträdetthe nice treeÕ;8HÑIš#v\Ja | s ^ £ €€€ €‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€0€€ €‚ÿ€J€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿPluraldefinablommornathe pretty flowersÄ-üH•J—#þ€Z\Ja | s ^ £ €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ"€€€€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€&€€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿdefinaträdenthe nice trees(ÑI½J% €€"˜È€‚ÿŸQ•J\KN l€¢€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿAdjectives ending in unstressed al, el, en, er drop the a or e:X½J´KA#R€.ÈJÔ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONF\KúKA#R€ ÈJÔ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿp)´KjLG#^€RÈJÔ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿden enkla uppgiftenthe simple taskr+úKÜLG#^€VÈJÔ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿde enkla uppgifternathe simple tasks&jLM# €€€‚ÿT+ÜLVM) "€V€"˜È€‚€ ‚ÿUse of the Definite Form of Adjectives¼MN/ ,€€€‚€€€‚‚ÿThe definite form of the adjective, with the definite article, is used to describe an attribute, with a noun following the adjective:XVMjNA#R€.¸J €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONFN°NA#R€ ¸J €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿo%jNOJ#d€J¸J (€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿden stora hundenthe large dogy)°N˜OP#p€R¸J 4€€€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿde stora hundarnathe large dogs'O¿O$ €€þ€‚ÿžs˜Oi€+ &€æ€€€€‚‚‚ÿThe definite form of ¿Oi€ëthe adjective, without the definite article, is used:1. After demonstrative adjectives:'¿O€$ €€þ€‚ÿXi€è€A#R€.¸J €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONF€.A#R€ ¸J €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿp&耞J#d€L¸J (€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿdenna stora hundthis large dog|,.‚P#p€X¸J 4€€€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿdessa stora hundarthese large dogs'žA‚$ €€þ€‚ÿeB‚¦‚# €„€€‚ÿ2. After genitive forms of nouns and after possessive pronouns:'A‚Í‚$ €€þ€‚ÿX¦‚%ƒA#R€.¶JÄ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONFÍ‚kƒA#R€ ¶JÄ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ{.%ƒæƒM#j€\¶JÄ .€€€€ €€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿNilssons stora hundNilssons large dogy)kƒ_„P#p€R¶JÄ 4€€€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿvåra stora hundarour large dogs'惆„$ €€þ€‚ÿU2_„Û„# €d€€‚ÿ3. In many fixed expressions and constructions:'†„…$ €€þ€‚ÿ[Û„]…A#R€4¶JÀ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXPRESSIONTRANSLATIONF…£…A#R€ ¶JÀ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ³f]…V†M#j€Ì¶JÀ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿVita husetThe White House (in Washington DC; det vita huset means the white house, any house)n'£…ĆG#^€N¶JÀ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿsvenska folketthe Swedish peoplefV†*‡G#^€>¶JÀ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿsena nattenlate at night}6Ƨ‡G#^€l¶JÀ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿKungliga slottetthe Royal Palace (in Stockholm)s,*‡ˆG#^€X¶JÀ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿGamla stanthe Old Town (in Stockholm)f§‡€ˆG#^€>¶JÀ "€€€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿRöda korsetthe Red CrossKˆˈ- *€<€PÈ:€‚€ƒ€‚ÿ4. In forms of address:?€ˆ ‰$ €6€€‚‚ÿ Xˈb‰A#R€.ÈJ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXAMPLETRANSLATIONF ‰¨‰A#R€ ÈJ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿcb‰ ŠG#^€8ÈJ "€€€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿKära vän!Dear friend!r+¨‰}ŠG#^€VÈJ "€€€€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿBästa Herr Nilsson!Dear Mr. Nilsson!¨‚ Š%‹& €€€‚‚‚ÿNote that there can be a difference in meaning based only on whether the article precedes the definite form of the adjective:í«}ŠŒB R€W€þ€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿVill du ha hela limpan?Would you like the whole (entire) loaf of bread?Vill du ha den hela limpan?Would you like the whole (unsliced, uncut) loaf of bread?8%‹JŒ1åÝw€ JŒzŒåÂAdverbs0 ŒzŒ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdverbs EÿJŒ¿F Z€ÿ€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚‚ÿAdverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and specify place, time, manner, and causality. In most cases, adjectives in Swedish can be made into adverbs by adding t. Thus, the adverb and the neuter form of the adjective are often identical:»jzŒzŽQ r€Ô€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€‚ÿLinan är lång (adjective common). Brevet är långt (adjective neuter). Han har långt hem (adverb).›J¿Q r€”€@Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€‚ÿThe rope is long. The letter is long. He is a long way from home.AzŽV> L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿI Ÿ> L€€œl!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿSee also@Vß/ .€"€È‚HãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ÿComparison )ƒŸÂ¦ €œßÂŒ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚€‚€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿAdverbs of place:här (here), där (there), ingenstans (nowhere), utanför (outside), ovan (above)Adverbs of time:alltid (always), tidvis (from time to time), genast (immediately), aldrig (never), snart (soon)Adverbs of manner and degree:knappast (hardly), mycket (very), nog (enough), annars (differently), nästan (almost)Adverbs of causality:ÑwßåÂZ „€î€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€€€€€€‚ÿdärför (which is why), följaktligen (consequently), sålunda (thus), alltså (therefore), annars (otherwise);  Ã1‘yõ! ÃRØ Comparison2 åÂRÃ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿComparison2 ÄÃ% €€"˜È€ ‚ÿAdjectivesRÃÅv º€3€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚€‚ÿAdjectives have a positive (basic) form (glad, happy), a comparative form (gladare, happier), and a superlative form (gladast, happiest). There are four main types of adjective comparison in Swedish.1. The endings are and ast are added to the positive form:•2„èÅc#–€dge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPOSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVETRANSLATIONl ÅÆc#–€ge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿž/¨Å²Æo#®€^ge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿfinfinarefinastfine, finer, finest©:Æ[Ço#®€tge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€(€€ €‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿroligroligareroligastfunny, funnier, funniest±b²Æ ÈO n€Ä€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€‚€‚ÿ2. The endings re and st are added to the positive form, and the root vowel is modified:•2[Ç¡Èc#–€dge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPOSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVETRANSLATIONl È Éc#–€ge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ°5¡È½É{#Æ€jge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ(€€€ €€ €‚ÿ(€&€€ €€ €‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿstorstörrestörstbig, bigger, biggest±6 ÉnÊ{#Æ€lge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ(€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ(€"€€ €€ €‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿungyngreyngstyoung, younger, youngest±6½ÉË{#Æ€lge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ(€€€ €€ €‚ÿ(€&€€ €€ €‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿlånglängrelängsttall, taller, tallest˜UnÊ·ËC V€ª€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚€‚ÿ3. Irregular comparison. Many commonly used adjectives fall into this category:•2ËLÌc#–€dge§ — ú €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPOSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVETRANSLATIONp ·Ë¼Ìf#œ€ge§ — ú €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ”.LÌPÍf#œ€\ge§ — ú €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿgod, brabättrebästgood, better, best*¼ÌàÍf#œ€Tge§ — ú €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿdåligsämresämstbad, worse, worst’,PÍrÎf#œ€Xge§ — ú €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿgammaläldreäldstold, older, oldest“-àÍÏf#œ€Zge§ — ú €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿlitenmindreminstlittle, less, least¼srÎÁÏI b€æ€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚€‚ÿ4. The words mera, mest (more, most) precede the positive form. This is often the case for long adjectives:•2Ïb c#–€dge° ² B €€€‚ÿ€ÁÏb 倂ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPOSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVETRANSLATIONt ÁÏÖ i#¢€ge° ² B €€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ»Lb ‘ o#®€˜ge° ² B €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€0€€ €‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿtypiskmera typiskmest typisktypical, more typical, most typicalÆWÖ W o#®€®ge° ² B €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€D€€ €‚ÿ€j€‚ÿÿÿvarierandemer(a) varierandemest varierandevaried, more varied, most varied1 ‘ ˆ & €€"˜È€ ‚‚ÿAdverbsî˜W v V z€1€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€€€‚€‚ÿAdverbs derived from adjectives have the same comparative and superlative forms as the adjectives (the t of the positive adverb is dropped):•2ˆ  c#–€dge§ —   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPOSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVETRANSLATIONl v w c#–€ge§ —   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ!   o#®€Bge§ —   €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€"€€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿsentsenaresenastlate!w — o#®€Bge§ —   €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿhögthögrehögsthighly` ÷ C V€:€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚€‚ÿSome irregular adverbs:•2— Œ c#–€dge§ —   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPOSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVETRANSLATIONp ÷ ü f#œ€ge§ —   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ† Œ ‚ f#œ€@ge§ —   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿväl, brabättrebästwell)ü  f#œ€Rge§ —   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€B€€‚ÿÿÿillasämre/värresämst/värstbadly„‚ • f#œ€<ge§ —   €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿmycketmer(a)mestmuchC Ø ? N€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿ/ •  # €€€‚ÿSee also ‘WØ ˜ : D€®€ÈãÃÒúL€‰€ ‚ã–é ˆ€‰€ ‚ÿThe Definite Declension of AdjectivesThe Indefinite Declension of Adjectives=  Õ 1Ww€€"Õ ;@ Conjunctions4˜ % €€Œ˜€‚ÿConjunctionsÖ–Õ ß @ N€-€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿConjunctions are words which join two or more phrases or clauses together. Coordinating conjunctions link two phrases or sentences of equal value.ÖŠ µ L f€€Èš!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚€€‚ÿJag hoppas, att hon kommer hit snart, och att hon har mat med sig.I hope that she will be here soon and that she is bringing food.†:ß ; L h€t€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€‚€‚ÿThe most important coordinating conjunctions are:®Sµ é [ †€¦€@ÈžlÆ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿoch, samt (and), eller (or), men, fast (but), för (since), så (so that)•O; ~ F \€ž€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚‚ÿSubordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to the main clause.¾sé < K f€æ€Èš!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚€€‚ÿJag hoppas, att hon kommer hit innan festen tar slut.I hope that she will be here before the party is over.¡^~ Ý C V€¼€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€‚‚ÿThe most important subordinating conjunctions are the following and their many synonyms:RÔ< ;@ ~ Ê€©€Èš!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿdå, när (when), tills (until), innan (before), medan (while), sedan (after, since), för att (because), då (as, while), ifall (if), fastän (althoughÝ ;@ ˜ ), även om (even though), som om (as if).= Ý x@ 1ý õÆ„#x@ ¬@ xN Prepositions4;@ ¬@ % €€Œ˜€‚ÿPrepositionsÚx@ ÆA @ N€µ€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿPrepositions govern a noun or pronoun to form a prepositional phrase. Fifteen prepositions are among the most frequently used words in the Swedish language: ™¬@ _B ‰#†£;= €€ÿJ€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿavof, byŒÆA ëB }#Ê€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿfrånfromŽ_B yC }#Ê€"£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿefterafter‰ ëB D }#Ê€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿförto—yC ™D }#Ê€4£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿ(i)genomthrough, by‡ D E }#Ê€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿiin‹™D «E }#Ê€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿmedwith” E ?F }#Ê€.£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿ(e)mellanbetween‡ «E ÆF z#Ä€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿJ€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿÿÿomaboutˆ?F NG z#Ä€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿJ€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿÿÿpåon, in† ÆF ÔG z#Ä€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿJ€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿÿÿtilltoŠNG ^H z#Ä€ £;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿJ€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿÿÿunderunder… ÔG ãH z#Ä€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿJ€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿÿÿvidatˆ^H kI z#Ä€£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿJ€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿÿÿöveroverŽãH ùI }#Ê€"£;= J€€š!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿP€ €š!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿÿÿmotagainst¬ekI ¥J G ^€Ê€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€‚€‚‚ÿSince preposition usage is often idiomatic, translations of prepositions are highly variable:µ,ùI ZL ‰ à€Y€Èš!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚ÿDet här är en bok av Strindberg.This is a book by Strindberg.Jag har fått den av Pelle.I got it from Pelle.Jag har en ring av rent guld.I have a ring of pure gold.Han grät av glädje.He cried with joy.Av vilken anledning är hon borta?For what reason is she absent?’S¥J ìL ? N€¦€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿSwedish sometimes put the preposition last in the sentence, often for emphasis:ŒZL xN y À€'€Èš!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿDet borde du ha tänkt på.You should have thought of that.Du är omöjlig att bo med.You are impossible to live with.Det var ett sätt att spara pengar på.It was a way of saving money.Den lilla sjön badade vi ofta i.We often swam in that little lake.8ìL °N 1±€‚$°N ßN ðÉ Numbers/ xN ßN % €€Œ˜€‚ÿNumbersºG°N ¥€ s ´€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿCardinal numerals, such as en, ett (one) and två (two), are used to express precise quantities. Cardinal numbers from one to nine are called ental. Numbers such as ßN ¥€ xN tio (ten), tjugo (twenty), trettio (thirty) are called tiotal.Cardinal numbers from 1 to 20 are: t ßN  T#x€@•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿNUMERALSWEDISHTRANSLATIONc ¥€ | Z#„€•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿm é Z#„€&•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 0nollzeroo| X‚ Z#„€*•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 1en, ettoneké  Z#„€"•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 2tvåtwomX‚ 0ƒ Z#„€&•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 3trethreem ƒ Z#„€&•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 4fyrafourl0ƒ „ Z#„€$•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 5femfivekƒ t„ Z#„€"•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 6sexsixm „ á„ Z#„€&•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 7sjusevennt„ O… Z#„€(•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 8åttaeightlá„ »… Z#„€$•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 9nioninekO… &† Z#„€"•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ10tioteno»… •† Z#„€*•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ11elvaeleveno&† ‡ Z#„€*•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ12tolvtwelvet•† x‡ Z#„€4•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ13trettonthirteent‡ ì‡ Z#„€4•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ14fjortonfourteenrx‡ ^ˆ Z#„€0•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ15femtonfifteenrì‡ Ðˆ Z#„€0•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ16sextonsixteenu^ˆ E‰ Z#„€6•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ17sjuttonseventeenrЈ ·‰ Z#„€0•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ18artoneighteensE‰ *Š Z#„€2•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ19nittonnineteenp·‰ šŠ Z#„€,•d#(yï1y€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ20tjugotwenty]*Š 7‹ @ P€º€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚‚ÿHigher numbers are formed by compounds (without and) following the order of the figures:¶hšŠ í‹ N l€Ð€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€‚ÿtjugoett (twentyone), trettioåtta (thirtyeight), femhundranittiosex (five hundred and ninetysix)Àt7‹ ­Œ L h€è€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€‚‚ÿNote that the US decimal point is a decimal comma in Swedish. Swedish uses a blank space to mark thousands.ªbí‹ W H `€Ä€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€‚ÿ21,236 (twentyone point twothirtysix), 21 236 (twentyone thousand two hundred and thirtysix)CÓ­Œ š p ®€§€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿOrdinal numbers, such as första (first) and andra (second), refer to a position in a series. The regular forms add nde to the corresponding cardinal numbers (from seven and up with a vowel modification on eight). If the context makes it clear that it is an ordinal, they are spelled just like cardinals. For clarification, a colon and a or e (for 1, 2, 3) or a colon and e (for the remaining cardinals) can be added (18:e plats, eighteenth place):AW Û > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿsš ZÀ T#x€>°ŽK*BÛ ZÀ xN 2B€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿNUMBERSWEDISHTRANSLATIONc Û ½À Z#„€°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿxZÀ 5Á Z#„€<°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿ 1första, förstefirstw½À ¬Á Z#„€:°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿ 2andra, andresecondp5Á  Z#„€,°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 3tredjethirdq¬Á  Z#„€.°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 4fjärdefourtho ü Z#„€*°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 5femtefifthp là Z#„€,°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 6sjättesixthrü Þà Z#„€0°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 7sjundeseventhrlà PÄ Z#„€0°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 8åttondeeighthpÞà ÀÄ Z#„€,°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ 9niondeninthpPÄ 0Å Z#„€,°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ10tiondetenthrÀÄ ¢Å Z#„€0°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ11elfteeleventhr0Å Æ Z#„€0°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ12tolftetwelfthx¢Å ŒÆ Z#„€<°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿ13trettondethirteenthxÆ Ç Z#„€<°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿ14fjortondefourteenthvŒÆ zÇ Z#„€8°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ15femtondefifteenthvÇ ðÇ Z#„€8°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ16sextondesixteenthyzÇ iÈ Z#„€>°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿÿÿ17sjuttondeseventeenthvðÇ ßÈ Z#„€8°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ18artondeeighteenthwiÈ VÉ Z#„€:°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ19nittondenineteenthvßÈ ÌÉ Z#„€8°ŽK*B2B€€€‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿ20tjugondetwentieth$VÉ ðÉ " €€€ÿFÌÉ 6Ê 1lÆ„„%6Ê sÊ ®Í Negative Construction=ðÉ sÊ % €0€Œ˜€‚ÿNegative Constructionz6Ê íË d –€-€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿTo form a negative statement in Swedish, the word inte (ej, icke in written, formal language) is added. Other negations are ingalunda (by no means), knappt(ast) (hardly), omöjligen (not possibly), aldrig (never). They usually follow the verb (or auxiliary verb):‘FsÊ ~Ì K f€Œ€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚ÿHon arbetar här. Han arbetar inte här. De har aldrig varit här.”IíË Í K f€’€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚ÿShe works here. He does not work here. They have never been here. œD~Ì ®Í X €€ˆ€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿIcke is used in compounds: en ickerökare (a nonsmoker).?Í íÍ 1Å‚&&ÿÿÿÿíÍ y Interrogatives6®Í #Î % €"€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogatives“TíÍ ¶Î ? N€¨€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿIn interrogative sentences, the verb comes first and is followed by the subject:ˆ=#Î >Ï K f€z€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚ÿVad vill du göra i morgon? Ansåg hon att du hade rätt?˜M¶Î ÖÏ K f€š€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚ÿWhat would you like to do tomorrow? Did she think that you were right?A>Ï # > L€€œ!iAõaÖÏ # ®Í ©¡1yQ€‚ÿV&ÖÏ y 0 0€L€È€ã~“¨ü€‰€‚ÿSee also Interrogative Pronouns: # ³ 1º„ã '³ ä m Sentences1 y ä % €€Œ˜€‚ÿSentencesó©³ × J b€S€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿSentences are made up of one or more clauses. A clause consists of a subject (a noun or pronoun) and a predicate (what is said about the noun or pronoun). The predicate always contains a verb. In this simple sentence: Drottningen regerar (The queen rules), Drottningen is the subject and regerar is the predicate.The subject is normally placed next to the verb. Its position varies with the type of sentence:Aä  > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿœY× ´ C V€²€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚‚ÿAnna läser. Läser Anna?Anna reads/is reading (statement). Does Anna read (question)?A õ > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿ€G´ u 9 @€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿImperative clauses, or commands, have no explicit subject (they are directed to a you): Läs boken! (Read the book!)Adjectives and adverbs are used to describe what is being asserted about someone or something: Den kloka drottningen regerar (The wise queen rules), Drottningen regerar klokt (The queen rules wisely).*»õ Ÿ o ¬€w€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNouns or pronouns related to the action of the verb or to a preposition are called objects. In Swedish there are direct and indirect objects. The direct object of a verb is a noun or pronoun which receives the action of a verb directly. In the sentence Drottningen älskar kungen (The queen loves the king), kungen is the direct object. Indirect objects are nouns or pronouns for whom, to whom, or in whose interest something is done, given, or said. In the sentence Drottningen ger kungen en bok (The queen gives the king a book), kungen is the indirect object, while en bok is the direct object. The object usually follows the verb, but can also begin a sentence (for emphasis): Au à > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿ|7Ÿ \ E Z€n€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚ÿAnna har läst boken. Den boken har Anna inte läst.v7à Ò ? N€n€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿAnna has read the book. Anna has not read this book.&\ ø # €€€‚ÿT.Ò L & €\€"˜È€ ‚‚ÿWord OrderStraight and Inverted Word OrderÖœø " : B€9€€‚€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿStraight word order (subject verb) is used in both Swedish and English: Han sover, regnet faller, alla barnen sjunger (he is sleeping, the rain is falling, all the children are singing). However, the inverted word order (verb subject) is much more frequent in Swedish than in English. It is used in questions, commands, and all sentences that begin with something else than the subject:Statements:ˆ=L ª K f€z€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚ÿI går läste Anna boken. I Australien är det sommar nu.€@" * @ P€€€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚ÿYesterday Anna read the book. In Australia it is summer now.2ª \ $ €€€‚‚ÿQuestions:‘C* í N l€†€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€‚ÿLäste Anna boken i går? När läste hon boken? Kan hon tyska?•V\ ‚ ? N€¬€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿDid Anna read the book yesterday? When did she read the book? Does she know German?@í  % €6€€‚‚‚ÿCommands (no subject):U‚  B T€&€Èœ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚ÿLäs (du) boken!V m ? N€.€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿ(You) read the book!? ¬ 1:&í†(ÿÿÿÿ¬ ÏN Time and Dates6m @ % €"€Œ˜€‚ÿTime and Dates¬ @ m ,¬ 8@ % €€"˜È€ ‚ÿTime[7 @ “@ $ €n€€‚‚ÿThe 24hour clock is the standard for stating time. A8@ Ô@ > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿW“@ +A C V€(€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚‚ÿ17.30 (5.30 pm)£_Ô@ ÎA D X€¾€œ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚ÿNote that half past an hour in English is expressed as half (to) the next hour in Swedish:A+A B > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿt1ÎA ƒB C V€b€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€‚ÿ17.30 = halv sexhalf past five (five thirty)Ø’B [C F Z€%€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚ÿThere is no equivalent to the English at before times in Swedish. It is usually expressed with the word klockan (oclock) preceding the time:ƒ;ƒB ÞC H `€v€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚‚‚ÿVi träffas klockan tre.Lets meet at three (oclock).][C ;D A#R€8ñ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿEXPRESSSIONSTRANSLATIONJÞC …D D#X€ ñ €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿ;;D E D#X€vñ €€€ ‚ÿ€P€€‚ÿÿÿHur mycket är klockan/Vad är klockan?What time is it?n*…D rE D#X€Tñ €€€ ‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan/Hon är tre.Its three oclock.€<E òE D#X€xñ €€€ ‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är fem (minuter) över tre.Its five past three.}9rE oF D#X€rñ €€€ ‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är kvart över tre.Its a quarter past three.s/òE âF D#X€^ñ €€€ ‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är halv fyra.Its half past three.x4oF ZG D#X€hñ €€€ ‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är kvart i fyra.Its a quarter to four.p,âF ÊG D#X€Xñ €€€ ‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är tio i fyra.Its ten to four.l(ZG 6H D#X€Pñ €€€ ‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är tolv på dagen.Its noon.q-ÊG §H D#X€Zñ €€€ ‚ÿ€:€€‚ÿÿÿKlockan är tolv på natten.Its midnight.a6H I D#X€:ñ €€€ ‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿHur dags...What time...&§H .I # €€€‚ÿ-I [I % €€"˜È€ ‚ÿDates”p.I ïI $ €à€€‚‚ÿThere are several accepted standards for stating dates. The official and frequently used format is YYYYMMDD:A[I 0J > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿ_ïI J C V€8€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚‚ÿ19970529 (May 29, 1997)¬g0J ;K E Z€Î€ž~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚ÿIn letter openings, the date is frequently stated Uppsala den 29 maj 1997 (Uppsala, May 29, 1997).ЉJ L G \€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚‚ÿThere is no equivalence to in before years in Swedish. It can be expressed with the year only, or the word år (year) preceding it:¶l;K ÁL J d€Ø€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€‚€€‚‚ÿ1987 flyttade vi till Australien.År 1987 flyttade vi till Australien.In 1987, we moved to Australia.£c L dM @ P€Æ€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚‚ÿThere is no equivalence to on before dates in Swedish. It can be expressed with the date only:x2ÁL ÜM F \€d€Èœ~!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚‚ÿVi kom fram den 12 maj.We arrived on May 12.ó­dM ÏN F Z€[€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚ÿMonths, days, and holidays are spelled in lower case letters: januari, mars, onsdag, söndag, påsk, julafton (January, March, Wednesday, Sunday, Easter, Christmas Eve).1ÜM O 1Wÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ)ÿÿÿÿO &O &ÏN &O # €€€‚ÿ> O dO 1ìã *dO ›O ^€ Grammar Pages7&O ›O ' € €Œ˜B˜€‚ÿGrammar Pages6 dO ÑO + &€€¸˜ãÃt÷¶€‰‚ÿNumber>›O ^€ C V€|€˜ã+† V€‰‚ã‹—4ëÑO ^€ &O ‰‚ã(ÈL€ ‰‚ãÊç¶v‰‚ÿPersonGenderVerb ConjugationDefinite/Indefinite7ÑO •€ 1çí†J+•€ Å€ {ˆ Number0 ^€ Å€ ' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿNumbern=•€ 3 1 2€z€¸˜€€€€€‚ÿThere are two numbers in Swedish: singular and plural.^9Å€ ‘ % €r€˜€‚‚ÿMost nouns in Swedish have singular and plural forms:^43 ï * $€h€RÈ€‚€‚ÿfamiljen, familjerna (the family, the families))‘ ‚ & €€R˜€‚ÿ\&ï t‚ 6 <€L€R¤„´!€ã4± Å€‰€‚ÿSee Number: Singular and Plural)‚ ‚ & €€R˜€‚ÿX1t‚ õ‚ ' €b€˜€€!‚ÿPronouns also have singular and plural forms:)‚ ƒ & €€R˜€"‚ÿr=õ‚ ƒ 5#:€za/ €€€#‚€‚ÿÿÿmin, mitt (my, mine [singular])mina (my, mine [plural]) Kƒ Ûƒ 6 <€*€R˜€"‚€ãìê\U€‰€‚ÿSee Pronouns-ƒ „ * $€€RÈ„´!€‚ÿtNÛƒ |„ & €œ€R˜€‚ÿAdjectives and articles agree with nouns in number, gender, and declension..„ ª„ + &€€ R†:åí€!‚ÿb|„ … E#Z€:þe €€ R€#‚ÿ€"€ R‚ÿÿÿen gammal hundan old doge ª„ q… E#Z€@þe €€ R€#‚ÿ€$€ R‚ÿÿÿett gammalt husan old house6 … §… - *€€ R„!€!‚€‚ÿSee Dq… ë… 3 6€"€RÈ„Æ!ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ÿAdjectives X'§… C† 1 2€N€RÈ‚Æ㦠Š€‰€‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles „]ë… Ç† ' €º€R˜€‚‚ÿSwedish verbs add endings to their stem in the various tenses. There are no plural forms.VC† W‡ : D€¬€RÈ€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿVi arbetar. Vi arbetade. Vi har arbetat.We work. We worked. We have worked./dž †‡ ) "€ € R„!€‚ÿSee; W‡ Á‡ / .€€RÈãÉØ€‰€‚ÿVerbs M†‡ ˆ . ,€>€Èãÿ½€‰€‚ÿActive and Passive Voice m/Á‡ {ˆ > L€^€RÈ‚HãÔit€‰€‚ã½=®`€‰€‚ÿPast Participle Present Participle 7ˆ ²ˆ 1´ },²ˆ ∠kÅ Person0 {ˆ ∠' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿPersonË£²ˆ ­‰ ( €G€¸€€!‚ÿGrammatical person indicates the relationship of the speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group:R ∠ÿ‰ H#`€¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿjagIS ­‰ RŠ H#`€¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿmigmeh ÿ‰ ºŠ H#`€@¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿminmy/mine (common, sing.)i!RŠ #‹ H#`€B¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿmittmy/mine (neuter, sing.)bºŠ …‹ H#`€4¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿminamy/mine (plural)R #‹ ׋ H#`€¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€ €¤‚ÿÿÿviweS …‹ *Œ H#`€®1LÒIF€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿossusd׋ ŽŒ H#`€8¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿvårour (common, sing.)e*Œ óŒ H#`€:¯1LòID€€¤€€#‚ÿ€€¤‚ÿÿÿvårtour (neuter, sing.)^ŽŒ Q H#`€,¯1LòID€€¤€‚ÿ€€¤€#‚ÿÿÿvåraour (plural)a9óŒ ² ( €r€¸€!‚€‚ÿSecond person refers to whomever is being spoken to:Q Q Ž F#\€S¶ÿ €€¤€€#‚ÿ€ €¤‚ÿÿÿduyouj$² mŽ F#\€HS¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€ €¤€#‚ÿÿÿdigyou (as object of sentence)cŽ ÐŽ F#\€:S¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€ €¤€#‚ÿÿÿdinyour (common, sing.)dmŽ 4 F#\€<S¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€€¤€#‚ÿÿÿdittyour (neuter, sing.)]ÐŽ ‘ F#\€.S¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€€¤€#‚ÿÿÿdinayour (plural)}74 À F#\€nS¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€ €¤€#‚ÿÿÿniyou (plural / singular formal form ‘ À {ˆ of address) ˆB‘ ¢À F#\€„S¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€ €¤€#‚ÿÿÿeryou (as object of sentence for plural and formal singular)v0À Á F#\€`S¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€ €¤€#‚ÿÿÿertyour (plural / singular formal, neuter)\¢À tÁ F#\€,S¶ÿ €€¤€‚ÿ€ €¤€#‚ÿÿÿerayour (plural)'Á ›Á $ €€¤€!‚ÿb:tÁ ýÁ ( €t€¸€‚€!‚ÿThird person refers to the entity being spoken about:S ›Á P H#`€˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€ €¤€%‚ÿÿÿhanheVýÁ ¦Â H#`€˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€€¤€%‚ÿÿÿhonomhimT P ú H#`€˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€ €¤€%‚ÿÿÿhonsheV¦Â Pà H#`€˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€€¤€%‚ÿÿÿhenneherXú ¨Ã H#`€ ˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€ €¤€%‚ÿÿÿsighimselfXPÃ Ä H#`€ ˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€ €¤€%‚ÿÿÿdenherselfS ¨Ã SÄ H#`€˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€ €¤€%‚ÿÿÿdetitU Ä ¨Ä H#`€˜U%9Œs€€¤€$‚ÿ€€¤€%‚ÿÿÿdessits'SÄ ÏÄ $ €€¸€!‚ÿœJ¨Ä kÅ R t€”€R˜‚H€‚€ƒãtv]‰€‚€ƒã™eÓo‰€‚€ƒãfƒÊ‰€‚ÿSeePersonal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Possessives 7ÏÄ ¢Å 1J…-¢Å ÒÅ ±Ë Gender0 kÅ ÒÅ ' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿGenderl;¢Å >Æ 1 2€v€¸˜€€€€€‚ÿThere are two genders in Swedish: common and neuter.Z5ÒÅ ˜Æ % €j€˜€‚‚ÿAll nouns in Swedish are either common or neuter.f7>Æ þÇ / ,€o€˜„´!€‚€&‚‚ÿAlthough there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to learn the article together with the word.m*˜Æ kÈ C#V€T¿AÀ €€€#‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿen man, mannena man, the man (common)q.þÇ ÜÈ C#V€\¿AÀ €€€#‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿett hus, huseta house, the house (neuter)6kÈ É . ,€€R˜„´!€!‚€‚ÿSee> ÜÈ PÉ 3 6€€RÈ„´!ãõ¬C€‰€‚ÿNouns6É †Ê . *€€R˜„´!€‚‚‚‚ÿKnowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, participles, and pronouns. They agree in gender and in number with the noun.Seex7PÉ þÊ A R€n€Ȉl´üEãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚㦠Š€‰€‚ÿAdjectives Definite and Indefinite Articles q1†Ê oË @ P€b€R˜‚H€ƒãÔit‰€‚€ƒã½=®`‰€‚ÿPast Participle Present Participle BþÊ ±Ë 4 8€€Ȉl´üEãìê\U€‰€‚ÿPronounsAoË òË 1^ }÷.òË ,Ì z Verb Conjugation:±Ë ,Ì ' €&€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿVerb Conjugation;òË gÌ ' €(€˜ŒR˜€‚ÿFirst Conjugation),Ì Ì & €€R˜€"‚ÿ_gÌ ïÌ J#d€*ãA| €€R˜€ ‚ÿ€€R˜€'‚ÿÿÿInfinitivespelaeÌ TÍ P#p€*ãA| €€R˜€ ‚ÿ(€€R˜€'€ €'‚ÿÿÿPresentspelarhïÌ ¼Í P#p€0ãA| €€R˜€ ‚ÿ(€€R˜€'€ €'‚ÿÿÿImperfectspeladedTÍ Î P#p€(ãA| €€R˜€ ‚ÿ(€€R˜€'€ €'‚ÿÿÿSupinespelatm¼Í Î P#p€:ãA| €€R˜€ ‚ÿ(€$€R˜€'€ €'‚ÿÿÿPast participlespeladr" Î ÿÎ P#p€DãA| €€R˜€ ‚ÿ(€*€R˜€'€ €'‚ÿÿÿPresent participlespelande)Î (Ï & €€R˜€"‚ÿ<ÿÎ dÏ ' €*€˜ŒR˜€‚ÿSecond Conjugation)(Ï Ï & €€R˜€"‚ÿ^dÏ J#d€(ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ€€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿInfinitiveköraÏ ±Ë ZÏ f J#d€ ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ€€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿPresentkörf Ì P#p€,ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿImperfectkördebf . P#p€$ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿSupinekörtkÌ ™ P#p€6ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€$€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPast participlekördq!.  P#p€BãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€*€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPresent participlekörande)™ 3 & €€R˜€"‚ÿ;  n ' €(€˜ŒR˜€‚ÿThird Conjugation)3 — & €€R˜€"‚ÿ\n ó J#d€$ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ€€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿInfinitivebob— U P#p€$ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPresentborfó » P#p€,ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿImperfectboddebU  P#p€$ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿSupinebottl» ‰ P#p€8ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€$€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPast participle-boddp  ù P#p€@ãA| €€R˜€‚ÿ(€*€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPresent participleboende)‰ " & €€R˜€"‚ÿ<ù ^ ' €*€˜ŒR˜€‚ÿFourth ConjugationX%" ¶ 3 6€J€R˜€€€€‚€"‚ÿThey are called strong verbs.`^  J#d€,ãAŽ €€R˜€‚ÿ€€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿInfinitivedrickaf¶ | P#p€,ãAŽ €€R˜€‚ÿ(€€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPresentdricker^ Ú J#d€(ãAŽ €€R˜€‚ÿ€€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿImperfectdrack]| 7 J#d€&ãAŽ €€R˜€‚ÿ€€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿSupinedruckitfÚ  J#d€8ãAŽ €€R˜€‚ÿ€$€R˜€#‚ÿÿÿPast participledruckens#7  P#p€FãAŽ €€R˜€‚ÿ(€*€R˜€#€€#‚ÿÿÿPresent participledrickande/ ? ) "€ € R„!€‚ÿSee;  z / .€€R˜ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿVerbs D? ¾ 1„…ÿÿÿÿ/¾ û N Definite/Indefinite=z û ' €,€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿDefinite/IndefiniteüѾ ÷ + $€£€R˜„´!€‚ÿAll Swedish nouns have definite and indefinite forms, and corresponding definite and indefinite articles in the singular. For the plural, the definite/indefinite distinction is shown by the ending (suffix).,û # ) "€€˜„´!€‚ÿv3÷ ™ C#V€f¿AÀ €€€#‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿen man, mannena man, the man (common singular)n+#  C#V€V¿AÀ €€€#‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿmän, männenmen, the men (common pluralz7™ C#V€n¿AÀ €€€#‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿett hus, huseta house, the house (neuter singular)t1 õ C#V€b¿AÀ €€€#‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhus, husenhouses, the houses (neuter plural)6 + . ,€€R˜„´!€!‚€‚ÿSee#£õ N € ΀G€RÈ‚H㦠Š€‰€‚ãÔit€‰€‚ã½=®`€‰€‚ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ãõ¬C€‰€‚ã4± Å€‰€‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles Past Participle Present Participle Adjectives Comparison Nouns Number: Singular and Plural 1+  1Zÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ0ÿÿÿÿ ¨ )N ¨ & €€R˜€!‚ÿ1 ÿÿÿÿ1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ™$(ØHelv4‹öA„ h[Tms RmnÙÿf‹ƒäPèÉSymbolÞÿjE¸j+ðVPCourierjèIVÙÿ¿EØTimes New RomanØèc°ArialPèdÙÿÿuØè5ŽßÿMS SerifÿÿuØèuÞÿéMS Sans Serif—×ÿf+øTimesþÿÿöÁ@h€ÿÿt>SHelvetica‹“Pf‹ESystem+EPÿ³ Courier NewPILE\GRANew Yorkgramr.HLPGenevah€ÿÿÿ³QëLinePrinter‹Ef+ƒàCG Times4P…TþÿÿjUniversQèÒƈ‹ðFUnivers CondensedPfAntique Olive‰MþéþGaramondëàƒ}…¤CG Omega20197 HIDAlbertus Medium2019Albertus Extra BoldClarendon CondensedCoronet HID_HELP_SLetter GothicœÀzÞMarigoldtndüWingdings51¥Marlettšÿou1MT Extraà ýºe Arial NarrowÞ üÈArial Black¹DþArial Rounded MT BoBook AntiquañM—Bookman Old StyleûACentury Gothicâ¨wCentury Schoolbook~Monotype Sorts@}ÞMap SymbolsZ¸ 37Haettenschweilertv]AlgerianF(>e¿@}ÞBraggadocioÿºÌhBritannic Boldïœ5¿Brush Script MTmColonna MT¹oÜ`+„Desdemona§mdrFootlight MT LightDImpact1v® ÂwKino MTo>•›y-Á™›Wide Latin‹W|Matura MT Script CaPlaybillvJzsMS LineDrawƒL€WßBookshelf Symbol 1Bookshelf Symbol 2Bookshelf Symbol 3TL SS Cyrillic StreTL SS Cyrillic UnstTL Help Cyrillic ɈMS Reference 1••MS Reference 2ÆÅ‘News Gothic MTÕšLucida HandwritingºLucida Sans¿G±?ŸLucida Sans UnicodeOCR A Extendedà¤Calisto MT³¦ýpóFAbadi MT CondensedCopperplate GothicComic Sans MS“¸®Lucida Console^’è™Modern™²0S`\³MS DialogV‘µñùû¯TL Cyrillic‰·•¸TL HelpZ€™ºgmÞCyrillic Test‡"½CG Times (WN)DˆÕôUnivers 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