?_a˙˙˙˙™ŒQHl€Šš5Swahili Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4ííí<<<˙˙ ‚ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXTa|CTXOMAP`|FONT/_|KWBTREEo|KWDATAÁn|KWMAPňn|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREE2w|bm0‡ŞľŸ˙-#ď=˙!)G˙˙@¸Ÿo˙˙˙˙ŘľŸ˙-#˙˙$P˙˙¨şŸ~˙˙˙˙ş°Ÿ˙-#ď=÷^˙T˙˙ŠÉOŻ{-#Ż{Ż{ M˙˙ťŸ˜˙˙˙˙ąŸLJ,g˝wŻ{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{,gLJŒ1˙˙ď=ď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ďď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ŕŕ|ŕ|˙|ŕ˙ŕŕ˙÷^÷^ď=÷^÷^˙˙˙ď=˙˙˙˙2g2g˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w2gLJŒ12g˝wŻ{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{Ż{˝wLJŒ1˙˙˙˙ď=ď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ď=ďď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙-#ŕ|@HG˙˙zşŸp˙˙˙˙śŸ˙ ˙˙€â 2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2gLJLJ˙2g2g˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w2gLJŒ1˙˙˙˙ď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ďď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ŕď=ŕ|||ŕŕď=˙ŕď=ŕ÷^ď=÷^÷^˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ŸZ–Z˙˙˙˙ 9˙˙˙˙E13˙˙˙˙IEuwContents0 u% €€Œ˜€‚˙Contents3ÂE¨q °€…€€‚‚ă=Ž˜‰‚㡟\7‰€‚ăvK%€‰‚ăěę\U‰€‚ăúłŽŐ€‰‚ăĽfź‰‚ăÉ؉‚ă?LĐ4‰‚ăŐë(W‰‚‚˙The following Help Topics are available: Overview of SwahiliAlphabet and PronunciationNounsPronounsAdjectivesAdverbsVerbsPrepositions and ConjunctionsNegationŠxuQ1 2€ň€¤„H~€‚†"€‚˙For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&¨w# €€€‚˙DQť1đŇť÷śOverview of Swahili<w÷% €.€Œ˜€‚˙ Overview of Swahili™oť* "€ß€€‚€‚‚‚˙Welcome and congratulations on your choice to learn Swahili! This Grammar Basics help file will serve as your introduction to the most basic aspects of Swahili grammar. This overview will give you some more information about this exciting and different language.Swahili is more properly referred to as Kiswahili. It is part of the Bantu group of languages which stems from the Niger-Congo language family. Swahili is spoken natively by approximately one million people, mostly in Kenya and Tanzania, but also in Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Zaire. However, nearly 10 million people speak it as a second language.&÷ś# €€€‚˙9ď1Ő I‘€ď1áAAlphabetBś1% €:€Œ˜€‚˙Alphabet and Pronunciation&ďW# €€€‚˙i1ŔR#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙alikea in father%Wĺ" €€€ ˙ iŔNR#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙blikeb in bananafĺ´R#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙dliked in dogfNR#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙elikee in petg´R#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙flikef in froggčR#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙glikeg in goatfN R#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙hlikeh in hothčś R#t€,'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ilikeee in deephN  R#t€,'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙jlikej in judgegś … R#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙klikek in keepg ě R#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙llikel in lioni… U R#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙mlikem in monkeygě ź R#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙nliken in nicegU # R#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙olikeo in hopeiź Œ R#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙plikep in potatof# ň R#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙rliker in redgŒ Y R#t€*'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙slikes in starhň Á R#t€,'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙tliket in todayhY )R#t€,'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ulikeoo in bootjÁ “R#t€0'= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙vlikev in victoryf)ůR#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙wlikew in winf“_R#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ylikey in yesfůĹR#t€('= K €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙zlikez in zoo[_,@S#v€'= K €€€‚‚˙Ĺ,@ś€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙iĹ•@R#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙dhliketh in thati,@ţ@R#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ghlikech in lochi•@gAR#t€.'= K €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙nglikeng in singzLţ@áA. ,€˜€€‚‚‚€ €‚‚‚˙STRESSThe stress is always on the next to last syllable of a word.6gAB16Ň.BHBl€Nouns1 áAHB( €€Œ˜€ €‚˙Nouns]+BĽC2 2€W€€‚‚‚‚‚€ ‚‚€‚‚˙A noun is a word that names a person, place, action, thing, or idea.Swahili nouns fall into one of eight classes. They can be distinguished by the noun prefix at the beginning of the word.Class 1: The M-WA ClassWith very few exceptions, all the nouns in this class denote human beings.M HBňCA#R€oë €€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙mtuwatuPĽCBDA#R€oë €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(man)(men)FňCˆDA#R€ oë €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙QBDŮDA#R€ oë €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙mtotowatotoWˆD0EA#R€,oë €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(child)(children)~ŮD6Gˆ ހý€€‚€ €€ €‚€ €€ €€ €‚€ €€ €€ €‚€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ ‚€‚€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚˙If the stem of the noun begins with a vowel, the singular prefix becomes mw- instead of m-. The plural form is generated according to the following spelling rules:wa- + a = wa-wa- + e = we-wa- + i = we-Class 2: The M-MI ClassNouns in this class denote things. The singular prefix is m- and the plural prefix is mi-.mti, miti (tree, trees)Vę0EŒIl Ś€Ő€€ €‚‚€ ‚€‚‚‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚‚€ ‚€‚‚‚‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚˙mwaka, miaka (year, years)Class 3: The N ClassNouns in this class denote most animals, some fruits, and many words of foreign origin.asubuhi (morning)kompyuta (computer)teksi (taxi)The singular and plural forms of nouns in this class are identical.Class 4: The KI-VI ClassNouns in this class denote concrete things.kijiko (spoon)kisu (knife)kitabu (book)When the stem of the noun begins with a vowel, there are some spelling changes that take place.™6GžKy Ŕ€3€€ ‚€€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ ‚‚€€ €€ €‚˙ki- changes to ch- when the stem begins with a- e- o- or u-.chakula (food)cheti (note)Similarly, the plural marker vi- changes to vy- when the stem begins with a- e- o- or u-.Class 5: The MA ClassThis class contains many words of foreign origin. The singular generally does not have a prefix, although a few have the prefix ji-. The plural is marked with the prefix ma-.ĹŒI´MQ p€‹€€‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚€ ‚‚€€ €‚‚€ €‚˙chungwa, machungwa (orange, oranges)dirisha, madirisha (window, windows)jina, majina (name, names)Class 6: The U ClassThis is a very interesting class that contains primarily abstract nouns, and collective nouns with no plural form. There are a few sub-groups within this category of nouns. One group uses u- as its singular prefix and forms its plural according to the rules of the N class.unywele, nywele (strand of hair, hair)9ÔžK €e ˜€Š€€ €‚‚‚‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚‚€ €‚€ €‚‚€ ‚‚€‚‚€ €‚‚€ ‚‚€‚˙ushanga, ushanga (bead, beads)Another group is made up of non-count, or collective, nouns. These do not have a plural form.unga (flour)udongo (earth)A third group denotes abstract concepts. These do not have a plural.umri (age)utoto (childhood)Class 7: The PA ClassThere is only one word in this class:mahali, pahali (place, places)Class 8: The KU ClassThis class contains all of the infinitives used as gerunds (or verbal nouns).´M €áA`.´Ml€2 4€\€€‚€ €‚€ €‚‚˙kusoma (reading)kusafiri (traveling)9 €Ľ€1 ‘€ĆĽ€Ő€ˇŠPronouns0 l€Ő€% €€Œ˜€‚˙Pronouns)úĽ€ţ/ ,€ő€€‚‚€ €‚‚‚‚˙A pronoun is a word that stands for a previously mentioned or understood noun.Subject PronounsThe personal pronouns in Swahili are only used for emphasis since the subject is already indicated by the verb prefix. They are as follows:Class 1‹Հ‰‚l#¨€>ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€0€€ ‚˙˙˙I, memimiwe, ussisi!ţƒl#¨€BÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€2€€ ‚˙˙˙youweweyou (pl.)ninyi$‰‚Śƒl#¨€HÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€"€€‚˙€<€€ ‚˙˙˙he, himyeyethey, themwao„ƒ*„l#¨€0ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€$€€‚˙€*€€ ‚˙˙˙she, heryeye1Śƒ[…1 0€€€‚‚€ €‚‚‚‚‚‚˙Object PronounsThe sense of an object pronoun is conveyed using object markers. An object marker is usually formed from the verb prefix (which is noun class-dependent) and attached to the beginning of the verb stem.Class 1 (M-WA) Object Markers„*„ß…l#¨€0ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€"€€ ‚˙˙˙me-ni-us-tu-Œ […k†l#¨€@ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€2€€ ‚˙˙˙you-ku-you (pl.)-wa-’&߅ý†l#¨€LÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€0€€‚˙€>€€ ‚˙˙˙him, her-m- (-mw-)them-wa-آk†Ő‡6 :€E€€‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚‚‚˙Mama ananipenda. (Mother loves me.)Baba anakupenda. (Father loves you.)The other noun classes use the verb prefixes regularly to refer to it or them.x&ý†MˆR#t€L  €€€‚˙€€‚˙€.€‚˙˙˙ClassSingular (it)Plural (them)gՇ´ˆU#z€$  €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙M-MI-u--i-eMˆ‰U#z€   €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙N-i--zi-j´ˆƒ‰U#z€*  €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙KI-VI-ki--vi-g‰ę‰U#z€$  €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙MA-li--ya-ͨƒ‰ˇŠ% €Q€€‚‚˙The object markers noted above are used to refer to definite items that have already been mentioned. If the object is indefinite, an object marker is not necessary.; ę‰ňŠ1Ů.ĐňŠ$‹ŇAdjectives2 ˇŠ$‹% €€Œ˜€‚˙Adjectivesz,ňŠžN j€Y€€‚‚€ ‚€‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚‚€ €‚‚‚˙An adjective is a word that limits or qualifies a noun or other substantive. In Swahili, an adjective follows the noun it qualifies. Like nouns, adjectives have a stem that becomes prefixed according to the class of the noun that is modified. Here are some common adjective stems:-zuri (good)-baya (bad)-kubwa (large)-refu (tall)Possessive AdjectivesA possessive adjective is a word like my, your, his, or our. Possessives in Swahili change depending on the class of the noun being modified. Here is a list of the possessive stems.&$‹Ä# €€€‚˙’&žVŽl#¨€LÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€&€€‚˙€>€€ ‚˙˙˙my, mine-anguour, ours-etuœ0čňŽl#¨€`ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€*€€‚˙€R€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yours-akoyour, yours (pl.)-enu1VŽl#¨€bÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€6€€‚˙€V€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/hers-aketheir, theirs-aoÔ ňŽoŔ4 6€A€€‚‚‚€ €€ €‚‚˙M-WA ClassThe possessive prefix wa- is used for singulaoŔˇŠr and plural (although it appears w- because of spelling changes). So, the possessives become:Š'ůŔc#–€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€,€‚˙˙˙Singular/PluralSingular/Plural’&oŔ‹Ál#¨€LÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€&€€‚˙€>€€ ‚˙˙˙my, minewanguour, ourswetuœ0ůŔ'Âl#¨€`ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€*€€‚˙€R€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yourswakoyour, yours (pl.)wenu1‹ÁÄÂl#¨€bÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€6€€‚˙€V€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/herswaketheir, theirswaośw'ÂzĂ? N€î€€‚‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚˙M-MI ClassThe singular prefix is w- (an altered form of u-) and the plural prefix is y- (originally i-).Š'ÄÂÄc#–€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€,€‚˙˙˙Singular/PluralSingular/Plural1zĂĄÄl#¨€bÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€2€€‚˙€J€€ ‚˙˙˙my, minewangu/yanguour, ourswetu/yetuŚ:ÄGĹl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€4€€‚˙€\€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yourswako/yakoyour, yours (pl.)wenu/yenuŚ:ĄÄíĹl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€@€€‚˙€`€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/herswake/yaketheir, theirswao/yao´uGĹĄĆ? N€ę€€‚‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚˙N ClassThe singular prefix is y- (an altered form of i-) and the plural prefix is z- (originally zi-).Š'íĹ+Çc#–€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€,€‚˙˙˙Singular/PluralSingular/Plural1ĄĆČÇl#¨€bÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€2€€‚˙€J€€ ‚˙˙˙my, mineyangu/zanguour, oursyetu/zetuŚ:+ÇnČl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€4€€‚˙€\€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yoursyako/zakoyour, yours (pl.)yenu/zenuŚ:ČÇÉl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€@€€‚˙€`€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/hersyake/zaketheir, theirsyao/zaoť|nČĎÉ? N€ř€€‚‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚˙KI-VI ClassThe singular prefix is ch- (an altered form of ki-) and the plural prefix is vy- (originally vi-).Š'ÉYĘc#–€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€,€‚˙˙˙Singular/PluralSingular/PluralĄ5ĎÉúĘl#¨€jÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€6€€‚˙€N€€ ‚˙˙˙my, minechangu/vyanguour, ourschetu/vyetuŞ>YʤËl#¨€|ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€8€€‚˙€`€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yourschako/vyakoyour, yours (pl.)chenu/vyenuŞ>úĘNĚl#¨€|ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€D€€‚˙€d€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/herschake/vyaketheir, theirschao/vyaośw¤ËÍ? N€î€€‚‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚˙MA ClassThe singular prefix is l- (an altered form of li-) and the plural prefix is y- (originally ya-).Š'N̎Íc#–€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€,€‚˙˙˙Singular/PluralSingular/Plural1Í+Îl#¨€bÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€2€€‚˙€J€€ ‚˙˙˙my, minelangu/yanguour, oursletu/yetuŚ:ŽÍŃÎl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€4€€‚˙€\€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yourslako/yakoyour, yours (pl.)lenu/yenuŚ:+ÎwĎl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€@€€‚˙€`€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/herslake/yaketheir, theirslao/yao´uŃÎ7? N€ę€€‚‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚˙U ClassThe singular prefix is w- (an altered form of u-) and the pwĎ7ˇŠlural prefix is z- (originally zi-).Š'wĎÁc#–€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€,€‚˙˙˙Singular/PluralSingular/Plural17^l#¨€bÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€2€€‚˙€J€€ ‚˙˙˙my, minewangu/zanguour, ourswetu/zetuŚ:Ál#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€4€€‚˙€\€€ ‚˙˙˙your, yourswako/zakoyour, yours (pl.)wenu/zenuŚ:^Şl#¨€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙€@€€‚˙€`€€ ‚˙˙˙his/her, his/herswake/zaketheir, theirswao/zao(Ň$ €€€‚‚˙8Ş 1}Ɛ 9…Adverbs/ Ň9% €€Œ˜€‚˙Adverbs ´ EX ~€i€€‚€ €‚‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚€ €‚‚€ €‚€ €‚˙An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, adverb, or adjective by expressing time, place, manner, degree, cause etc. In Swahili, a noun can be considered adverbial if the suffix -ni has been added to it. hotelini (at, to, in, or from the hotel)chumbani (at, to, in, or from the room)nyumbani (at home)An adverbial phrase can also be constructed using kwa + noun.kwa miguu (on foot)kwa shida (with difficulty)@9…> J€€€‚‚‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚‚˙Swahil also makes use of three place markers.-ko (refers to an indefinite location)-po (refers to a definite location)-mo (refers to location inside something)The verb prefix is added to the above stem to convey the sense of being somewhere.6Eť1R Đ!€ťčö@Verbs-…č% €€Œ˜€‚˙VerbsţŐťć) €Ť€€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙A verb expresses action, existence, or occurrence. Verbs in Swahili are made up of several parts. At its most basic level, the Swahil verb contains the verb prefix, the tense infix, and the verb stem.The verb prefix is used to indicate the subject of the verb. With the exception of Class 1 nouns, each of the noun classes has only two verb prefixes (one for singular subjects, and one for plural subjects). The six Class 1 (M-WA) verb prefixes are as follows.čg l#¨€*xď ~ _ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Ini-wetu-$ć÷ l#¨€Hxď ~ _ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€&€€‚˙€>€€ ‚˙˙˙you (sing.)u-you (pl.)m-‡g ~ l#¨€6xď ~ _ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€*€€ ‚˙˙˙he/shea-theywa-8÷ ś % €&€€‚‚‚˙Class 2 (M-MI)T~  D#X€ xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Singularu-Rś \ D#X€xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Plurali-6 ’ % €"€€‚‚‚˙Class 3 (N-)T\ ć D#X€ xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Singulari-S’ 9 D#X€xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Pluralzi-9ć r % €(€€‚‚‚˙Class 4 (KI-VI)U9 Ç D#X€"xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Singularki-Sr  D#X€xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Pluralvi-7Ç Q % €$€€‚‚‚˙Class 5 (MA-)U Ś D#X€"xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Singularli-SQ ů D#X€xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Pluralya-6Ś /% €"€€‚‚‚˙Class 6 (U-)Tů ƒD#X€ xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Singularu-S/ÖD#X€xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Pluralzi-Łtƒy/ .€č€€‚‚‚‚€ €‚‚‚˙TenseTense in Swahili is marked using an infix, which, unlike a prefix, occurs in the middle of the word.PÖÉA#R€xâ €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙TenseInfixUy*@D#X€"xâ €€€‚˙€É*@…€€ ‚˙˙˙Present-na-TÉ~@D#X€ xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Future-ta-R*@Đ@D#X€xâ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Past-li-&~@ö@# €€€‚˙NĐ@DA1ř„DA‰APFPrepositions and ConjunctionsE ö@‰A% €@€Œ˜€‚˙Prepositions and Conjunctions(ÇDAąCa €€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚˙A preposition is a word that shows the relation of a noun to some other noun in a given sentence. Generally, this is handled in Swahili by the addition of a particular vowel to the root of the verb. If the final vowel of the verb root is -i -a or -u, the prepositional vowel is -i. If the final vowel of the verb root is -e or -o, the prepositional vowel is -e. The meaning of this is similar to for, to or on behalf of in English.Kî‰AüE] ˆ€Ý€€‚‚‚€ €‚€ €€ ‚‚‚€‚€ ‚€‚€ €‚€ €‚‚‚‚€ €‚˙Some verbs have the notion of a preposition built into their verb stems. For example:-eleza (explain something to someone)-pa (give something to someone)There are also separate words in Swahili that are considered prepositions and convey the meaning of what would be an entire phrase in English.juu (on top)chini (on the floor)mbele (at the front)A conjunction is a word used to link two or more concepts together. The most prevalent one in Swahili is na (and).T)ąCPF+ &€R€€‚€ €‚‚˙Mohamed na John (Mohamed and John)9üE‰F1Ý!€˙˙˙˙ ‰FšFeJNegation0 PFšF% €€Œ˜€‚˙NegationۉFÁG- (€ˇ€€‚€ €‚‚‚˙Negation is handled by placing the negating prefix ha- before the verb prefix. Negation is regular in all of the noun classes, except the first class (M-WA) of nouns. Here, some spelling changes have occurred.ƒšFDHl#¨€.xď ~ _ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Isi-wehatu-“'ÁG×Hl#¨€Nxď ~ _ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€(€€‚˙€@€€ ‚˙˙˙you (sing.)hu-you (pl.)ham-ŠDHaIl#¨€<xď ~ _ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€,€€ ‚˙˙˙he/sheha-theyhawa-Ă×HeJA P€‡€€‚€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚€ €‚‚˙A special mention should be made of the negation of the past tense. Here, the infix -li- changes to -ku-.Nilinunua chai. (I bought some tea.)Sikununua chai. (I didnt buy any tea.)1aI˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙çŢDHelvlűŔ kűŔűŔArial’ĹTahomaŔölűŔ kűŔűŔ Ť˘Ô‘€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙!˙˙˙˙"˙˙˙˙#˙˙˙˙$˙˙˙˙%˙˙˙˙&˙˙˙˙'˙˙˙˙(˙˙˙˙)˙˙˙˙*˙˙˙˙+˙˙˙˙,˙˙˙˙-˙˙˙˙.˙˙˙˙/˙˙˙˙0˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙2˙˙˙˙3˙˙˙˙4˙˙˙˙5˙˙˙˙6˙˙˙˙7˙˙˙˙8˙˙˙˙9˙˙˙˙:˙˙˙˙;˙˙˙˙<˙˙˙˙=˙˙˙˙>˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙DĆE˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙G˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙PĐQ˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙U.V˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙a˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙d˙˙˙˙e˙˙˙˙f!€g˙˙˙˙h˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙m˙˙˙˙n˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙r˙˙˙˙s!€t˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‚˙˙˙˙ƒ˙˙˙˙„˙˙˙˙…˙˙˙˙†˙˙˙˙‡˙˙˙˙ˆ˙˙˙˙‰˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙‹˙˙˙˙Œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‘˙˙˙˙’˙˙˙˙“˙˙˙˙”˙˙˙˙•˙˙˙˙–˙˙˙˙—˙˙˙˙˜˙˙˙˙™˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙›˙˙˙˙œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙Ÿ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˘˙˙˙˙Ł˙˙˙˙¤˙˙˙˙Ľ˙˙˙˙Ś˙˙˙˙§˙˙˙˙¨˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙ŞŤŹ­˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙Ż˙˙˙˙°˙˙˙˙ą˙˙˙˙˛˙˙˙˙ł˙˙˙˙´˙˙˙˙ľ˙˙˙˙ś˙˙˙˙ˇ˙˙˙˙¸˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙ş˙˙˙˙ť˙˙˙˙ź˙˙˙˙˝˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙ż˙˙˙˙Ŕ˙˙˙˙Á˙˙˙˙Â˙˙˙˙Ă˙˙˙˙Ä˙˙˙˙Ĺ˙˙˙˙Ć˙˙˙˙Ç˙˙˙˙Č˙˙˙˙É˙˙˙˙Ę˙˙˙˙Ë˙˙˙˙Ě˙˙˙˙Í˙˙˙˙Î˙˙˙˙Ď˙˙˙˙Đ˙˙˙˙Ń˙˙˙˙Ň˙˙˙˙Ó˙˙˙˙Ô˙˙˙˙Ő˙˙˙˙Ö˙˙˙˙×˙˙˙˙Ř˙˙˙˙Ů˙˙˙˙Ú˙˙˙˙Ű˙˙˙˙Ü˙˙˙˙Ý˙˙˙˙Ţ˙˙˙˙ß˙˙˙˙ŕ˙˙˙˙á˙˙˙˙â˙˙˙˙ă˙˙˙˙ä˙˙˙˙ĺ˙˙˙˙ć˙˙˙˙ç˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙é˙˙˙˙ę˙˙˙˙ë˙˙˙˙ě˙˙˙˙í˙˙˙˙î˙˙˙˙ď˙˙˙˙đ˙˙˙˙ń˙˙˙˙ň˙˙˙˙ó˙˙˙˙ô˙˙˙˙ő˙˙˙˙ö˙˙˙˙÷˙˙˙˙ř˙˙˙˙ů˙˙˙˙ú˙˙˙˙ű˙˙˙˙ü˙˙˙˙ý˙˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙!˙˙˙˙"˙˙˙˙#˙˙˙˙$˙˙˙˙%˙˙˙˙&˙˙˙˙'˙˙˙˙(˙˙˙˙)˙˙˙˙*˙˙˙˙+˙˙˙˙,˙˙˙˙-˙˙˙˙.˙˙˙˙/˙˙˙˙0˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙2˙˙˙˙3˙˙˙˙4˙˙˙˙5˙˙˙˙6˙˙˙˙7˙˙˙˙8˙˙˙˙9˙˙˙˙:˙˙˙˙;˙˙˙˙<˙˙˙˙=˙˙˙˙>˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙D˙˙˙˙E˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙G˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙P˙˙˙˙Q˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙U˙˙˙˙V˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙`a˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙de˙˙˙˙f˙˙˙˙g˙˙˙˙hi˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙mn˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙rs˙˙˙˙t˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‚˙˙˙˙ƒ˙˙˙˙„˙˙˙˙…˙˙˙˙†˙˙˙˙‡˙˙˙˙ˆ˙˙˙˙‰˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙‹˙˙˙˙Œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‘˙˙˙˙’˙˙˙˙“˙˙˙˙”˙˙˙˙•˙˙˙˙–˙˙˙˙—˙˙˙˙˜˙˙˙˙™˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙›˙˙˙˙œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙Ÿ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˘˙˙˙˙Ł˙˙˙˙¤˙˙˙˙Ľ˙˙˙˙Ś˙˙˙˙§˙˙˙˙¨˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙Ş˙˙˙˙Ť˙˙˙˙Ź˙˙˙˙­˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙Ż˙˙˙˙°˙˙˙˙ą˙˙˙˙˛˙˙˙˙ł˙˙˙˙´˙˙˙˙ľ˙˙˙˙ś˙˙˙˙ˇ˙˙˙˙¸˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙ş˙˙˙˙ť˙˙˙˙ź˙˙˙˙˝˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙ż˙˙˙˙Ŕ˙˙˙˙Á˙˙˙˙Â˙˙˙˙Ă˙˙˙˙Ä˙˙˙˙Ĺ˙˙˙˙Ć˙˙˙˙Ç˙˙˙˙Č˙˙˙˙É˙˙˙˙Ę˙˙˙˙Ë˙˙˙˙Ě˙˙˙˙Í˙˙˙˙Î˙˙˙˙Ď˙˙˙˙Đ˙˙˙˙Ń˙˙˙˙Ň˙˙˙˙Ó˙˙˙˙1(ĆĐŇ„‘€I!€./&;)i24č’Ĺ.C˙˙ S ˙˙˙˙AdjectivesAdverbsalphabetContents NegationnounsOverviewPrepositions and ConjunctionsPronoun Verbs$0 Prepositions and Conjunctions 28021 Negation 2841F 2841F śŸ˙ ˙˙€â 2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2g2gLJLJ˙2g2g˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w˝w2gLJŒ1˙˙˙˙ď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ďď=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ŕď=ŕ|||ŕ çŢDHelvlűŔ kűŔűŔArial’ĹTahoma9lűŔ kűŔűŔ “˙˙˙˙ ŸM 1EQ‚? 1mQ‚ @)(ÉQ‚z˙˙˙AťÉQ‚y˙˙˙-#ťĆ ÎI˙˙⑟˙˙˙˙ţŽŸD ĄQ‚t‘Ÿ ä§alphabetYťR˝000130%ńţ˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ĺ§ đڌAlphabet-#Ý5 ě ôI˙˙’Ÿ ˙˙˙˙Ő 8‘Ÿ-#M J˙˙x”Ÿ ˙˙˙˙⑟ -#ź  J˙˙ ĎC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc24Ó IC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc24í#¸ż ÇJ˙˙ šŸ”˙˙˙˙:ŸEĄ W¨]Q‚př XĘyQ‚€ YĘ•Q‚Ô) Z¨ Q‚Łř [đąQ‚m* \#1ÍQ‚Żąá ]#1őQ‚]r ^Ű˝ Q‚‹â _ß- Q‚°‚ ` I Q‚C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc24° bß Q‚c&1e Q‚Öë díűţOŸ e Q‚f&1mQ‚+g"1°ŕ hmQ‚i&1ÔŠ jAQ‚kž-#Ę ě/&;)Lzş Á¨oűŔßŔ$-˙˙ V ˙˙˙˙ContentsIOverview of SwahiliŇAlphabet‘€Nouns.PronounsĆAdjectivesĐAdverbsVerbs!€Prepositions and Conjunctions„Negation$†+ö]<ý<ć]?<ýÄĄ>A‚Ł- ?Ĺő9A‚`ńž @“$ŕS\ AÝ=A‚úH}3ťáQ‚Çš4䧥>A‚Ł­ B¨I:A‚Ź C Í>A‚ţ6Ą Dʓľ/A‚$ E 9Q‚'÷íEťyQ‚ˇJťQ‚šąXźÝQ‚ZÜ 8ź%Q‚řjÜ9źqQ‚Óˇ„Yźe Q‚Ök ˘‡ ­Q‚ŠÄi;źW  Y