?_aÿÿÿÿ…FQHl¡Ûµ2Spanish Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4ÿÿ ‚ ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXTM)|CTXOMAP¦ |FONT3û|KWBTREEï|KWDATA|KWMAPÞ|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREE!|bm0|Aonjugations_Person_and_Number 1 Verb_Conjugations_Person_and_Number oldspa.rtf 1 7189E6E9D Present_Tense 1 Present_Tense oldspa.rtf 1 5167B2269 Future_Tense 1 Future_Tense oldspa.rtf 1 ;7EE414EB Imperfect_Tense 1 Imperfect_Tense oldspa.rtf 1 ;59E8FB62 Preterite_Tense 1 Preterite_Tense oldspa.rtf 1 K895C0016 Compound_Perfect_Tenses 1 Compound_Perfect_Tenses oldspa.rtf 1 =91575F3A Conditional_Mood 1 Conditional_Mood oldspa.rtf 1 =71D70784 Subjunctive_Mood 1 Subjunctive_Mood oldspa.rtf 1 -1BBF21FC Commands 1 Commands oldspa.rtf 1 eFE3DD22D Passive_and_Impersonal_Constructions 1 Passive_and_Impersonal_Constructions oldspa.rtf 1 a18E7BA27 Participles_and_Progressive_Tenses 1 Participles_and_Progressive_Tenses oldspa.rtf 1 3ABB6D7EC Infinitives 1 Infinitives oldspa.rtf 1 CA42C3130 Stem_Changing_Verbs 1 Stem_Changing_Verbs oldspa.rtf 1 M9274A3AE Ir_A_Periphrastic_Fut£öšöÿÿÿÿ 9ÿÿÿÿE1…ÿÿÿÿiEuÉContents0 u% €€Œ˜€‚ÿContentsCE†Î j‡€€‚‚㡧9’€‰€‚ã)^R/€‰€‚ã2wr€‰€‚ãOÀ€‰€‚ãÕ©º€‰€‚ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ã¥f¼€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ãfƒÊ€‰€‚ãEÎŒ€‰€‚ã/*þþ€‰€‚ãŽGž€‰€‚ã¼J€‰€‚ÿThe following Help Topics are available: Alphabet and Pronunciation Articles Gender and Agreement Plurals Contractions AdjectivesAdverbsComparisonPossessives DemonstrativesSubject and Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Prepositional Pronouns NuÉ `€ã`X¥€‰€‚ã½ä›€‰€‚ãyêe$€‰€‚ãöÍߣ€‰€‚ãø­(ð€‰€‚ãνހ‰€‚ã´þR €‰€‚ãnž€‰€‚ãi"{€‰€‚ãëä~€‰€‚ãbûèY€‰€‚ã\‰€‰€‚ã:_W‘€‰€‚ÿDative of Interest Relative Pronouns Interrogatives and Exclamations Negatives Personal A Verb Conjugations: Tense and Mood Verb Conjugations: Person and Number Present Tense Future Tense Imperfect Tense Preterite Tense Compound (Perfect) Tenses Conditional Mood :†­Ö zu€ã„×q€‰€‚ãü!¿€‰€‚ã-Ò=þ€‰€‚ã'ºç€‰€‚ãì׶«€‰€‚ã01,¤€‰€‚㮣t’€‰€‚ãÛÑ€‰€‚ãÞbH~€‰€‚ã>ø®q€‰€‚ã§óµÿ€‰€‚ã…O‰€‰€‚ã4™€‰€‚ãàFîo€‰€‚ÿSubjunctive Mood Commands Passive and Impersonal Constructions Participles and Progressive Tenses Infinitives Stem-Changing Verbs Ir A (Periphrastic Future) Ser and Estar Tú and Usted Numbers Prepositions ConjunctionsInterjectionsSentencesEò0 0€*€ãL“ƒ€‰€‚€‚ÿGrammar Pages±z­£7 >€ö€¤„H~€‚€†"€€‚ÿFor Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&òÉ# €€€‚ÿK£1{ýƒVÆJAlphabet and PronunciationBÉV% €:€Œ˜€‚ÿAlphabet and PronunciationP¦A#R€9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿaas in ah!0îVÖ B#R€Ý9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿba cross between the B in bed and the V in very (but pronounced by touching both lips together instead of touching the bottom lip to the top teeth) -- more like B when at the beginning of a word, more like V when between vowel soundsy8¦O A#R€p9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿcas in cat before a consonant or the vowels A, O, Ur1Ö Á A#R€b9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿas in city before I and E (American Spanish)}<O > A#R€x9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlike the TH in think before I and E (Castilian Spanish)SÁ ‘ A#R€$9! €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿchas in check¨g> 9 A#R€Î9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿdas in dog when at the beginning of a word (but with the between the teeth instead of behind them)y8‘ ² A#R€p9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlike TH in this between vowel sounds or at word endk*9  A#R€T9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿeas in egg when before two consonantsc"² € A#R€D9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿotherwise, like the A in acheT Ô A#R€&9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿfas in featherx7€ LA#R€n9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿgas in go before a consonant or the vowels A, O, U{:Ô ÇA#R€t9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlike a hard H (between hello and ach!) before I and ETLA#R€&9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhalways silentTÇoA#R€&9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿias in machinew6 @A#R€l9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿja hard H sound, somewhere between hello and ach!o @ÉQo]@A#R€ 9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿkas in kissQ @®@A#R€ 9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlas in limbY]@AA#R€09! €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿlllike the Y in yesQ®@XAA#R€ 9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿmas in makeOA§AA#R€9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnas in nop/XABA#R€^9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿbefore C and G, like the ng sound in thinka §AxBA#R€@9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿñlike the ny sound in onionl+BäBA#R€V9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿoas in open when before two consonants\xB@CA#R€69! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿotherwise, as in organQäB‘CA#R€ 9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿpas in pillq0@CDA#R€`9! €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿq like the C in cut (que is pronounced KAY)À‘CÂDA#R€þ9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿrat the beginning of a word, trilled on the tongue as in r-r-r-ring; at the middle or end, tapped once like a T or D soundQDEA#R€ 9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿsas in sings2ÂD†EA#R€d9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿbefore B, D, G, L, M, N or R, as in mesmerizePEÖEA#R€9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿtas in topi(†E?FA#R€P9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿuas in rule when before a consonantl+ÖE«FA#R€V9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlike the w in wide when before a vowelm,?FGA#R€X9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿsilent, after G or Q (unless written ü)›Z«F³GA#R€´9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿva sound between the B in bed and the V in very (made by touching both lips together)h'GHA#R€N9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿxas in axe when between two vowelsp/³G‹HA#R€^9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿbefore a consonant, like the S in strangerq0HüHA#R€`9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿin Mexican place names, like the H in helloP‹HLIA#R€9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿyas in yesz9üHÆIA#R€r9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿalone or at the end of a word, like the I in machinel+LI2JA#R€V9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿzlike the C in city (American Spanish)n-ÆI JA#R€Z9! €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlike the TH in think (Castilian Spanish)&2JÆJ# €€€‚ÿ9 JÿJ1à idÿJ/Kê„Articles0 ÆJ/K% €€Œ˜€‚ÿArticles¢xÿJÑK* $€ð€€‚€€‚ÿThe DEFINITE ARTICLE (artículo definido) agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and has four forms:–T/KgLB T€¨€Ö€‚ƒ€€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€ƒ€€‚ÿMasculineel (singular)los (plural)Femininela (singular)las (plural)ÙÑKM? L€³€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿExamples: el río (the river); los refrescos (the refreshments); la guitarra (the guitar); las faltas (the mistakes).Definite articles are often used in Spanish where English would omit them, for example:ì¥gLkOG \€K€Ö€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚ÿ1) with abstract nouns: El amor es una fuerza irresistible (Love is an irresistible force)2) with nouns used in a general sense: Prefiero los caballos (I prefer horses)3) with parts of the body and articles of clothing: Tengo el brazo roto (I have a broken arm)4) with titles, except in direct address: El señor García está aquí (Mr. Garcia is here) BUT Buenos días, señor García (Hello, Mr. Garcia)5÷M¬€> J€ï€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿThere is also a NEUTER ARTICLE (artículo neutro), lo, which can be used before akO¬€ÆJn adjective (or a past participle used adjectivally) to make it function as a noun: lo humano (that which is human); lo dicho (that which has been said).ÚškO†@ N€5€0ÖÖ€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: Do not confuse the neuter article lo with the masculine singular direct object pronoun lo: Lo vi en la calle (I saw it in the street).<Ƭ€Â„v º€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe INDEFINITE ARTICLE (artículo indefinido) is un for the masculine singular and una for the feminine singular. It agrees with the noun it modifies: un médico bueno (a good doctor); una lengua bella (a beautiful language). The plural forms unos and unas mean some or a few: Tengo unos libros buenos (I have some good books); Dénos unas naranjas, por favor (Give us some oranges, please).NOTE: Feminine nouns beginning with a stressed a sound take the masculine definite article in the singular for reasons of euphony, for example: El alma es un fin, no un medio (The soul is an end, not a means); BUT Las almas quieren hacerse inmortales (Souls long to become immortal). (†ê„$ €€€‚‚ÿE„/…1FýƒŠ/…k…€‹Gender and Agreement<ê„k…% €.€Œ˜€‚ÿGender and AgreementÎ/…ˆ‡O l€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe GENDER (género) of a Spanish noun is either masculine (masculino) or feminine (femenino). Generally speaking, masculine nouns end in -o and feminine nouns end in -a; but nouns referring to males are masculine and nouns referring to females are feminine, regardless of the ending: El policía mató a tiros al ladrón (The policeman gunned down the thief); La actriz se veía pobre y sin amigos (The actress found herself poor and friendless).XÛk…à‰} È€·€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNouns ending in -ista are masculine, unless referring to a woman: un comunista (a communist); un pianista ( pianist). Nouns ending in -ad, -ud, or -ión are feminine: la ciudad (the city); la juventud (youth); la dirección (the address). Other common exceptions include el día (the day), la mano (the hand), and masculine nouns ending in -ma (of Greek derivation): el idioma (the language); el poema (the poem); el clima (the climate). fˆ‡€‹: B€Í€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿThere is AGREEMENT (concordancia) between a noun and its modifiers with respect to both gender and number; if a noun is feminine and singular, its modifiers must be feminine and singular: Ella compró una casa bonita (She bought a pretty house). Plural nouns of mixed gender take the masculine: Los niños están enfermos (The children are ill). 8à‰¸‹10d< ¸‹ Œ ŽPlurals/ €‹ç‹% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPlurals&¸‹ Œ# €€€‚ÿÿ¥ç‹ ŽZ ‚€K€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿThe PLURAL of nouns and adjectives is regularly formed by adding -s to words ending in a vowel and -es to words ending in a consonant: Tiene los ojos negros (He has dark eyes); Prefiero las canciones de cuna (I prefer lullabies).A final z changes to c in the plural: Encienda la luz (Turn on the light); Desde aquí podemos ver las luces de la ciudad (From here we can see the lights of the city).= ŒIŽ1‡Š€IŽ}ŽßÁContractions4 Ž}Ž% €€Œ˜€‚ÿContractions’#IŽÁo ¬€G€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿThere are only two CONTRACTIONS (contracciones) in Spanish: al and del. Al is a contraction of the preposition a (to, for, at by) and the masculine singular definite article el:Vamos al mercado (Let's go to the store); Al entrar en la clase, la profesora co}ŽÁ Žmenzó a hablar (Upon entering the classroom, the professor began to speak). Del is a contraction of the preposition de (of, from, with) and the masculine singular definite article el: ¿Qué piensas del nuevo profesor? (What do you think of the new teacher?).Ä}ŽßÁC T€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: The preposition a and de does not contract with the personal pronoun él: Se lo doy a él (I give it to him).; ÁÂ1Ø< ‡ÂLÂóÊAdjectives2 ßÁLÂ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdjectivesémÂ5Å| Æ€Û€€‚€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿAn ADJECTIVE (adjetivo) agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Like nouns, adjectives usually end in -o for the masculine (plural -os) and -a for the feminine (plural -as): un libro bueno (a good book); muchos estudiantes (many students); una costumbre francesa (a French custom); otras habitaciones (other rooms). Some adjectives whose masculine singular ends in a consonant form the feminine by adding -a: un muchacho francés (a French boy); una muchacha francesa (a French girl); un baile encantador (a charming dance); una canción encantadora (a charming song).¸gLÂíÇQ p€Ï€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿOther adjectives ending in a consonant have the same form for both masculine and feminine: un hombre joven (a young man), una mujer joven (a young woman); unos bailes populares (some popular dances), unas canciones populares (some popular songs).Descriptive adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify: un día lluvioso (a rainy day). When they precede the noun, such adjectives change meaning, acquiring a less literal sense: Hay que dar limosna a un hombre pobre (One must give alms to a poor man); BUT El pobre hombre está con un pie en la fosa (The poor guy has one foot in the grave)._;5ÅLÈ$ €v€€‚‚ÿAdjectives precede the nouns they modify whenever they:eíDZÉO l€-€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿ1) express an essential or characteristic quality: la dulce miel (the sweet honey; las verdes hojas (the green leaves);2) point out, limit or quantify: este hombre (this man); su marido (her husband); menos caliente (less hot); dos lecciones (two lessons).BLÈóÊ3 4€€€€‚€‚€€‚‚ÿAdjectives can be used as nouns, in which case they take a definite article: Los ricos también tienen sus problemas (Rich people have their problems, too). Adjectives are occasionally used adverbially: Vive feliz en la ciudad (He lives happily in the city).8±É+Ë12€}‰+ËZË[ÍAdverbs/ óÊZË% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdverbs±+Ë[ÍP n€c€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚ÿMany ADVERBS (adverbios) are formed from adjectives, by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form: Ella es muy rica (She is very rich); Está ricamente vestida (She is richly dressed).In a series of adverbs, only the last one takes the -mente suffix, while the other adverbs have the form of feminine adjectives: Escribe clara, rápida y correctamente (She writes clearly, quickly and correctly).; ZË–Í1<‡%–ÍÈÍÝComparison2 [ÍÈÍ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿComparisone –Í9\ †€€€‚€€‚€€€€€€€‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚ÿThe COMPARATIVE (comparativo) of an adjective or adverb is formed by preceding it with más (more) or menos (less): Esta lección es más fácil (This lesson is easier); Lo puedo hacer más fácilmente (I can do it more easily).The SUPERLATIVE (superlativo) of an adjective is formed by adding the definite article to the comparative form: Esta lección es la más fácil (This lesson is the easiest one). The superlative of an adverb is expressed by adding ÈÍ9[Íthe neuter article lo to the comparative DìÈÍ}X ~€Ù€€€€‚‚€€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€€‚ÿform: lo más fácilmente (the most easily).The superlative of a noun is expressed by mejor (best) and peor (worst) preceded by the appropriate definite article: la mejor respuesta (the best answer).The ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE (superlativo absoluto) of an adjective indicates a high degree of some quality, rather than a comparison. It is formed by adding the suffix -ísimo/a to the adjective or adverb: Es una mujer riquísima (She is an extremely wealthy woman); Está `99Ý' €r€€€‚‚ÿriquísimamente vestida (She is very richly dressed).< }1â}‰ Lý Possessives3ÝL% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPossessivesf;²+ &€v€€‚€€‚‚ÿThe POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (adjetivos posesivos) are:¶LÐh ž€m€0ÖÖ€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚ÿmi or mío/a (emphatic); (my)tu or tuyo/a (emphatic); (your)su or suyo/a (emphatic); (his, her, its)nuestro/a (our)vuestro/a (your)su or suyo/a(their)Á{²‘F Z€÷€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿPossessive adjectives have a short form when they precede the noun and a longer (emphatic) form when they follow it: mis amigos (my friends); una amiga mía (a female friend of mine).All these forms add -s to form the plural. They agree in gender and number with the thing possessed, not with the possessor: mis libros (my books); nuestras cosas (our things).(óй5 8€ç€0ÖÖ€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: When referring to clothing, parts of the body, and so on, a definite article is regularly used instead of a possessive adjective: Tiene algo en la mano (He has something in his hand); Póngase Ud. los zapatos (Put on your shoes).Å™‘~, &€3€€‚€€‚‚ÿThe POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres posesivos) are formed by adding the appropriate definite article to the long form of the possessive adjective:)乧 E X€É€0ÖÖ€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿel mío, la mía, los míos, las mías (mine)el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (yours)el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers its)el nuestro, la nuestra, etc. (ours)el vuestro, la vuestra, etc. (yours)P$~÷ , (€H€0ÖÖ‚ €€‚‚ÿel suyo, la suya, etc. (theirs)Õ§ ý 1 0€«€€€€€€‚‚ÿPossessive pronouns, like possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed rather than with the possessor: tus cartas y las mías (your letters and mine); su casa y la nuestra (their house and ours).?÷ < 1” %¯ < r ˆDDemonstratives6ý r % €"€Œ˜€‚ÿDemonstrativesmB< ß + &€„€€‚€€‚‚ÿThe DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (adjetivos demostrativos) are:£/r ‚ t#¸€^ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€Z€‚ÿÿÿMasculine Feminine MasculineFeminine›'ß  t#¸€Nƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿSingularSingularPluralPlural ‚ œ t#¸€ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿœ% 8w#¾€Jƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿeste estaestosestas(this)— œ Ïw#¾€@ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿeseesaesosesas(that)¥.8tw#¾€\ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿaquelaquellaaquellosaquellas(that)¼Ï•BY €€y€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚ÿDemonstrative adjectives agree in gender and numbt•Bý er with the noun they modify: estos libros (these books); esa bicicleta (that bicycle); aquellos edificios (those buildings).Este refers to something near the speaker; ese refers to something at a distance from the speaker but in the vicinity of the person spoken to; aquel refers to something at a distance from both the speaker and the listener.The DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres demostrativos) are formed by adding a written accent to the demonstrative adjectives. They agree in gender and number with the nouns the represent: No prefiero esta mesa; quiero aquélla (I don't like this table; I want that one over there).ó¯tˆDD V€_€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe neuter demonstrative pronouns esto, eso and aquello do not have written accents since there are no neuter demonstrative adjectives with which they might be confused. They always refer to a general idea, a situation, or an indefinite thing, and never have a specific noun antecedent: ¿Qué es esto? (What's this?); La casa es muy pequeña, y él no quiere eso (The house is very little, and he doesn't want that).L•BÔD1ý ÔDE)„Subject and Object PronounsDˆDE% €>€Œ˜€‚ÿSubject and Object Pronouns ÓÔD+F@ N€§€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe PERSONAL PRONOUNS (pronombres personales) have different forms depending on whether they are the subject (sujeto), direct object (objeto directo) or indirect object (objeto indirecto).SUBJECT:9EdF( €"€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿFirst person: Q+FµF4 8€:€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿyo (I)nosotros/as (we)CdFøF( €6€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿSecond person (familiar)U!µFMG4 8€B€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿtú (you)vosotros/as (you)AøFŽG( €2€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿSecond person (polite)T MGâG4 8€@€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿusted (you)Udstedes (you)7ŽGH( €€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿThird Personx9âG‘H? N€r€0­€­€‚ù€ƒ€€‚€€ƒ€€‚ÿél (he, it)ellos (they)ella (she)ellas (they);HÌH( €&€‚ù€‚‚‚ÿDIRECT OBJECT:9‘HI( €"€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿFirst person: JÌHOI4 8€,€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿme (me)nos (us)CI’I( €6€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿSecond person (familiar)LOIÞI4 8€0€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿte (you)os (you)A’IJ( €2€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿSecond person (polite)]#ÞI|J: D€F€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€€€‚ÿle, la (you)los, las (you)7J³J( €€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿThird Person}:|J0KC V€t€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿlo (him, it)los (them)la (her, it)las (them))³JYK& €€‚ù€‚ÿ£l0KüK7 >€Ø€0ÖÖ‚ù€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: in parts of Spain, le is often used instead of lo for the direct object pronoun meaning him. =YK9L( €*€‚ù€‚‚‚ÿINDIRECT OBJECT:9üKrL( €"€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿFirst person: J9L¼L4 8€,€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿme (me)nos (us)CrLÿL( €6€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿSecond person (familiar)L¼LKM4 8€0€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿte (you)os (you)AÿLŒM( €2€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿSecond person (polite)LKMØM4 8€0€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿle (you)les (you)7ŒMN( €€0ÖÖ‚ù€‚ÿThird PersonV"ØMeN4 8€D€0­€­€‚ù€€ƒ€€‚ÿle (him, her, it)les (them))NŽN& €€‚ù€‚ÿiÊeN„Ÿ • €€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿSubject pronouns (with the exception of Ud.) are regularly omitted, since they can be deduced from the conjugated verb forms: Traigo los refrescos (I'm bringing the soft drinks); Tienes razón (You're rigŽN„ˆDht). When the subject pronouns are used, it is in order to emphasize or clarify: Yo quiero hacer eso (I want to do that myself); Ella cantaba mientras él tocaba la guitarra (She sang while he played the guitar). POSITION: Object pronouns (direct and indirect) usually precede the verb, but can be attached to infinitives and present participles, and must be attached to affirmative commands: Lo escribo en español (I'm writing it in Spanish); Quiero escribirlo en español or Lo quiero escribir en español (I want to write it in Spanish); Estoy escribiéndolo en español or Lo estoy escribiendo en español (I'm writing it in Spanish); Escríbalo Ud. en inglés (Write it in English). When a verb has two object pronouns, the indirect object is given first. The indirect object pronouns le and les change (for reasons of euphony) to se before lo, la, los and las: Deseo dárselo a ellos (I want to give it to them); Se lo quiero enviar a ella (I want to send it to her).&ŽN)„# €€€‚ÿM„v„18¯ v„º„Á‹Reflexive Pronouns and VerbsD)„º„% €>€Œ˜€‚ÿReflexive Pronouns and Verbse:v„…+ &€t€€‚€€‚‚ÿThe REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres reflexivos) are:6º„U…% €"€0ÖÖ€‚ÿFirst person: T"…©…2 4€D€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿme (myself)nos (ourselves)@U…é…% €6€0ÖÖ€‚ÿSecond person (familiar)W%©…@†2 4€J€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿte (yourself)os (yourselves)>é…~†% €2€0ÖÖ€‚ÿSecond person (polite)V$@†Ô†2 4€H€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿse (yourself)se (yourselves)4~†‡% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿThird Person\+Ô†d‡1 2€V€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚ÿse (him, her, itself)se (themselves)\‡À‰D V€1€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿReflexive pronouns are always used with reflexive verbs (verbs expressing an action whose subject is also its object, i.e. where the doer acts upon himself). Sometimes the literal meaning of the reflexive pronouns (myself, etc.) can be translated into English, but usually they cannot be translated in isolation from the verb: Me lavo (I wash myself); Me acuesto muy tarde (I go to bed very late); Me quejo del trabajo (I complain about the work); Me acuerdo de eso (I remember that); Ya me voy (I'm going away now).»d‡Á‹F Z€w€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿReflexive pronouns normally precede the conjugated verb, but are attached to the infinitive, the present participle, and affirmative commands: Quiero lavarme (I want to wash up); Estoy lavándome (I am washing myself); Lávense Uds. (Wash yourselves).The reflexive pronouns can also be used in a reciprocal sense, meaning each other: Nos amamos (we love each other); Se escriben todos los días (They write each other every day).GÀ‰Œ1Œñ€ ŒFŒ*ÃPrepositional Pronouns>Á‹FŒ% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿPrepositional PronounsI$ŒŒ% €H€€‚‚‚ÿThe PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS are:6FŒÅŒ% €"€0ÖÖ€‚ÿFirst person: QŒ2 4€>€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿmí (me)nosotros/as (us)@ÅŒV% €6€0ÖÖ€‚ÿSecond person (familiar)T"ª2 4€D€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿtí (you)vosotros/as (you)>Vè% €2€0ÖÖ€‚ÿSecond person (polite)Lª4Ž2 4€4€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿUd. (you)Uds.(you)4èhŽ% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿThird PersonR 4ŽºŽ2 4€@€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚ÿél (him, it)ellos (them)1 hŽëŽ% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿReflexive]3ºŽH* $€f€0­€­€€€‚ÿsí (him/her/it/yourself, themselves/yourselves). ëŽv% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿNeuter2H¨* $€€0­€­€€€‚ÿello Åv¿ÁF Z€‹€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿPrepositional p¨¿ÁÁ‹ronouns are the object of the preposition that they follow: Es demasiado difícil para mí (It's too difficult for me); No podemos hacerlo sin ella (We can't do it without her).The neuter pronoun ello is used instead of lo after a preposition, when reference is being made to a general idea that has already been expressed: Tendrás buen éxito; no hay ninguna duda de ello (You'll be successful; there's no doubt about it).Cî¨ÃU x€Ý€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe prepositional pronouns mí, tí and sí combine with the preposition con (with) to become conmigo, contigo and consigo: ¿Quieres ir conmigo? (Do you want to come with me?); Lo trae consigo (He's bringing it with him).(¿Á*Ã% €€Œ˜€ ‚ÿCÃmÃ1¢óÿÿÿÿmÃÌÄDative of Interest:*çÃ% €*€Œ˜€‚ÿDative of Interest%ímÃÌÄ8 >€Û€€‚€€€€€‚€‚ÿAn indirect object pronoun is occasionally used in a construction called the DATIVE OF INTEREST (dativo de interés), indicating possession, separation, advantage or disadvantage: Se me acabó el dinero (My money ran out on me).B§ÃÅ1™ñ€G‰ÅGůÍRelative Pronouns9ÌÄGÅ% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿRelative Pronouns<ÝŃÈ_ Œ€»€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿRELATIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres relativos) introduce a subordinate clause and replace something mentioned earlier in the sentence. They can function as either subject or object pronouns without any change in form.The most common relative pronoun is que: El hombre que está hablando es un amigo mío (The man who is talking is a friend of mine); La lección que estudias es muy fácil (The lesson that you're studying is quite simple).After a preposition, que is used as the relative pronoun for things, quien or quienes for persons: La habitación en que vivo es muy cómoda (The room in which I live is very cosy); La mujer de quien hablabas es extranjera (The woman about whom you were speaking is a foreigner).)àGŬÊI `€Á€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe compound relative pronouns el/la que (plural los/las que) or el/la cual (pl. los/las cuales) are used interchangeably after prepositions of more than one syllable, or to avoid confusion and ambiguity: Estos son mis libros, entre los que hay un diccionario de bolsillo (These are my books, among which there is a pocket dictionary); Ayer fuí al cine con la madre de Juan, la cual es francesa (Yesterday I went to the cinema with John's mother, who is French). Ý€ƒÈ‰Í] ˆ€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe neuter forms lo que and lo cual are used when the antecedent is a general idea: Siempre dice lo que piensa (He always says what he thinks); Me habló de sus problemas, lo cual no me gustó (He spoke to me about his troubles, which didn't please me). The relative pronoun cuyo/a (plural cuyos/as) usually functions as an adjective meaning whose or of which. It can refer to both persons and things, and always agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed rather than with the possessor: ¿Te acuerdas de la niña cuyos padres la abandonaron? (Do you remember the little girl whose parents abandoned her?). &¬Ê¯Í# €€€ ‚ÿP‰ÍÿÍ1 ó}ÿÍFÎ4Interrogatives and ExclamationsG"¯ÍFÎ% €D€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogatives and Exclamations·‹ÿÍýÎ, &€€€‚€€‚‚ÿINTERROGATIVES (interrogativos) ask a question, and are distinguished by their written accents. The most common interrogatives are:™-FΖÏl#¨€ZŠ  ² » €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿ¿Quién?(Who?)¿Cuántos?(How many?)’&ýÎ4l#¨€LŠ  ² » €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ–Ï4¯Íÿÿ¿Qué?(What)¿Dónde?(Where?)•)–ÏÉl#¨€RŠ  ² » €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿ¿Cuál?(Which?)¿Por qué?(Why?)”(4]l#¨€PŠ  ² » €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿ¿Cómo?(How?)¿Para qué?(Why?)š.É÷l#¨€\Š  ² » €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿ¿Cuánto?(How much?)¿Cuándo?(When?)5Ú],[ „€µ€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿQué asks for a definition or description (what?), while cuál (plural cuáles) asks for a choice or distinction (which?): ¿Qué es el alma? (What is the soul?); ¿Cuáles son tus libros favoritos? (Which are your favorite books?). Used in that way, qué and cuál are interrogative pronouns. When an interrogative adjective is required, qué is used for both senses (what? and which?): ¿Qué días vas al hipódromo? (Which days do you go to the racetrack?).&÷R# €€€‚ÿ#î,u5 8€Ý€0ÖÖ€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: Interrogatives are also used in indirect questions, where a question is referred to without being directly asked: No sé quién es (I don't know who she is). The direct question was ¿Quién es esa mujer? (Who is that woman?).™0Ri  €a€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿExclamatory words (exclamaciones) also have written accents. The most common one is ¡Qué...! used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun: ¡Qué casa! (What a house!); ¡Qué delicioso! (How delicious!); ¡Qué fácilmente lo haces tú! (How easily you do it!). In literary usage, ¡Cuán...! may replace ¡Qué...!: ¡Cuán fácilmente lo haces tú! When an adjective follows a noun in this construction, it is preceded by más (most) or tan (so): ¡Qué casa más bonita! (What a pretty house!); ¡Qué niños tan alegres! (What happy children!).&u4# €€€‚ÿ: n1(G‰ŒnŸ– Negatives1 4Ÿ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNegatives^2ný, (€d€€‚€€‚‚‚ÿThe most common NEGATIVES (negativos) are:l"Ÿi J#d€DçSö €€€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿÿÿno (no, not) nunca (never)m#ýÖ J#d€FçSö €€€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿÿÿnada (nothing)jamás (never)q'i G J#d€NçSö €€€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿÿÿnadie (nobody)tampoco (neither)|2Ö à J#d€dçSö €€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿninguno/a (not any)ni...ni (neither...nor)*G í & €€0ÖÖ€‚‚ÿƒ,à p W |€Y€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿA verb is negated by placing no in front of it: No sé (I don't know). When there is an object pronoun in front of the verb, no is placed before the object pronoun: No lo veo (I don't see it).Double negatives are standard in Spanish: No veo a nadie en la calle (I don't see anybody in the street); No tengo ni papel ni pluma (I don't have either paper or pen). Negatives are also used in comparisons: Ella escribe mejor que nadie (She writes better than anybody); Ahora lo necesito más que nunca (Now I need it more than ever). &í – # €€€‚ÿ= p Ó 1a}€ÿÿÿÿÓ  @Personal "A"2 – % €€Œ˜€‚ÿPersonal AòšÓ  @X ~€5€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿWhen the direct object of a verb is a person or a domestic animal, it is preceded by the personal a (la preposición personal a) which has no English equivalent: Veo a mi amigo (I see my friend); Hay que buscar al perro (We must look for the dog); No invito a nadie (I'm not inviting anyone). The personal a is not used, however, with the verb tener: Tengo un amigo (I have a friend). @– S"_@1 ŒÕ†_@©@xMVerb Conjugations: Tense and MoodJ% @©@% €J€Œ˜€‚ÿVerb Conjugations: Tense and Mood·‹_@`A, &€€€‚€€‚‚ÿSpanish verbs belong to one of three CONJUGATIONS (conjugaciones) which can be distinguished by the endings of the infinitive forms.t-©@ÔAG#^€Z÷Aü €€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿFirst Conjugation-AR: hablar (to talk)s,`AGBG#^€X÷Aü €€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿSecond Conjugation-ER: comer (to eat)t-ÔA»BG#^€Z÷Aü €€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿThird Conjugation-IR: vivir (to live)(GBãB% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿI$»B,C% €H€€‚‚‚ÿThe form of a verb depends on: šsãBÆC' €æ€0ÖÖ€‚‚‚ÿ1) its conjugation group2) its tense (time reference) and mood (intent)3) the person and number of its subjectc8,C)D+ &€p€€‚€€‚‚ÿSpanish has four SIMPLE TENSES (tiempos simples):DÆCmD+ &€2€0ÖÖ€€€‚ÿPRESENT (presente): ;)D¨D) "€$€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhablo (I talk)CmDëD, (€.€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚ÿFUTURE (futuro): E¨D0E) "€8€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhablarás (you will talk)T(ëD„E, (€P€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚ÿIMPERFECT (pretérito imperfecto): G0EËE) "€<€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhablaba (she used to talk)T(„EF, (€P€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚ÿPRETERITE (pretérito indefinido): CËEbF) "€4€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhablaron (they talked)(FŠF% €€­€€‚ÿc>bFíF% €|€€‚‚‚ÿThere are also four COMPOUND TENSES (tiempos compuestos):V+ŠFCG+ &€V€0ÖÖ€€€‚ÿPRESENT PERFECT (préterito perfecto): I íFŒG) "€@€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhemos comido (we have eaten)T(CGàG, (€P€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚ÿFUTURE PERFECT (futuro perfecto): W-ŒG7H* $€Z€0­€Ö€€‚‚ÿhabréis comido (you all will have eaten)i>àG H+ &€|€0ÖÖ€€€‚ÿPLUPERFECT or PAST PERFECT (pretérito pluscuamperfecto): K"7HëH) "€D€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhabían comido (they had eaten)k? HVI, (€~€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚ÿPRETERITE PERFECT or PAST ANTERIOR (pretérito anterior): FëHœI) "€:€0­€Ö€€‚ÿhube comido (I had eaten)(VIÄI% €€­€€‚ÿ’_œIVJ3 6€¾€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿThere are four MOODS (modos) in Spanish: INDICATIVE (indicativo):To express a fact: O(ÄI¥J' €P€Ö€€‚ÿEstá  en el banco (It's in the bank)€UVJ%K+ &€ª€€‚€€‚‚ÿSUBJUNCTIVE (subjuntivo):To express a wish, an emotional attitude, or a doubt:Ë•¥JðK6 :€+€Ö€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿQuiero que Ud. venga (I want you to come)Siento que no venga Ud. (I'm sorry you're not coming)Dudo que venga Ud. (I doubt that you'll come)~M%KnL1 2€š€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿCONDITIONAL (potencial or condicional):expressing the idea of would:_7ðKÍL( €n€­€€€‚ÿJuan no lo haría así (John wouldn't do it that way)h;nL5M- *€v€Œ˜€‚€€‚‚ÿIMPERATIVE (imperativo):expressing a direct command:CÍLxM, (€.€Œ˜Ö€€€‚ÿ Venga Ud. (Come!)V%5MÎM1 €fÎMN†‡Verb Conjugations: Person and NumberN(xMN& €P€Œ˜Ö€‚ÿVerb Conjugations: Person and NumberäÎM5O5 8€É€€‚€€€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿA finite verb agrees in PERSON (persona) and NUMBER (número) with its subject (the doer of the action), even when the subject is understood without being expressed by a noun or pronoun.There are two numbers:SINGULAR:Õ–N€? L€-€0ÖÖ€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚ÿ(Yo) veo a Juan (I see John)(Tú) debes hacerlo (You must do it)Ud. tiene razón (You're right)(Ella) quiere a su gato (She loves h5O€xMer cat)- 5OC€# €€€‚ÿPLURAL:ú¼€=> J€y€0ÖÖ€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿ(Nosotros) vemos el cielo (We see the sky)(Vosotros) debéis trabajar (You all should work)¿Tienen Uds. dinero? (Do you all have money?)(Ellos) quieren comer (They want to eat)Ç C€‚' €A€€‚‚‚‚ÿThere are three persons: First person is the speaker, second person is the one spoken to, and third person is the one spoken about.FIRST PERSON SINGULAR:K$=O‚' €H€Ö€€‚ÿ(Yo) soy maestro (I'm a teacher):‚‰‚# €.€€‚ÿFIRST PERSON PLURAL:T-O‚Ý‚' €Z€Ö€€‚ÿ(Nosotros) somos alumnos (We are pupils)I%‰‚&ƒ$ €J€€‚‚ÿSECOND PERSON FAMILIAR, SINGULAR:Q*Ý‚wƒ' €T€Ö€€‚ÿ(Tú) eres guapo (You are good-looking)E"&ƒ¼ƒ# €D€€‚ÿSECOND PERSON FAMILIAR, PLURAL:R+wƒ„' €V€Ö€€‚ÿ(Vosotros) sois feos (You all are ugly)dA¼ƒr„# €‚€€‚ÿSECOND PERSON POLITE, SINGULAR (uses third person verb forms):P)„„' €R€Ö€€‚ÿUd. es muy amable (You are very kind)C r„…# €@€€‚ÿSECOND PERSON POLITE, PLURAL:W0„\…' €`€Ö€€‚ÿUds. son muy amables (You all are very kind)>…š…$ €4€€‚‚ÿTHIRD PERSON SINGULAR:V/\…ð…' €^€Ö€€‚ÿ(Ella) es trabajadora (She is hard-working):š…*†# €.€€‚ÿTHIRD PERSON PLURAL:P)ð…z†' €R€Ö€€‚ÿ(Ellos) son perezosos (They are lazy)(*†¢†$ €€€‚‚ÿäµz††‡/ ,€k€0ÖÖ€€€€‚ÿNOTE: The usted/ustedes (polite you) form of address is second person but uses third person verb forms, which lends an air of respectful distance on the part of the speaker. > ¢†ć1BÕ†€ćù‡ÀPresent Tense5†‡ù‡% € €Œ˜€‚ÿPresent TenseTćM‰? L€+€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€‚ÿThe PRESENT tense (presente) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or -IR) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. There is a different set of personal endings for each of the three conjugations:FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)u+ù‡‰J#d€Vì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-o (I talk)habl-amos (we talk)x.M‰:ŠJ#d€\ì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-as (you talk)habl-áis (you talk)x.‰²ŠJ#d€\ì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-a (she talks)habl-an (they talk)K!:ŠýŠ* $€B€€‚€€‚ÿSECOND CONJUGATION (com-er)p&²Šm‹J#d€Lì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-o (I eat)com-emos (we eat)w-ýŠä‹J#d€Zì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-es (you eat)com-éis (you all eat)t*m‹XŒJ#d€Tì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-e (she eats)com-en (they eat)'ä‹Œ$ €€Ö€‚ÿHXŒÇŒ) "€>€€€€‚ÿTHIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir)s)Œ:J#d€Rì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-o (I live)viv-imos (we live)u+ÇŒ¯J#d€Vì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-es (you live)viv-ís (you live)u+:$ŽJ#d€Vì8ñ €€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-e (she lives)viv-en (they live)浯À1 0€k€€‚€€€€‚ÿThe present tense is commonly used in conversation to refer to actions which will take place in the immediate future: Vengo más tarde (I'll come later). It is sometimes used in literature to replace the preterite, lending a sense of immediacy to historical narrative: Cortés admira la bondad y liberalidad del gran Montezuma (Cortez admired the goodness and generosity of the great Montezuma). This is called the vivid $ŽÀ†‡present.= $ŽSÀ1.f8‚SÀˆÀ…ÅFuture Tense5ÀˆÀ% € €Œ˜€‚ÿFuture Tense ËŸSÀSÁ, &€?€€‚€€‚‚ÿThe FUTURE tense (futuro) of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings to the infinitive. The endings are the same for all three conjugations.Ž3ˆÀáÁ[#†€f³A· ¹ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€€€‚ÿÿÿhablar-é(I will talk)comeré, viviré, etc.u SÁVÂU#z€@³A· ¹ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿhablar-ás(you will talk)sáÁÉÂU#z€<³A· ¹ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿhablar-á(she will talkYVÂ"ÃR#t€³A· ¹ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿv!ɘÃU#z€B³A· ¹ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿhablar-emos(we will talk)z%"ÃÄU#z€J³A· ¹ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿhablar-éis(you all will talk)v!˜ÃˆÄU#z€B³A· ¹ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿhablar-án(they will talk)+ijÄ( €€„±a€‚ÿÒ§ˆÄ…Å+ $€O€€€€‚‚ÿIn addition to expressing future time, the future tense can express uncertainty or probability in the present: Serán las cinco (It must be about five o'clock).@³ÄÅÅ1£ €C‡ÅÅüÅnÏImperfect Tense7…ÅüÅ% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿImperfect Tense˜KÅÅ”ÇM h€—€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe IMPERFECT tense (pretérito imperfecto) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or -IR) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. There is one set of endings for the first (-AR) conjugation and a second set of endings shared by the second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugations.i"üÅýÇG#^€DX8B "€€€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)ˆ>”Ç…ÈJ#d€|X8B €€€€‚ÿ€:€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-aba (I was talking)habl-ábamos (we were talking)EýÇÉJ#d€ŠX8B €€€€‚ÿ€@€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-abas (you were talking)habl-abais (you all were talking)Š@…ÈžÉJ#d€€X8B €€€€‚ÿ€>€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-aba (she was talking)habl-aban (they were talking)FÉäÉA#R€ X8B €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿi"žÉMÊG#^€DX8B €€€€‚ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿSECOND CONJUGATION (com-er)7äÉÎÊJ#d€nX8B €€€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-ía (I was eating)com-íamos (we were eating)‰?MÊWËJ#d€~X8B €€€€‚ÿ€:€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-ías (you were eating)com-íais (you all were eating)„:ÎÊÛËJ#d€tX8B €€€€‚ÿ€8€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-ía (she was eating)com-ían (they were eating)FWË!ÌA#R€ X8B €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿh!ÛˉÌG#^€BX8B €€€€‚ÿ€<€€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir)„:!Ì ÍJ#d€tX8B €€€€‚ÿ€6€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-ía (I used to live)viv-íamos (we used to live)‹A‰Ì˜ÍJ#d€‚X8B €€€€‚ÿ€<€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-ías (you used to live)viv-íais (you all used to live)†< ÍÎJ#d€xX8B €€€€‚ÿ€:€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-ía (she used to live)viv-ían (they used to live)P˜ÍnÏ; D€+€€‚€€€€€€‚€‚ÿThe imperfect tense is used to describe a situation in the past, or an action which was ongoing or repeated: Eran las once (it was eleven o'clock); Queríamos comer bien (We wanted to eat well); Todos los días llegá bamos tarde (We used to arrive late every day).@ήÏ1; 8‚ ®Ï ¸ Preterite Tense8nÏ % €&€Œ˜€‚ÿPreterite Tense ®Ï nϱg®Ï½J b€Ï€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe PRETERITE tense (pretérito indefinido) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or -IR) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. As with the imperfect tense, there is one set of endings for the first (-AR) conjugation and a second set of endings shared by the second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugations.i" &G#^€Db "€€€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)y/½ŸJ#d€^b €€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-é (I talked)habl-amos (we talked)„:&#J#d€tb €€€€‚ÿ€4€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-aste (you talked)habl-asteis (you all talked)|2ŸŸJ#d€db €€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-ó (she talked)habl-aron (they talked)F#åA#R€ b €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿi"ŸNG#^€Db "€€€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿSECOND CONJUGATION (com-er)q'å¿J#d€Nb €€€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-í (I ate) com-imos (we ate)4N@M#j€hb €€€€‚ÿ"€.€€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-iste (you ate) com-isteis (you all ate)x.¿¸J#d€\b €€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-ió (she ate) com-ieron (they ate)F@þA#R€ b €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿh!¸fG#^€Bb "€€€€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir)w-þÝJ#d€Zb €€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-í (I lived) viv-imos (we lived)7f^J#d€nb €€€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-iste (you lived) viv-isteis (you all lived){1ÝÙJ#d€bb €€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-ió (she lived) viv-ieron (they lived)öÄ^Ï2 2€‰€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe preterite tense narrates an action with a definite beginnning or ending in the past: Comenzó a llover (It began to rain); Juan cenó conmigo ayer (John ate supper with me yesterday). éºÙ¸ / ,€u€Œ˜€€€€‚ÿThe preterite is also used to indicate an event which took place while another action (in the imperfect tense) was ongoing: Dormía cuando llegué (He was sleeping when I arrived). JÏ 1" C‡Áƒ C 3ECompound (Perfect) TensesA¸ C % €8€Œ˜€‚ÿCompound (Perfect) Tenses–M Ù I `€›€€‚€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe COMPOUND TENSES (tiempos compuestos) are formed with the AUXILIARY VERB (verbo auxiliar) haber and the PAST PARTICIPLE (participio pasivo) of the main verb. The past participle in compound tenses is invariable in form.The PRESENT PERFECT (pretérito perfecto) uses the present tense of the auxiliary verb haber: ¾C â K d€}€Ö€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿhe comido (I have eaten)has comido (you have eaten)ha comido (she has eaten)hemos comido (we have eaten)habéis comido (you all have eaten)han comido (they have eaten)”bÙ v 2 4€Ä€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe FUTURE PERFECT (futuro perfecto) uses the future tense of the auxiliary verb haber:6ëâ ¬K d€×€Ö€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿhabré comido (I will have eaten )habrás comido (you will have eaten)habrá  comido (she will have eaten)habremos comido (we will have eaten)habréis comido (you all will have eaten)habrán comido (they will have eaten)šhv F2 4€Ð€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe PLUPERFECT or PAST PERFECT (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) uses the imperfect tense of haber:Ƭc@K d€€Ö€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿhabía comido (I had eaten)habías comido (you had eaten)había comido (she had eaten)habíamos comido Fc@¸ (we had eaten)habíais comido (you all had eaten)habían comido (they had eaten)˜gFû@1 2€Î€€‚‚€€€€‚ÿThe PRETERITE PERFECT or PAST ANTERIOR (pretérito anterior) uses the preterite tense of haber:Èc@BO l€‘€Ö€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚ÿhube comido (I had eaten)hubiste comido (you had eaten)hubo comido (she had eaten)hubimos comido (we had eaten)hubisteis comido (you all had eaten)hubieron comido (they had eaten)>çû@PDW |€Ï€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: This is strictly a literary tense; in conversation, the preterite or pluperfect is used. The preterite perfect is only found after conjunctions of time, such as cuando (when), después que (after), apenas (scarcely) or luego que (as soon as): Después que hube comido, salí (After I had eaten, I went out).The PERFECT INFINITIVE (infinitivo compuesto) is composed of the infinitive of haber and the past participle of the verb: haber comido (to have eaten).ã«B3E8 >€W€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe PERFECT PARTICIPLE (gerundio compuesto) is composed of the present participle of haber and the past participle of the verb: habiendo comido (having eaten).APDtE1m XtE¬EèConditional Mood83E¬E% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿConditional Mood{6tE'HE X€m€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚ÿThe CONDITIONAL MOOD (modo potencial) expresses the idea of would (contingent possibility): Lo haría hoy, pero no tendré tiempo (I would do it today, but I won't have time); Lo habría hecho ayer, pero no tenía tiempo (I would have done it yesterday, but I didn't have time); Elena dijo que vendría (Elena said that she would come).It can also be used to express wonderment or doubt in the past, just as the future tense can be used in the present: ¿Qué hora sería cuando desayuné ayer? (I wonder what time was it when I ate breakfast yesterday?).uP¬EœI% €¡€€‚‚ÿThe conditional is formed (like the future) by adding a single set of personal endings to the infinitives of all three conjugations. (The endings are identical to those of the imperfect tense of second and third conjugation verbs; the only difference is that those are added to the stem, rather than to the entire infinitive form.)''HÃI$ €€Ö€‚ÿ•:œIXJ[#†€t»8À ¿ €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€:€€€‚ÿÿÿhablar-ía(I would talk)comería, viviría, etc. w"ÃIÏJU#z€D»8À ¿ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿhablar-ías(you would talk)x#XJGKU#z€F»8À ¿ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿhablar-ía (she would talk)YÏJ KR#t€»8À ¿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿy$GKLU#z€H»8À ¿ €€€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿhablar-íamos (we would talk)~) K—LU#z€R»8À ¿ €€€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿhablar-íais (you all would talk)z%LMU#z€J»8À ¿ €€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿhablar-ían (they would talk)×¥—LèM2 2€K€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe CONDITIONAL PERFECT (potencial perfecto) is a compound tense using the conditional of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb:l(MTND#X€P¶80 €€€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿhabría comido (I would have eaten)o+èMÃND#X€V¶80 €€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿÿÿhabrías comido (you would have eaten)p,TN3OD#X€X¶80 €€€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿhabría comido (she would have eaten)p,ÃN£OD#X€X¶80 €€€‚ÿ€(€€‚ÿÿÿhabríamos comido (we would have eaten)o+3O€D#X€V¶80 €€€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿhabríais comido(you w£O€3Eould have eaten)p,£OŽ€D#X€X¶80 €€€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿhabrían comido (they would have eaten)Z,€è. *€Y€0ÖÖ€‚€€‚‚ÿNOTE: The conditional is often treated as though it were a tense rather than a mood; strictly speaking, however, the conditional is a mood which has two tenses: a simple tense used when referring to present possibilities, and a compound tense used when referring to possibilities in the past.AŽ€)‚1Áƒ)‚b‚ÂSubjunctive Mood9èb‚% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿSubjunctive Mood r)‚Ô…c ”€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (modo subjuntivo) is used in independent clauses introduced by que (that) when the main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or an uncertainty: Te ruego que escribas en español (I beg you to write in Spanish); Tenían miedo de que ella no volviera (They were afraid that she might not come back); Dudo que sea la verdad (I doubt that it's the truth).The subjunctive is also used for FORMAL COMMANDS, for the negative (only) of INFORMAL COMMANDS, for HORTATORY COMMANDS (English Let's...!) and after IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS like es necesario (it is necessary): Tenga Ud. (Here, have this); No hables (Don't talk!); Comamos (Let's eat); Es una lástima que no quiera venir (It's a pity that he doesn't want to come). ó»b‚dž8 >€w€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE is regularly formed by adding one set of personal endings to the stem of -AR verbs and a second set of endings to verbs of the -ER and -IR conjugations:8Ô…F‡G#^€pXA9 "€€€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE t*džº‡J#d€TXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€&€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-e (I talk)habl-emos (we talk)y/F‡3ˆJ#d€^XA9 €€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-es (you talk)habl-éis (you talk){1º‡®ˆJ#d€bXA9 "€€€€€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-e (she talks) habl-en (they talk)F3ˆôˆA#R€ XA9 €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ}6®ˆq‰G#^€lXA9 "€€€€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿSECOND CONJUGATION (com-er) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEr(ôˆã‰J#d€PXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-a (I eat) com-amos (we eat)u+q‰XŠJ#d€VXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-as (you eat) com-áis (you eat)v,ã‰ΊJ#d€XXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-a (she eat) com-an (they eat)FXŠ‹A#R€ XA9 €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ|5Ί‹G#^€jXA9 "€€€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEt*‹ŒJ#d€TXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€&€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-a (I live)viv-amos (we live)v,‹zŒJ#d€XXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-as (you live)viv-áis (you live)v,ŒðŒJ#d€XXA9 €€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-a (she lives)viv-an (they live)¶zŒ÷ŽQ p€m€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚ÿThe IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is formed by adding a set of endings terminating in either -RA or -SE (with no difference in usage or meaning) to the verb stem, with one set of endings for first conjugation (-AR) verbs and another set of endings for second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugation verbs: Esperaba que él llegara/llegase tarde (I was expecting him to arrive late).FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE &ðŒ# €€€‚ÿ•)÷Ž²l#¨€R{AN — ¯ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿhabl-araORhabl-ase (I talked)™-WÀl#¨€Z{AN — ¯ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ²WÀè€"€€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿhabl-arasORhabl-ases (you talked)—+²îÀl#¨€V{AN — ¯ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿhabl-araORhabl-ase (she talked)œ0WÀŠÁl#¨€`{AN — ¯ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿhabl-áramosORhabl-ásemos (we talked)Ÿ3îÀ)Âl#¨€f{AN — ¯ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿhabl-araisORhabl-aseis (you all talked)š.ŠÁÃÂl#¨€\{AN — ¯ €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿhabl-aranORhabl-asen (they talked)*)ÂíÂ& €€0ÖÖ€‚‚ÿe9ÃÂRÃ, (€r€€‚€€ƒ‚‚ÿSECOND CONJUGATION (com-er) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE‘%íÂãÃl#¨€J€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿcom-ieraORcom-iese(I ate)–*RÃyÄl#¨€T€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿcom-ierasORcom-ieses (you ate)“'ãà Ål#¨€N€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿcom-ieraORcom-iese(she ate)˜,yĤÅl#¨€X€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€€€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿcom-iéramosORcom-iésemos(we ate)›/ Å?Æl#¨€^€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿcom-ieraisORcom-ieseis(you all ate)–*¤ÅÕÆl#¨€T€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿcom-ieranORcom-iesen(they ate))?ÆþÆ& €€‚A€‚ÿd8ÕÆbÇ, (€p€€‚€€ƒ‚‚ÿTHIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE“'þÆõÇl#¨€N€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿviv-ieraORviv-iese(I lived)—+bÇŒÈl#¨€V€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿviv-ierasORviv-ieses(you lived)•)õÇ!Él#¨€R€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿviv-ieraORviv-iese(she lived)™-ŒÈºÉl#¨€Z€AF — ² €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€&€€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿviv-iéramosORviviésemos(we lived)1!ÉWÊl#¨€b€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿviv-ieraisORviv-ieseis(you all lived)˜,ºÉïÊl#¨€X€AF — ² €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿviv-ieranORviv-iesen(they lived))WÊË& €€‚A€‚ÿ³‡ïÊËË, &€€€‚€€‚‚ÿThe PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is a compound tense formed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.cË.ÌD#X€>µAà €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhaya comido(I have eaten)f"ËË”ÌD#X€DµAà €€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿhayas comido(you have eaten)d .ÌøÌD#X€@µAà €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhaya comido(she has eaten)g#”Ì_ÍD#X€FµAà €€€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿhayamos comido(we have eaten)k'øÌÊÍD#X€NµAà €€€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿhayáis comido(you all have eaten)g#_Í1ÎD#X€FµAà €€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿhayan comido(they have eaten)²‹ÊÍãÎ' €€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is a compound tense formed by the imperfect subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.m)1ÎPÏD#X€R>Aù €€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿhubiera/hubiese comido(I had eaten)q-ãÎÁÏD#X€Z>Aù €€€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿhubieras/hubieses comido(you had eaten)t0PÏAD#X€`>Aù €€€€‚ÿ€4€ÁÏAè‚ÿÿÿhubiera/hubiese comido(she had have eaten)t0ÁϵD#X€`>Aù €€€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿhubiéramos/hubiésemos comido(we had eaten)s/A(D#X€^>Aù €€€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿhubierais/hubieseis comido(you had eaten)r.µšD#X€\>Aù €€€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿhubieran/hubiesen comido(they had eaten)((Â% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿ9šû1X‹û+ Commands0 Â+% €€Œ˜€‚ÿCommands ºû4O l€u€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿFamiliar COMMANDS (mandatos), when positive, are expressed by means of the imperative mood. The second person singular (tú) forms are identical to the third person singular of the present tense: El niño duerme (The child is sleeping); ¡Duerme tú! (Go to sleep!). The second person plural (vosotros) forms are based on the infinitive, with a -d substituted for the final -r: ¡Dormid vosotros! (Go to sleep, all of you!).´O+èe ˜€Ÿ€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNEGATIVE familiar commands, both singular and plural, are expressed by the present subjunctive: ¡No duermas tú! (Don't go to sleep!).The present subjunctive is used for FORMAL COMMANDS, both positive and negative: Duerma Ud. (Please go to sleep). It is also used for indirect commands (introduced by the conjunction que): Está cansado; que se acueste (He's tired; let him go to bed).For impersonal commands given in a general sense (directions on a bottle or an examination paper, for instance) the impersonal pronoun se is attached to the subjunctive: Agítese antes de usar (Shake before using); Escríbase en español (Write in Spanish). Hortatory commands can be expressed either with the subjunctive or with the phrase vamos a and an infinitive: Durmamos (Let's go to sleep); Vamos a dormir (Let's go to sleep)."ç4 ; D€Ï€€‚€€€€€€‚€ ‚ÿObject pronouns are attached to affirmative commands, but they precede negative and indirect commands: Tráigamelo Ud. (Bring it to me); No me lo traiga Ud. (Don't bring it to me); Que lo traiga Juan (Let John bring it).U$è_ 1º€_ « >@Passive and Impersonal ConstructionsL' « % €N€Œ˜€‚ÿPassive and Impersonal ConstructionsÄ™_ o + $€3€€‚€€‚ÿIn the PASSIVE VOICE (voz pasiva), the subject is acted upon by an outside agent. When the agent is specified, the passive voice is expressed by: h6« × 2 4€l€Ö€‚€€€€‚‚ÿSUBJECT + ser + past participle + por + AGENT*èo  B R€Ñ€€‚€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿfor example: Esta carta fue escrita por un amigo mío (This letter was written by a friend of mine). Since the past participle acts as an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with the subject. If the passive subject is a thing and the agent is not mentioned, then a PASSIVE REFLEXIVE (pasiva reflexiva) construction is used, with the reflexive pronoun se preceding the verb and the passive subject following it: Aquí se venden cigarrillos (Cigarettes are sold here). ¼× @O l€y€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿSe is also used to form IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS, with se used as an indefinite subject pronoun similar to the English one or the impersonal you and they. This construction is often difficult-- if not impossible-- to distinguish from the passive reflexive (textbooks differ in their classification of common phrases like Se habla español (Spanish is spoken / One speaks Spanish). There are two main criteria to be met: the verb must be in the singular, since se is singular when used as a subject pronoun, and se should be easily translated as one or you: ¿Cómo se va al teatro? (How does one get to the theater?); ¿Cómo se dice eso en español? (How do you say that in  @ Spanish?).& >@# €€€‚ÿS"@‘@1ø ‹ˆ‘@Û@¢MParticiples and Progressive TensesJ%>@Û@% €J€Œ˜€‚ÿParticiples and Progressive TensesLù‘@'BS t€ó€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe PRESENT PARTICIPLE (gerundio) is formed by adding the suffix -ando to the stem of first conjugation (-AR) verbs and -iendo to the stem of second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugation verbs (or -yendo if the stem ends in a vowel).‡,Û@®B[#†€X€A¥  €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿhabl-ar(to talk)hablando (talking)„)'B2C[#†€R€A¥  €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿcom-er(to eat)comiendo (eating)…*®B·C[#†€T€A¥  €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿÿÿviv-ir(to live)viviendo (living)%2CÜC" €€€ÿ Œ.·ChD^#Œ€\€A¥  "€€€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿ le-er(to read)leyendo (reading)(ÜCD% €€0ÖÖ€‚ÿ‰/hDGZ ‚€_€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe present participle is used with the verb estar to form the PROGRESSIVE TENSES (tiempos progresivos), which express an ongoing action: Estoy estudiando español (I am studying Spanish); Estabas leyendo el periódico (You were reading the newspaper). The same construction is used with seguir and continuar: Sigue llorando (She keeps on crying); Continuan estudiando (They continue studying). The present participle is also used with the verb ir to express an action which is gradual or incremental: Va mejorando (It is getting better).&D?G# €€€‚ÿ…RGÄG3 6€¤€Ö€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: The progressive construction is never used for estar, venir and ir.Æ?GÛHQ p€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe PAST PARTICIPLE (participio pasivo) is formed by adding the suffix -ado to the stem of -AR verbs, -ido to the stem of -ER and -IR verbs (or -ído if the stem ends in a vowel).†+ÄGaI[#†€V‰8² Í €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿcerr-ar(to close)cerrado (closed)ƒ(ÛHäI[#†€P‰8² Í €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿperd-er(to lose)perdido (lost)Œ1aIpJ[#†€b‰8² Í €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€€€‚ÿÿÿrecib-ir(to receive)recibido (received)&äIñJ[#†€L‰8² Í €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€€€‚ÿÿÿca-er(to fall)caído (fallen)‹9pJ|MR r€s€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚ÿWhen used with the auxiliary verb haber to form compound tenses, the past participle has an invariable ending: Hemos cerrado la tienda (We have closed the store); Habrá perdido las llaves (He will have lost the keys); Habías recibido una carta (You had received a letter); Entraron después de que hubo caído (They entered after she had fallen down). When used adjectivally, however, past participles agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: La tienda está cerrada (The store is closed); Las llaves están perdidas (The keys are lost).&ñJ¢M# €€€‚ÿ< |MÞM1½€« ÞMN¨†Infinitives3¢MN% €€Œ˜€‚ÿInfinitivesÈÞM$€? L€‘€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿThe INFINITIVE (infinitivo) is a verb form that is not limited by person or number; to be is an English infinitive. Spanish/English dictionaries always identify a verb by its infinitive.A COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE completes the meaning of a preceding conjugated verb: No puedo hablar de eso (I can't talk about that); Quiero comer en un restaurante (I want to eat in a restaurant); Ella piensa vivir con ellos (She intenN$€¢Mds to live with them).í NƒM h€A€€‚€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿAfter a preposition, the infinitive form of a verb must always be used: Prefiero leer antes de dormir (I prefer to read before going to sleep).A common temporal expression consists of the contraction al (literally, "at the", but translate "upon") together with an infinitive: Al despertar, me di cuenta de lo que había hecho (Upon awakening, I realized what I had done).Infinitives can be used as VERBAL NOUNS (nombres verbales). When used that way, they are considered to be masculine singular, and may be preceded by the definite article el: El escribir bien es un arte (Writing well is an art); Trabajar es lo que importa (Working is what matters).&$€7ƒ# €€€‚ÿÚƒF…5 8€µ€0ÖÖ€€€€€€‚ÿNOTE: Confusion arises for English-speaking students from the fact that verbal nouns in English have the same form as present participles. In the sentence "Singing is fun", for example, the word "singing" is a verbal noun; but it is a present participle in the sentence "I am singing" (present progressive tense). In Spanish, the first example would use an infinitive (El cantar es agradable), while the second one would use a present participle (Estoy cantando). b.7ƒ¨†4 6€]€0ÖÖ€‚€€€€‚‚ÿThis confusion is compounded by the fact that English verbal nouns are called gerunds and Spanish present participles are called gerundios. It is advisable, perhaps, to avoid using the terms gerund and gerundio altogether; verbal noun and present participle are unmistakable in their meaning.DF…ì†1ºˆ”„ ì†(‡ÿÊStem-Changing Verbs<¨†(‡% €.€Œ˜€‚ÿStem-Changing Verbs ñ“솉^ Š€'€€‚€‚‚‚€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚ÿMany verbs in Spanish change the spelling of their stems in certain conjugated forms. These verbs can be divided into three major groups:GROUP 1 Verbs in -AR or -ER that change the stem vowel from E to IE or from O to UE in the indicative and subjunctive moods of the present tense, except in the plurals of the first and second persons ("we" and "you all").Pensar (to think)_(‡x‰A#R€<¤8 €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿINDICATIVESUBJUNCTIVE h‰à‰J#d€<¤8 €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpiensopiense (I think)l"x‰LŠJ#d€D¤8 €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpiensaspienses (you think)k!à‰·ŠJ#d€B¤8 €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpiensapiense (she thinks)n$LŠ%‹J#d€H¤8 €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpensamospensemos (we think)p&·Š•‹J#d€L¤8 €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpensáispenséis (you all think)m#%‹ŒJ#d€F¤8 €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpiensanpiensen (they think)+•‹-Œ( €€0ÖÖ‚A€‚ÿ?ŒlŒ) "€,€‚A€€‚ÿVolver (to return)[-ŒÇŒA#R€4¤8' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿINDICATIVESUBJUNCTIVEl"lŒ3J#d€D¤8' €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvuelvovuelva (I return)o%ÇŒ¢J#d€J¤8' €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvuelvesvuelvas (you return)m#3ŽJ#d€F¤8' €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvuelvevuelva (she returns)o%¢~ŽJ#d€J¤8' €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvolvemosvolvamos (we return)s)ŽñŽJ#d€R¤8' €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvolvéisvolváis (you all return)p&~ŽaJ#d€L¤8' €€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvuelvenvuelvan (they return)@ñŽúÀM h€€€‚‚€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿGROUP 2 Verbs in -IR with the same changes as above, and an additional chaaúÀ¨†nge of E to I or O to U in the third person of the preterite tense, in the first and second person plural forms of the present subjunctive, and in the entire imperfect subjunctive conjugation as well as the present participle.>a8Á) "€*€‚A€€‚ÿSentir, (to feel)¦MúÀÞÁY#‚€šê89 €€ÿ€€‚A€‚ÿ"€.€‚A€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Indicative:siento, sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten J8Á~ÂV#|€”ë88 €€‚Aÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿPreterite:sentí, sentiste, sintió, sentimos, sentisteis, sintieron‘MÞÁÃD#X€šë88 €€€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Subjunctive:sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan¥^~´ÃG#^€¼ë88 €€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿImperfect Subjunctive:sintiera, sintieras, sintiera, sintiéramos, sintierais, sintieranj#ÃÄG#^€Fë88 €€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Participle:sintiendoE´ÃcÄ- *€0€‚A€‚€€‚ÿDormir, (to sleep)KÄòÄD#X€–þ8% €€€‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Indicativeduermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen ŒHcÄ~ÅD#X€þ8% €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿPreterite:dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron”MòÄÆG#^€šþ8% €€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Subjunctive:duerma, duermas, duerma durmamos, durmáis, duermanŽG~Å ÆG#^€Žþ8% €€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿImperfect Subjunctive:durmiera, durmieras, durmiera, durmiéramoscÆÇG#^€8þ8% €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿdurmierais, durmieranj# ÆmÇG#^€Fþ8% €€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Participle:durmiendo*Ç—Ç' €€Ö‚A€‚ÿ›TmÇ2ÈG ^€¨€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿGROUP 3 Verbs in -IR which only change E to I.Pedir (to request)‰B—Ç»ÈG#^€„þ8% €€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Indicative:pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden†B2ÈAÉD#X€„þ8% €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿÿÿPreterite:pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron‹D»ÈÌÉG#^€ˆþ8% €€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Subjunctive:pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidanŸXAÉkÊG#^€°þ8% €€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿImperfect Subjunctive:pidiera, pidieras, pidiera, pidiéramos, pidierais, pidierani"ÌÉÔÊG#^€Dþ8% €€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿPresent Participle:pidiendo+kÊÿÊ( €€0ÖÖ‚A€ ‚ÿNÔÊMË1:« † !ÿÿÿÿMË9Í"Ir A" (Periphrastic Future)CÿÊË% €<€Œ˜€‚ÿIr A (Periphrastic Future)©eMË9ÍD V€Ë€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe future tense may be expressed periphrastically (that is, in a roundabout way) by using the construction ir a followed by an infinitive. This periphrastic future construction can also be used with reference to the past, by conjugating ir in the imperfect tense: Voy a cantar (I am going to sing); Iban a bailar (They were about to dance).BË{Í1씄  "ÿÿÿÿ{Í4"Ser" and "Estar"59Í°Í% € €Œ˜€‚ÿSer and EstarMî{Í _ Œ€Ý€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿSer and estar both mean to be. Ser is used to express WHAT something is, while estar expresses WHERE or HOW it is: Nosotros éramos buenos amigos (We were good friends); Miguel está en la oficina (Michael is in the office); Pablo está enfermo (Paul is sick). Estar is also used with the present participle to form the progressive tenses, present and past. Examples: Juan está estudiando (John is studying); Ellos estaban bailando el tango (They were dancing the Tango).°Í 9Í(°Í4$ €€€‚‚ÿA u1† ' #ÿÿÿÿuO"Tú" and "Usted"44©% €€Œ˜€‚ÿTú and Usted€u)o ¬€#€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿTú (the plural vosotros/as is used exclusively in Spain) is the second person pronoun (English "you"). It is used for the familiar form of address when speaking to family members, close friends, children and pet animals: ¿Te sientes bien? (Do you feel okay?).The polite form of the second person pronoun is usted (plural ustedes for both masculine and feminine). It derives from the phrase Vuestra Merced (Your Grace), and is therefore abbreviated either Vd. or Ud. (plural Vds. or Uds.). Although it indicates the second person mode of address, usted is conjugated with third person verb forms (English "he/she/it"). This lends a respectful sense of distance to the conversation: ¿Sigue Ud. estudiando el español? (Do you continue studying Spanish?).&©O# €€€‚ÿ8)‡1Ž  o $‡¶Numbers/ O¶% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNumbersÞ¥‡”9 @€K€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThere are two kinds of NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES (adjetivos numerales): cardinal and ordinal. CARDINAL NUMBERS (cardinales) are the numbers used for counting:?¶©Ö z€Ö€€€‚€‚€€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€‚€€‚€€€‚€‚€€€‚€‚€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€‚€‚€€€‚ÿ0 cero1 uno/a2 dos3 tres4 cuatro5 cinco6 seis7 siete8 ocho9 nueve10 diez11 once12 doce13 trece14 catorce15 quince16 dieciséis17 diecisiete18 dieciocho19 diecinueve20 veinte 21 veintiuno/a 22 veintidós30 treinta31 treinta y uno/a j”Ç ´ 6Õ€Ö€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚‚€‚€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚‚€€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚ÿ40 cuarenta 50 cincuenta60 sesenta70 setenta80 ochenta90 noventa100 cien(to)101 ciento uno200 doscientos/as300 trescientos/as400 cuatrocientos/as500 quinientos/as600 seiscientos/as700 setecientos/as800 ochocientos/as900 novecientos/as1.000 mil1.500 mil quinientos2.000 dos mil1.000.000 un millón'©î $ €€Ö€‚ÿsÇ a Y €€5€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚ÿUno in compound numbers loses the -o before masculine nouns, whether singular or plural: treinta y un días (thirty-one days).Dates (months and years) are cardinal numbers in Spanish, except for the first of the month: El 9 (nueve) de marzo de 1995 (mil novecientos noventa y cinco) (the ninth of October, 1995); BUT Hoy es el primero de octubre (Today is October first).Note that Spanish reverses the English usage of commas and periods in numbers: 1.250 kilómetros = 1,250 kilometers; 1,25 litros = 1.25 liters. †Tî ç 2 4€¨€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe ORDINAL NUMBERS (ordinales) are used to establish a relative position:ZÞa A| Æ€½€0ÖÖ€‚€‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚‚ÿprimer(o)/a (first)segundo/a (second)tercer(o)/a (third)cuarto/a(fourth)quinto/a (fifth)sexto/a (sixth)séptimo/a (seventh)octavo/a (eighth)noveno/a (ninth)décimo/a (tenth)Ò¡ç 1 0€C€€‚€€€€‚ÿAfter ten, cardinal numbers are generally used to indicate the ordinals: Alfonso Trece (Alfonso the Thirteenth); el siglo veinte (the twentieth century).= AP1¶ ' Ä %ÿÿÿÿPJHPrepositions4„% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPrepositions:PÊ@, &€€€ € € ‚‚‚ÿPREPOSITIONS (preposiciones) are the connecting words that show the relations„Ê@hips between words in the sentence. Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun clauses can be the complement of the prepositions:Simple prepositions in Spanish include the following:Q „AD#X€#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿÿÿato, atQ Ê@lAD#X€#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿÿÿconwith[AÇAG#^€(#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿcontraagainstYlA BG#^€$#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€ € ‚ÿÿÿde of, from^ÇA~BG#^€.#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿdesdefrom, since[ BÙBG#^€(#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿduranteduringS~B,CD#X€#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€ ‚ÿÿÿen in, onZÙB†CG#^€&#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿentrebetweenY,CßCG#^€$#Ê €€€ € ‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿÿÿhaciatowardX†C7DG#^€"#Ê €€€ € ‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿÿÿhastauntilbßC™DG#^€6#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿparafor, in order toX7DñDG#^€"#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€ €€ € ‚ÿÿÿporfor, byY™DJEG#^€$#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿsin withoutWñD¡EG#^€ #Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ € ‚ÿÿÿsobreoverSJEôED#X€#Ê €€€ ‚ÿ€€€ ‚ÿÿÿtrasafter&¡EF# €€€ ‚ÿz3ôE”FG#^€f!ó "€€€ € € ‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿVamos a Barcelona.We are going to Barcelona.FFÚFA#R€ !ó €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ:”F[GG#^€t!ó "€€€ € € ‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿViene con su hermano.She's coming with her brother.FÚF¡GA#R€ !ó €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ…;[G&HJ#d€v!ó "€€€ € € ‚ÿ€>€€‚ÿÿÿQuiero gasolina sin plomo.I want unleaded gasoline.$¡GJH" €€€ÿ= &H‡H1õo ä‚ &ÿÿÿÿ‡H?KConjunctions4JH»H% €€Œ˜€‚ÿConjunctionsvK‡H1I+ &€–€R¤€ € € ‚ÿCONJUNCTIONS (conjunciones) join words, phrases and clauses together. ²}»HãI5 :€ú€¤€€€‚€ƒ‚€ƒ‚‚ÿThe most commonly used conjunction in Spanish is y (and).con su espada y con su pluma(with his sword and his pen)G$1I*J# €H€€‚ÿOther commonly used conjunctions:M ãIwJD#X€OS› €€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿoorO *JÆJD#X€OS› €€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿninorQ wJKD#X€OS› €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿperobut(ÆJ?K$ €€€‚‚ÿ> K}K1yÄ #„ 'ÿÿÿÿ}K¸MInterjections5?K²K% € €Œ˜€‚ÿInterjections!õ}KÓL, &€ë€¤€ € € ‚‚ÿAn INTERJECTION (interjección) is a word or expression often given emotive value in the stream of speech. Interjections are rarely used in formal or business writing. In print interjection is usually followed by exclamation mark or a coma:X²K+MD#X€(›S] €€€ € ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¡ay!oh!, ouch!g#ÓL’MD#X€F›S] €€€ € ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¡por Dios!for goodness sakes!&+M¸M# €€€‚ÿ: ’MòM1‹ä‚ î (ÿÿÿÿòM0ƒSentences1 ¸M#N% €€Œ˜€‚ÿSentences˜uòM»N# €ê€€‚ÿA sentence consists of the subject (the topic of the sentence) and the predicate (what is said about the subject).iC#N$O& €†€@‘€€‚‚ÿYo compro suéteres en el Rastro.(I buy sweaters in the Rastro.)'»NKO$ €€@È€‚ÿØ$O^€/ ,€±€€€€€‚‚‚ÿYo (I) is the subject of the sentence and compro suéteres (buy sweaters) is the predicate.The most common forms of subject are nKO^€¸Mouns and pronouns Noun phrase and noun clause may be the subject of a sentence:7KO•7 <€€@°€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿLos niños en la escuela reciclan las latas. (noun phrase)(The children in the school recycle the cans.)Los toros de Pamplona y los muchachos de Pamplona corren rapidamente. (noun clauses)(The bulls of Pamplone and the boys of Pamplona run fast.)(^€½% €€R˜€‚ÿ p•]‚0 0€à€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe most common form of predicate is one consisting of the verb of action and direct or indirect object:f;½Â+ &€v€@°€€€‚‚ÿLa niña ve el elefante. (The girl sees the elephant.)m@]‚0ƒ- *€€€€€€€‚‚ÿElefante is a direct object of the present tense verb ve.> Ânƒ1ø#„ S )nƒ¥ƒl„Grammar Pages70ƒ¥ƒ' € €¸˜B˜€‚ÿGrammar Pages6 nƒÛƒ+ &€€¸˜ãÃt÷¶€‰‚ÿNumber‘J¥ƒl„G ^€”€˜ã+† V€‰‚ã‹—4뉂ã̶²8‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ÿPersonGender1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation7Ûƒ£„1; î Þ *£„Ó„ÝNumber0 l„Ó„' €€¸˜B˜€‚ÿNumbern=£„A…1 2€z€¸˜€€€€€‚ÿThere are two numbers in Spanish: singular and plural.\8Ó„…$ €p€˜€‚ÿMost nouns in Spanish have singular and plural forms:j:A…†0 0€t€RÈ€‚€€€‚ÿla familia, las familias (the family, the families)U…\†= J€0€R˜€‚€€ãOÀ€‰€‚€‚ÿSee Plurals T0†°†$ €`€˜€‚ÿPronouns also have singular and plural forms:)\†Ù†& €€R˜€‚ÿ§r°†€‡5#:€ä·/ €€€‚€‚ÿÿÿel mío, la mía (mine [singular, masculine, feminine])los míos, las mías (mine [plural, masculine, feminine]) 7 Ù†·‡- *€€R˜€‚€€‚ÿSee ꆀ‡¡ˆd –€ €RÈãfƒÊ€‰€‚ãEÎŒ€‰€‚ã/*þþ€‰€‚ãŽGž€‰€‚ã¼J€‰€‚ÿPossessives DemonstrativesSubject and Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Prepositional Pronouns -·‡Έ* $€€RÈ„´!€‚ÿqK¡ˆ?‰& €–€R˜€‚ÿAdjectives and articles agree with nouns in number (and also in gender)..Έm‰+ &€€ R†:å퀂ÿe ?‰Ò‰E#Z€@Ìe· €€ R€‚ÿ€"€ R‚ÿÿÿel perro viejo(the old dog)f!m‰8ŠE#Z€BÌe· €€ R€‚ÿ€ € R‚ÿÿÿla chica alta(the tall girl)2Ò‰jŠ* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee `8ŠÊŠA R€>€RÈ‚Æãú³ŽÕ€‰€€‚ã)^R/€‰€‚ÿAdjectives ArticlesœujŠf‹' €ê€R˜€‚‚ÿVerbs and different verbal forms (present and past participles) agree with the subject of the sentence in number:wOÊŠÝ‹( €ž€RÈ€‚‚‚ÿ(Nosotros) estamos llevando zapatos marrones.(We are wearing brown shoes.)¿‚f‹œŒ= H€€R˜€‚€€€€€€€‚ÿEstamos is 1st person plural, present tense of the verb estar, and agrees in number with the personal pronoun nosotros.2Ý‹ÎŒ* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee Z+œŒ(/ .€V€RÈã´þR €‰€‚ÿVerb Conjugations: Person and NumberŒQÎŒ´; F€¢€Èã-Ò=þ€‰€‚ã'ºç€‰€‚ÿPassive and Impersonal ConstructionsParticiples and Progressive Tenses)(Ý& €€R˜€‚ÿ7´Ž1nS ª +ŽDŽ}ÄPerson0 ÝDŽ' €€¸˜B˜€‚ÿPerson¸hŽ ÀP n€Ñ€¸€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿGrammatical person indicates the relationship of speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group (yo, nosotros/as). Second person refers to whomever is being spoken to (tú, vosotros/as, usted, ustedes). Third person refers to the entity being spoken about (él, ella, ellos, ellas).SeeDŽ ÀÝ­bDŽ¹ÀK f€Ä€RÈ‚lã/*þþ€‰€‚ãŽGž€‰€‚ã¼J€‰€‚ÿSubject and Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Prepositional Pronouns ( ÀáÀ% €€R˜€‚ÿƒ\¹ÀdÁ' €¸€R˜€‚‚ÿVerbs are inflected (receive different endings) to agree with the person of the subject:láÀÐÁU#z€.±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿhablar (to talk)ƒ"dÁSÂa#’€D±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿ1st personhablohablamosƒ"ÐÁÖÂa#’€D±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿÿÿ2nd personhablashabláis SÂWÃa#’€@±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€,€€€‚ÿÿÿ3rd personhablahablan2Ö‰Ã* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee Z+WÃãÃ/ .€V€R˜ã´þR €‰€‚ÿVerb Conjugations: Person and Numberq8‰ÃTÄ9 B€p€˜ã̶²8€‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ÿ1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation)ãÃ}Ä& €€R˜€‚ÿ7TÄ´Ä1ñÞ 8… ,´ÄäĤÊGender0 }ÄäÄ' €€¸˜B˜€‚ÿGenderq@´ÄUÅ1 2€€€¸˜€€€€€‚ÿThere are two genders in Spanish: masculine and feminine._:äÄ´Å% €t€˜€‚‚ÿAll nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine.g<UÅÇ+ $€y€˜„´!€‚‚ÿAlthough there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word.Z´ÅuÇC#V€.­Aè €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿla chica(the girl)ZÇÏÇC#V€.­Aè €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿel hombre(the man)2uÇÈ+ &€€R˜„´!€‚‚ÿSeeMÏÇNÈ3 6€4€RÈ„´!ã2wr€‰€‚ÿGender and Agreement?ÈÉ. *€#€R˜„´!€‚‚‚‚ÿKnowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, participles, and pronouns. They agree in the gender and in the number with the noun.SeeœHNÈ)ÊT x€€Ȉl´üEãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ã)^R/€‰€€‚ã'ºç€‰€€‚ÿAdjectivesArticles Participles and Progressive Tenses S$É|Ê/ .€H€RÈã/*þþ€‰€‚ÿSubject and Object Pronouns ()ʤÊ% €€RÈ€‚ÿ@|ÊäÊ1I)ª  -äÊË8„1st Conjugation9¤ÊË' €$€¸˜B˜€‚ÿ1st Conjugation)äÊFË& €€¸R˜€‚ÿx,˾ËL#h€XW“ €€R€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePresent ParticiplehFË&ÌI#b€>W“ €€R€‚ÿ€&€R€€‚ÿÿÿhablar (to talk)hablando_¾Ë…ÌI#b€,W“ €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿPast ParticipleS &ÌØÌF#\€W“ €€R€‚ÿ€€R€‚ÿÿÿhablado)…ÌÍ& €€R˜€‚ÿ¢#ØÌ£Í#΀FÍ 0 €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ"€€XR~„€€‚ÿ€€XR~„ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿÿÿPresentPresent Perfect§ÍJΈ#à€>Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €@‚€€‚ÿ€€@‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿÿÿyohablohe hablado¶"£ÍÏ”#ø€DÍ ˆ €€ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€€@‚€€‚ÿ€"€@‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿtúhablashas habladoº&Jκϔ#ø€LÍ ˆ €€ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€@‚€€‚ÿ€,€@‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿél, ellahablaha habladoÃ/ω”#ø€^Í ˆ €€ÿ€€R€‚ºÏ‰¤Êÿ€€Rÿ€ €@‚€€‚ÿ€8€@‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ashablamoshemos habladoÃ/ºÏL”#ø€^Í ˆ €€ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€ €@‚€€‚ÿ€6€@‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€J€€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ashabláishabéis habladoÀ,‰ ”#ø€XÍ ˆ €€ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€ €@‚€€‚ÿ€6€@‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€D€€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellashablan han hablado(L4% €€R˜€‚ÿ¢/ Ös#¶€^… Í 0 €€R€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€$€R€€‚ÿÿÿImperfectPluperfect (Past Perfect)È)4žŸ#R… Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿ€:€ÿ€<€R€€‚ÿÿÿyoyohablabahabíahabladoÊ+ÖhŸ#V… Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿ€>€ÿ€@€R€€‚ÿÿÿtútúhablabashabíashabladoÔ5ž<Ÿ#j… Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€*€Rÿ€,€€€‚ÿ€B€€‚ÿ€R€ÿ€T€R€€‚ÿÿÿél, ellaél, ellahablabahabíahabladoàAhŸ#‚… Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€6€Rÿ€8€€€‚ÿ€T€€‚ÿ€j€ÿ€l€R€€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/asnosotros/ashablábamoshabíamoshabladoÞ?<úŸ#~… Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€6€Rÿ€8€€€‚ÿ€R€€‚ÿ€f€ÿ€h€R€€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/asvosotros/ashablabaishabíaishabladoÜ=ÖŸ#z… Í ˆ €€R€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€6€Rÿ€8€€€‚ÿ€P€€‚ÿ€b€ÿ€d€R€€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellasellos,elloshablabanhabíanhablado(úþ% €€R˜€‚ÿ–2Ö”d#˜€dÍ f €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ$€€R€€€‚ÿÿÿFutureFuture Perfect (Future Anterior)ª#þ> ‡#Þ€FÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€0€ÿ€2€R€‚ÿÿÿyohablaréhabréhablado¬%”ê ‡#Þ€JÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€4€ÿ€6€R€‚ÿÿÿtúhablaráshabráshablado°)> š ‡#Þ€RÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€R€‚ÿÿÿél, ellahablaráhabráhablado¹2ê S ‡#Þ€dÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€N€ÿ€P€R€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ashablaremoshabremoshablado·0š  ‡#Þ€`Í ˆ Ó €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€J€ÿ€L€R€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ashablaréishabréishabladoµ.S ¿ ‡#Þ€\Í ˆ Ó €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€F€ÿ€H€R€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellashablaránhabránhablado( ç % €€R˜€‚ÿ–5¿ } a#’€jÍ o €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿÿÿPreteritePreterite Perfect (Past Anterior)¨!ç %‡#Þ€BÍ ‰ Û €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€ÿ€.€R€‚ÿÿÿyohabléhube hablado­&} Ò‡#Þ€LÍ ‰ Û €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€6€ÿ€8€R€‚ÿÿÿtúhablastehubistehablado­&%‡#Þ€LÍ ‰ Û €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€6€ÿ€8€R€‚ÿÿÿél, ellahablóhubohablado¶/ÒA@‡#Þ€^Í ‰ Û €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€H€ÿ€J€R€A@¤Ê‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ashablamoshubimoshabladoº3û@‡#Þ€fÍ ‰ Û €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€P€ÿ€R€R€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ashablasteishubisteishablado·0A@²A‡#Þ€`Í ‰ Û €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€J€ÿ€L€R€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellashablaronhubieronhablado(û@ÚA% €€R˜€‚ÿŽ6²AhBX#€€lñ “ €€R€‚ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€2€R‚ÿÿÿPresent SubjunctivePresent Perfect Subjunctive§ ÚAC‡#Þ€@ñ |  €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€ÿ€,€R€‚ÿÿÿyohablehayahablado©"hB¸C‡#Þ€Dñ |  €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€ÿ€0€R€‚ÿÿÿtúhableshayashablado­&CeD‡#Þ€Lñ |  €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€6€ÿ€8€R€‚ÿÿÿél, ellahablehayahablado¶/¸CE‡#Þ€^ñ |  €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€H€ÿ€J€R€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ashablemoshayamoshablado´-eDÏE‡#Þ€Zñ |  €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€D€ÿ€F€R€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ashabléishayáishablado²+EF‡#Þ€Vñ |  €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€@€ÿ€B€R€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellashablenhayanhablado)ÏEªF& €€R˜€‚ÿ5F7GX#€€jn U €€R€‚ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€6€R‚ÿÿÿImperfect SubjunctivePast Perfect SubjunctiveÛ;ªFH #vŽ Õ é a €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€<€Rÿ€>€‚ÿ€`€ÿ€b€R€‚ÿÿÿyohablaseor hablarahubiera/hubiesehabladoß?7GñH #~Ž Õ é a €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€"€R€€‚ÿ€@€Rÿ€B€‚ÿ€h€ÿ€j€R€‚ÿÿÿtúhablasesor hablarashubieras/hubieseshabladoáAHÒI #‚Ž Õ é a €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿ€H€Rÿ€J€‚ÿ€l€ÿ€n€R€‚ÿÿÿél, ellahablaseor hablarahubiera/hubiesehabladoðPñHÂJ # Ž Õ é a €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€8€R€€‚ÿ€Z€Rÿ€\€‚ÿ€Š€ÿ€Œ€R€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ashablásemosor habláramoshubiéramos/hubiésemoshabladoìLÒI®K #˜Ž Õ é a €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€6€R€€‚ÿ€V€Rÿ€X€‚ÿ€‚€ÿ€„€R€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ashablaseisor hablaraishubierais/hubieseishabladoèHÂJ–L #Ž Õ é a €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€4€R€€‚ÿ€R€Rÿ€T€‚ÿ€z€ÿ€|€R€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellashablasenor hablaranhubieran/hubiesenhablado)®K¿L& €€R˜€‚ÿ†.–LEMX#€€\ˆè K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€‚ÿ€2€R‚ÿÿÿPresent ConditionalConditional Perfect­%¿LòMˆ#à€Jˆè — © €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€$€ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€6€R€‚ÿÿÿyohablaríahabríahablado¯'EM¡Nˆ#à€Nˆè — © €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€&€ÿ€(€R‚ÿ€:€R€‚ÿÿÿtúhablaríashabríashablado³+òMTOˆ#à€Vˆè — © €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€0€ÿ€2€R‚ÿ€B€R€‚ÿÿÿél, ellahablaríahabríahablado¼4¡N€ˆ#à€hˆè — © €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€R‚ÿ€T€R€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ashablaríamoshabríTO€¤Êamoshabladoº2TOÖ€ˆ#à€dˆè — © €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€:€ÿ€<€R‚ÿ€P€R€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ashablaríaishabríaishablado¸0€Žˆ#à€`ˆè — © €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€8€ÿ€:€R‚ÿ€L€R€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellashablaríanhabríanhablado)Ö€·& €€R˜€‚ÿRŽ ‚C#V€Š €€R€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿImperativeg·p‚L#h€6Š €€R€‚ÿ$€ €R€€€‚ÿÿÿtúhabla / no hablesj ‚Ú‚L#h€<Š €€R€‚ÿ$€€R€€€‚ÿÿÿformalhable / no hable\p‚6ƒF#\€,Š €€R€‚ÿ€€R€‚ÿÿÿnosotroshablemoso#Ú‚¥ƒL#h€FŠ €€R€‚ÿ$€€R€€€‚ÿÿÿvosotroshablad / no habléisj6ƒ„L#h€<Š €€R€‚ÿ$€€R€€€‚ÿÿÿformalhablen/no hablen)¥ƒ8„& €€R˜€‚ÿ@„x„1*)8… «.x„±„¿ 2nd Conjugation98„±„' €$€¸˜B˜€‚ÿ2nd Conjugation)x„Ú„& €€¸R˜€‚ÿx,±„R…L#h€X{o €€R€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePresent ParticiplefÚ„¸…I#b€:{o €€R€‚ÿ€"€R€€‚ÿÿÿcomer (to eat)comiendo_R…†I#b€,{o €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿPast ParticipleV ¸…m†I#b€{o €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿcomido)†–†& €€¸R˜€‚ÿ‚!m†‡a#’€Bï 2 €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresentPresent Perfect¨–†À‡Š#ä€<ï ‘ – €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€ÿ€(€R€€‚ÿÿÿyocomohe comidoª ‡jˆŠ#ä€@ï ‘ – €€R€‚ÿ€ €Rÿ€ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿtúcomeshas comido®$À‡‰Š#ä€Hï ‘ – €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€2€ÿ€4€R€€‚ÿÿÿél, ellacomeha comido·-jˆωŠ#ä€Zï ‘ – €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€D€ÿ€F€R€€‚ÿÿÿnosotros/ascomemoshemos comido·-‰†ŠŠ#ä€Zï ‘ – €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿ€D€ÿ€F€R€€‚ÿÿÿvosotros/ascoméishabéis comido³)ω9‹Š#ä€Rï ‘ – €€R€‚ÿ€€Rÿ€€€‚ÿ€.€€‚ÿ€<€ÿ€>€R€€‚ÿÿÿellos,ellascomenhan comido(†Ša‹% €€R˜€‚ÿŽ-9‹ï‹a#’€Zï 2 €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€ 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