?_a˙˙˙˙‚OQHl<áQ5Spanish Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4˙˙ ‚ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXTJ2|CTXOMAPk|FONT3ű|KWBTREEě!|KWDATA!|KWMAPŰ!|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREE*|bm0yJž=3($Iv§ÖŮ-Ns Ëô÷,f¤ä3~ĹČöBr)c Bo)[‹šźËä˙5RTTW N¤ŻC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc11#C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc11ű˘Żpa ˆč K MT1_Wide Latin2aMatura MT Script Ca3LPlaybill4UMS LineDraw5-#shelM UJ˙˙ĐŠŻČ˙˙˙˙|ŸŻ-#okshşÂD˙˙ţŠŻÚ˙˙˙˙ŞŸŻ CyriC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc11˙˙˙˙؟Ż VWPˆ… ˛ ń Ž WP BoxDrawing=VWP IconicSymbolsB>VWP Greek Helve?VWP MathExtendedA@_WP CyrillicAAVWP JapaneseBVWP MathBCVWP IconicSymbolsADVŮę*G}˝Ż0ŕ.0°Ÿ˙˙>pŸŁöšö˙˙˙˙ 9˙˙˙˙E1…˙˙˙˙iEuÉContents0 u% €€Œ˜€‚˙ContentsCE†Î j‡€€‚‚㥧9’€‰€‚ă)^R/€‰€‚ă2wr€‰€‚ăOŔ€‰€‚ăŐŠş€‰€‚ăúłŽŐ€‰€‚ăĽfź€‰€‚ăM?ŹŇ€‰€‚ăfƒĘ€‰€‚ăEΌ€‰€‚ă/*ţţ€‰€‚ăŽGž€‰€‚ăźJ€‰€‚˙The following Help Topics are available: Alphabet and Pronunciation Articles Gender and Agreement Plurals Contractions AdjectivesAdverbsComparisonPossessives DemonstrativesSubject and Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Prepositional Pronouns NuÉ `€ă`XĽ€‰€‚ă˝ä›€‰€‚ăyęe$€‰€‚ăöÍߣ€‰€‚ăř­(đ€‰€‚ăνހ‰€‚ă´ţR €‰€‚ănž€‰€‚ăi"{€‰€‚ăëä~€‰€‚ăbűčY€‰€‚ă\‰€‰€‚ă:_W‘€‰€‚˙Dative of Interest Relative Pronouns Interrogatives and Exclamations Negatives Personal A Verb Conjugations: Tense and Mood Verb Conjugations: Person and Number Present Tense Future Tense Imperfect Tense Preterite Tense Compound (Perfect) Tenses Conditional Mood :†­Ö zu€ă„×q€‰€‚ăü!ż€‰€‚ă-Ň=ţ€‰€‚ă'şç€‰€‚ăěלŤ€‰€‚ă01,¤€‰€‚㎣t’€‰€‚ăŰр‰€‚ăŢbH~€‰€‚ă>řŽq€‰€‚ă§óľ˙€‰€‚ă…O‰€‰€‚ă4™€‰€‚ăŕFîo€‰€‚˙Subjunctive Mood Commands Passive and Impersonal Constructions Participles and Progressive Tenses Infinitives Stem-Changing Verbs Ir A (Periphrastic Future) Ser and Estar Tú and Usted Numbers Prepositions ConjunctionsInterjectionsSentencesEň0 0€*€ăL“ƒ€‰€‚€‚˙Grammar Pagesąz­Ł7 >€ö€¤„H~€‚€†"€€‚˙For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&ňÉ# €€€‚˙KŁ1{ýƒVĆJAlphabet and PronunciationBÉV% €:€Œ˜€‚˙Alphabet and PronunciationPŚA#R€9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙aas in ah!0îVÖ B#R€Ý9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ba cross between the B in bed and the V in very (but pronounced by touching both lips together instead of touching the bottom lip to the top teeth) -- more like B when at the beginning of a word, more like V when between vowel soundsy8ŚO A#R€p9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙cas in cat before a consonant or the vowels A, O, Ur1Ö Á A#R€b9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙as in city before I and E (American Spanish)}<O > A#R€x9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙like the TH in think before I and E (Castilian Spanish)SÁ ‘ A#R€$9! €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙chas in check¨g> 9 A#R€Î9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙das in dog when at the beginning of a word (but with the between the teeth instead of behind them)y8‘ ˛ A#R€p9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙like TH in this between vowel sounds or at word endk*9  A#R€T9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙eas in egg when before two consonantsc"˛ € A#R€D9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙otherwise, like the A in acheT Ô A#R€&9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙fas in featherx7€ LA#R€n9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙gas in go before a consonant or the vowels A, O, U{:Ô ÇA#R€t9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙like a hard H (between hello and ach!) before I and ETLA#R€&9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙halways silentTÇoA#R€&9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ias in machinew6 @A#R€l9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ja hard H sound, somewhere between hello and ach!o @ÉQo]@A#R€ 9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙kas in kissQ @Ž@A#R€ 9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙las in limbY]@AA#R€09! €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙lllike the Y in yesQŽ@XAA#R€ 9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙mas in makeOA§AA#R€9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙nas in nop/XABA#R€^9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙before C and G, like the ng sound in thinka §AxBA#R€@9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ńlike the ny sound in onionl+BäBA#R€V9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙oas in open when before two consonants\xB@CA#R€69! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙otherwise, as in organQäB‘CA#R€ 9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙pas in pillq0@CDA#R€`9! €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙q like the C in cut (que is pronounced KAY)Ŕ‘CÂDA#R€ţ9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙rat the beginning of a word, trilled on the tongue as in r-r-r-ring; at the middle or end, tapped once like a T or D soundQDEA#R€ 9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙sas in sings2ÂD†EA#R€d9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙before B, D, G, L, M, N or R, as in mesmerizePEÖEA#R€9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙tas in topi(†E?FA#R€P9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙uas in rule when before a consonantl+ÖEŤFA#R€V9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙like the w in wide when before a vowelm,?FGA#R€X9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙silent, after G or Q (unless written ü)›ZŤFłGA#R€´9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙va sound between the B in bed and the V in very (made by touching both lips together)h'GHA#R€N9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙xas in axe when between two vowelsp/łG‹HA#R€^9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙before a consonant, like the S in strangerq0HüHA#R€`9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙in Mexican place names, like the H in helloP‹HLIA#R€9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙yas in yesz9üHĆIA#R€r9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙alone or at the end of a word, like the I in machinel+LI2JA#R€V9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙zlike the C in city (American Spanish)n-ĆI JA#R€Z9! €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙like the TH in think (Castilian Spanish)&2JĆJ# €€€‚˙9 J˙J1ŕ id˙J/Kę„Articles0 ĆJ/K% €€Œ˜€‚˙Articles˘x˙JŃK* $€đ€€‚€€‚˙The DEFINITE ARTICLE (artículo definido) agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and has four forms:–T/KgLB T€¨€ր‚ƒ€€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€ƒ€€‚˙Masculineel (singular)los (plural)Femininela (singular)las (plural)ŮŃKM? L€ł€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚‚˙Examples: el río (the river); los refrescos (the refreshments); la guitarra (the guitar); las faltas (the mistakes).Definite articles are often used in Spanish where English would omit them, for example:ěĽgLkOG \€K€ր‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚˙1) with abstract nouns: El amor es una fuerza irresistible (Love is an irresistible force)2) with nouns used in a general sense: Prefiero los caballos (I prefer horses)3) with parts of the body and articles of clothing: Tengo el brazo roto (I have a broken arm)4) with titles, except in direct address: El seńor García está aquí (Mr. Garcia is here) BUT Buenos días, seńor García (Hello, Mr. Garcia)5÷MŹ€> J€ď€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚˙There is also a NEUTER ARTICLE (artículo neutro), lo, which can be used before akOŹ€ĆJn adjective (or a past participle used adjectivally) to make it function as a noun: lo humano (that which is human); lo dicho (that which has been said).ښkO†@ N€5€0Öր‚‚€€€€€€€€‚˙NOTE: Do not confuse the neuter article lo with the masculine singular direct object pronoun lo: Lo vi en la calle (I saw it in the street).<ĆŹ€Â„v ş€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚˙The INDEFINITE ARTICLE (artículo indefinido) is un for the masculine singular and una for the feminine singular. It agrees with the noun it modifies: un médico bueno (a good doctor); una lengua bella (a beautiful language). The plural forms unos and unas mean some or a few: Tengo unos libros buenos (I have some good books); Dénos unas naranjas, por favor (Give us some oranges, please).NOTE: Feminine nouns beginning with a stressed a sound take the masculine definite article in the singular for reasons of euphony, for example: El alma es un fin, no un medio (The soul is an end, not a means); BUT Las almas quieren hacerse inmortales (Souls long to become immortal). (†ę„$ €€€‚‚˙E„/…1FýƒŠ/…k…€‹Gender and Agreement<ę„k…% €.€Œ˜€‚˙Gender and AgreementÎ/…ˆ‡O l€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The GENDER (género) of a Spanish noun is either masculine (masculino) or feminine (femenino). Generally speaking, masculine nouns end in -o and feminine nouns end in -a; but nouns referring to males are masculine and nouns referring to females are feminine, regardless of the ending: El policía mató a tiros al ladrón (The policeman gunned down the thief); La actriz se veía pobre y sin amigos (The actress found herself poor and friendless).XŰk…ŕ‰} Ȁˇ€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Nouns ending in -ista are masculine, unless referring to a woman: un comunista (a communist); un pianista ( pianist). Nouns ending in -ad, -ud, or -ión are feminine: la ciudad (the city); la juventud (youth); la dirección (the address). Other common exceptions include el día (the day), la mano (the hand), and masculine nouns ending in -ma (of Greek derivation): el idioma (the language); el poema (the poem); el clima (the climate). fˆ‡€‹: B€Í€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚˙There is AGREEMENT (concordancia) between a noun and its modifiers with respect to both gender and number; if a noun is feminine and singular, its modifiers must be feminine and singular: Ella compró una casa bonita (She bought a pretty house). Plural nouns of mixed gender take the masculine: Los nińos están enfermos (The children are ill). 8ŕ‰¸‹10d< ¸‹ Œ ŽPlurals/ €‹ç‹% €€Œ˜€‚˙Plurals&¸‹ Œ# €€€‚˙˙Ľç‹ ŽZ ‚€K€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚€‚˙The PLURAL of nouns and adjectives is regularly formed by adding -s to words ending in a vowel and -es to words ending in a consonant: Tiene los ojos negros (He has dark eyes); Prefiero las canciones de cuna (I prefer lullabies).A final z changes to c in the plural: Encienda la luz (Turn on the light); Desde aquí podemos ver las luces de la ciudad (From here we can see the lights of the city).= ŒIŽ1‡Š€IŽ}ŽßÁContractions4 Ž}Ž% €€Œ˜€‚˙Contractions’#IŽÁo Ź€G€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚˙There are only two CONTRACTIONS (contracciones) in Spanish: al and del. Al is a contraction of the preposition a (to, for, at by) and the masculine singular definite article el:Vamos al mercado (Let's go to the store); Al entrar en la clase, la profesora co}ŽÁ Žmenzó a hablar (Upon entering the classroom, the professor began to speak). Del is a contraction of the preposition de (of, from, with) and the masculine singular definite article el: żQué piensas del nuevo profesor? (What do you think of the new teacher?).ā}ŽßÁC T€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚˙NOTE: The preposition a and de does not contract with the personal pronoun él: Se lo doy a él (I give it to him).; ÁÂ1Ř< ‡ÂLÂóĘAdjectives2 ßÁLÂ% €€Œ˜€‚˙AdjectivesémÂ5Ĺ| ƀŰ€€‚€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚˙An ADJECTIVE (adjetivo) agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Like nouns, adjectives usually end in -o for the masculine (plural -os) and -a for the feminine (plural -as): un libro bueno (a good book); muchos estudiantes (many students); una costumbre francesa (a French custom); otras habitaciones (other rooms). Some adjectives whose masculine singular ends in a consonant form the feminine by adding -a: un muchacho francés (a French boy); una muchacha francesa (a French girl); un baile encantador (a charming dance); una canción encantadora (a charming song).¸gLÂíÇQ p€Ď€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙Other adjectives ending in a consonant have the same form for both masculine and feminine: un hombre joven (a young man), una mujer joven (a young woman); unos bailes populares (some popular dances), unas canciones populares (some popular songs).Descriptive adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify: un día lluvioso (a rainy day). When they precede the noun, such adjectives change meaning, acquiring a less literal sense: Hay que dar limosna a un hombre pobre (One must give alms to a poor man); BUT El pobre hombre está con un pie en la fosa (The poor guy has one foot in the grave)._;5ĹLČ$ €v€€‚‚˙Adjectives precede the nouns they modify whenever they:eíÇąÉO l€-€0Öր‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚‚˙1) express an essential or characteristic quality: la dulce miel (the sweet honey; las verdes hojas (the green leaves);2) point out, limit or quantify: este hombre (this man); su marido (her husband); menos caliente (less hot); dos lecciones (two lessons).BLČóĘ3 4€€€€‚€‚€€‚‚˙Adjectives can be used as nouns, in which case they take a definite article: Los ricos también tienen sus problemas (Rich people have their problems, too). Adjectives are occasionally used adverbially: Vive feliz en la ciudad (He lives happily in the city).8ąÉ+Ë12€}‰+ËZË[ÍAdverbs/ óĘZË% €€Œ˜€‚˙Adverbsą+Ë[ÍP n€c€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚˙Many ADVERBS (adverbios) are formed from adjectives, by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form: Ella es muy rica (She is very rich); Está ricamente vestida (She is richly dressed).In a series of adverbs, only the last one takes the -mente suffix, while the other adverbs have the form of feminine adjectives: Escribe clara, rápida y correctamente (She writes clearly, quickly and correctly).; Z˖Í1<‡%–ÍČÍÝComparison2 [ÍČÍ% €€Œ˜€‚˙Comparisone –Í9\ †€€€‚€€‚€€€€€€€‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚˙The COMPARATIVE (comparativo) of an adjective or adverb is formed by preceding it with más (more) or menos (less): Esta lección es más fácil (This lesson is easier); Lo puedo hacer más fácilmente (I can do it more easily).The SUPERLATIVE (superlativo) of an adjective is formed by adding the definite article to the comparative form: Esta lección es la más fácil (This lesson is the easiest one). The superlative of an adverb is expressed by adding ČÍ9[Íthe neuter article lo to the comparative DěČÍ}X ~€Ů€€€€‚‚€€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€€‚˙form: lo más fácilmente (the most easily).The superlative of a noun is expressed by mejor (best) and peor (worst) preceded by the appropriate definite article: la mejor respuesta (the best answer).The ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE (superlativo absoluto) of an adjective indicates a high degree of some quality, rather than a comparison. It is formed by adding the suffix -ísimo/a to the adjective or adverb: Es una mujer riquísima (She is an extremely wealthy woman); Está `99Ý' €r€€€‚‚˙riquísimamente vestida (She is very richly dressed).< }1â}‰ Lý Possessives3ÝL% €€Œ˜€‚˙Possessivesf;˛+ &€v€€‚€€‚‚˙The POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (adjetivos posesivos) are:śLĐh ž€m€0Öր‚€€€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚˙mi or mío/a (emphatic); (my)tu or tuyo/a (emphatic); (your)su or suyo/a (emphatic); (his, her, its)nuestro/a (our)vuestro/a (your)su or suyo/a(their)Á{˛‘F Z€÷€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚˙Possessive adjectives have a short form when they precede the noun and a longer (emphatic) form when they follow it: mis amigos (my friends); una amiga mía (a female friend of mine).All these forms add -s to form the plural. They agree in gender and number with the thing possessed, not with the possessor: mis libros (my books); nuestras cosas (our things).(óĐš5 8€ç€0Öր€€€€€‚˙NOTE: When referring to clothing, parts of the body, and so on, a definite article is regularly used instead of a possessive adjective: Tiene algo en la mano (He has something in his hand); Póngase Ud. los zapatos (Put on your shoes).ř‘~, &€3€€‚€€‚‚˙The POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres posesivos) are formed by adding the appropriate definite article to the long form of the possessive adjective:)䚧 E X€É€0Öր€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías (mine)el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (yours)el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers its)el nuestro, la nuestra, etc. (ours)el vuestro, la vuestra, etc. (yours)P$~÷ , (€H€0Öւ €€‚‚˙el suyo, la suya, etc. (theirs)Ő§ ý 1 0€Ť€€€€€€‚‚˙Possessive pronouns, like possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed rather than with the possessor: tus cartas y las mías (your letters and mine); su casa y la nuestra (their house and ours).?÷ < 1” %Ż < r ˆDDemonstratives6ý r % €"€Œ˜€‚˙DemonstrativesmB< ß + &€„€€‚€€‚‚˙The DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (adjetivos demostrativos) are:Ł/r ‚ t#¸€^ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€0€‚˙€F€‚˙€Z€‚˙˙˙Masculine Feminine MasculineFeminine›'ß  t#¸€Nƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€‚˙€:€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙SingularSingularPluralPlural ‚ œ t#¸€ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙œ% 8w#ž€Jƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€‚˙€8€€‚˙˙˙este estaestosestas(this)— œ Ďw#ž€@ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙€"€‚˙€.€€‚˙˙˙eseesaesosesas(that)Ľ.8tw#ž€\ƒˆ ‰ ‰ ˆ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€‚˙€6€‚˙€J€€‚˙˙˙aquelaquellaaquellosaquellas(that)źĎ•BY €€y€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚˙Demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and numbt•Bý er with the noun they modify: estos libros (these books); esa bicicleta (that bicycle); aquellos edificios (those buildings).Este refers to something near the speaker; ese refers to something at a distance from the speaker but in the vicinity of the person spoken to; aquel refers to something at a distance from both the speaker and the listener.The DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres demostrativos) are formed by adding a written accent to the demonstrative adjectives. They agree in gender and number with the nouns the represent: No prefiero esta mesa; quiero aquélla (I don't like this table; I want that one over there).óŻtˆDD V€_€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The neuter demonstrative pronouns esto, eso and aquello do not have written accents since there are no neuter demonstrative adjectives with which they might be confused. They always refer to a general idea, a situation, or an indefinite thing, and never have a specific noun antecedent: żQué es esto? (What's this?); La casa es muy pequeńa, y él no quiere eso (The house is very little, and he doesn't want that).L•BÔD1ű ÔDE(„Subject and Object PronounsDˆDE% €>€Œ˜€‚˙Subject and Object Pronouns ÓÔD+F@ N€§€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚˙The PERSONAL PRONOUNS (pronombres personales) have different forms depending on whether they are the subject (sujeto), direct object (objeto directo) or indirect object (objeto indirecto).SUBJECT:9EdF( €"€0Öւů€‚˙First person: Q+FľF4 8€:€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙yo (I)nosotros/as (we)CdFřF( €6€0Öւů€‚˙Second person (familiar)U!ľFMG4 8€B€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙tú (you)vosotros/as (you)AřFŽG( €2€0Öւů€‚˙Second person (polite)SMGáG4 8€>€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙usted (you)Ustedes (you)7ŽGH( €€0Öւů€‚˙Third Personx9áGH? N€r€0­€­€‚ů€ƒ€€‚€€ƒ€€‚˙él (he, it)ellos (they)ella (she)ellas (they);HËH( €&€‚ů€‚‚‚˙DIRECT OBJECT:9HI( €"€0Öւů€‚˙First person: JËHNI4 8€,€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙me (me)nos (us)CI‘I( €6€0Öւů€‚˙Second person (familiar)LNIÝI4 8€0€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙te (you)os (you)A‘IJ( €2€0Öւů€‚˙Second person (polite)]#ÝI{J: D€F€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€€€‚˙le, la (you)los, las (you)7J˛J( €€0Öւů€‚˙Third Person}:{J/KC V€t€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚€€ƒ€€‚‚˙lo (him, it)los (them)la (her, it)las (them))˛JXK& €€‚ů€‚˙Łl/KűK7 >€Ř€0Öւů€€€€€€‚˙NOTE: in parts of Spain, le is often used instead of lo for the direct object pronoun meaning him. =XK8L( €*€‚ů€‚‚‚˙INDIRECT OBJECT:9űKqL( €"€0Öւů€‚˙First person: J8LťL4 8€,€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙me (me)nos (us)CqLţL( €6€0Öւů€‚˙Second person (familiar)LťLJM4 8€0€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙te (you)os (you)AţL‹M( €2€0Öւů€‚˙Second person (polite)LJM×M4 8€0€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙le (you)les (you)7‹MN( €€0Öւů€‚˙Third PersonV"×MdN4 8€D€0­€­€‚ů€€ƒ€€‚˙le (him, her, it)les (them))NN& €€‚ů€‚˙iĘdN„Ÿ • €€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Subject pronouns (with the exception of Ud.) are regularly omitted, since they can be deduced from the conjugated verb forms: Traigo los refrescos (I'm bringing the soft drinks); Tienes razón (You're righN„ˆDt). When the subject pronouns are used, it is in order to emphasize or clarify: Yo quiero hacer eso (I want to do that myself); Ella cantaba mientras él tocaba la guitarra (She sang while he played the guitar). POSITION: Object pronouns (direct and indirect) usually precede the verb, but can be attached to infinitives and present participles, and must be attached to affirmative commands: Lo escribo en espańol (I'm writing it in Spanish); Quiero escribirlo en espańol or Lo quiero escribir en espańol (I want to write it in Spanish); Estoy escribiéndolo en espańol or Lo estoy escribiendo en espańol (I'm writing it in Spanish); Escríbalo Ud. en inglés (Write it in English). When a verb has two object pronouns, the indirect object is given first. The indirect object pronouns le and les change (for reasons of euphony) to se before lo, la, los and las: Deseo dárselo a ellos (I want to give it to them); Se lo quiero enviar a ella (I want to send it to her).&N(„# €€€‚˙M„u„18Ż u„š„Ŕ‹Reflexive Pronouns and VerbsD(„š„% €>€Œ˜€‚˙Reflexive Pronouns and Verbse:u„…+ &€t€€‚€€‚‚˙The REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres reflexivos) are:6š„T…% €"€0Öր‚˙First person: T"…¨…2 4€D€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙me (myself)nos (ourselves)@T…č…% €6€0Öր‚˙Second person (familiar)W%¨…?†2 4€J€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙te (yourself)os (yourselves)>č…}†% €2€0Öր‚˙Second person (polite)V$?†ӆ2 4€H€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙se (yourself)se (yourselves)4}†‡% €€0Öր‚˙Third Person\+ӆc‡1 2€V€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚˙se (him, her, itself)se (themselves)\‡ż‰D V€1€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Reflexive pronouns are always used with reflexive verbs (verbs expressing an action whose subject is also its object, i.e. where the doer acts upon himself). Sometimes the literal meaning of the reflexive pronouns (myself, etc.) can be translated into English, but usually they cannot be translated in isolation from the verb: Me lavo (I wash myself); Me acuesto muy tarde (I go to bed very late); Me quejo del trabajo (I complain about the work); Me acuerdo de eso (I remember that); Ya me voy (I'm going away now).ťc‡Ŕ‹F Z€w€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙Reflexive pronouns normally precede the conjugated verb, but are attached to the infinitive, the present participle, and affirmative commands: Quiero lavarme (I want to wash up); Estoy lavándome (I am washing myself); Lávense Uds. (Wash yourselves).The reflexive pronouns can also be used in a reciprocal sense, meaning each other: Nos amamos (we love each other); Se escriben todos los días (They write each other every day).Gż‰Œ1‹ń€ ŒEŒ)ĂPrepositional Pronouns>Ŕ‹EŒ% €2€Œ˜€‚˙Prepositional PronounsI$ŒŽŒ% €H€€‚‚‚˙The PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS are:6EŒČ% €"€0Öր‚˙First person: QŽŒ2 4€>€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙mí (me)nosotros/as (us)@ČU% €6€0Öր‚˙Second person (familiar)T"Š2 4€D€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙tí (you)vosotros/as (you)>Uç% €2€0Öր‚˙Second person (polite)LŠ3Ž2 4€4€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙Ud. (you)Uds.(you)4çgŽ% €€0Öր‚˙Third PersonR 3ŽšŽ2 4€@€0­€­€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙él (him, it)ellos (them)1 gŽęŽ% €€0Öր‚˙Reflexive]3šŽG* $€f€0­€­€€€‚˙sí (him/her/it/yourself, themselves/yourselves). ęŽu% €€0Öր‚˙Neuter2G§* $€€0­€­€€€‚˙ello ĹužÁF Z€‹€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙Prepositional pr§žÁŔ‹onouns are the object of the preposition that they follow: Es demasiado difícil para mí (It's too difficult for me); No podemos hacerlo sin ella (We can't do it without her).The neuter pronoun ello is used instead of lo after a preposition, when reference is being made to a general idea that has already been expressed: Tendrás buen éxito; no hay ninguna duda de ello (You'll be successful; there's no doubt about it).CĂU x€Ý€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The prepositional pronouns mí, tí and sí combine with the preposition con (with) to become conmigo, contigo and consigo: żQuieres ir conmigo? (Do you want to come with me?); Lo trae consigo (He's bringing it with him).(žÁ)Ă% €€Œ˜€‚˙CĂlĂ1˘ó˙˙˙˙lĂËÄDative of Interest:)ĂŚĂ% €*€Œ˜€‚˙Dative of Interest%ílĂËÄ8 >€Ű€€‚€€€€€‚€‚˙An indirect object pronoun is occasionally used in a construction called the DATIVE OF INTEREST (dativo de interés), indicating possession, separation, advantage or disadvantage: Se me acabó el dinero (My money ran out on me).BŚĂ Ĺ1™ń€G‰ ĹFĹŽÍRelative Pronouns9ËÄFĹ% €(€Œ˜€‚˙Relative Pronouns<Ý Ĺ‚Č_ Œ€ť€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚˙RELATIVE PRONOUNS (pronombres relativos) introduce a subordinate clause and replace something mentioned earlier in the sentence. They can function as either subject or object pronouns without any change in form.The most common relative pronoun is que: El hombre que está hablando es un amigo mío (The man who is talking is a friend of mine); La lección que estudias es muy fácil (The lesson that you're studying is quite simple).After a preposition, que is used as the relative pronoun for things, quien or quienes for persons: La habitación en que vivo es muy cómoda (The room in which I live is very cosy); La mujer de quien hablabas es extranjera (The woman about whom you were speaking is a foreigner).)ŕFĹŤĘI `€Á€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The compound relative pronouns el/la que (plural los/las que) or el/la cual (pl. los/las cuales) are used interchangeably after prepositions of more than one syllable, or to avoid confusion and ambiguity: Estos son mis libros, entre los que hay un diccionario de bolsillo (These are my books, among which there is a pocket dictionary); Ayer fuí al cine con la madre de Juan, la cual es francesa (Yesterday I went to the cinema with John's mother, who is French). Ý€‚ČˆÍ] ˆ€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The neuter forms lo que and lo cual are used when the antecedent is a general idea: Siempre dice lo que piensa (He always says what he thinks); Me habló de sus problemas, lo cual no me gustó (He spoke to me about his troubles, which didn't please me). The relative pronoun cuyo/a (plural cuyos/as) usually functions as an adjective meaning whose or of which. It can refer to both persons and things, and always agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed rather than with the possessor: żTe acuerdas de la nińa cuyos padres la abandonaron? (Do you remember the little girl whose parents abandoned her?). &ŤĘŽÍ# €€€ ‚˙PˆÍţÍ1 ó}ţÍEÎ3Interrogatives and ExclamationsG"ŽÍEÎ% €D€Œ˜€‚˙Interrogatives and Exclamationsˇ‹ţÍüÎ, &€€€‚€€‚‚˙INTERROGATIVES (interrogativos) ask a question, and are distinguished by their written accents. The most common interrogatives are:™-EΕĎl#¨€ZŠ  ˛ ť €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙żQuién?(Who?)żCuántos?(How many?)’&üÎ3l#¨€LŠ  ˛ ť €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙•Ď3ŽÍ˙żQué?(What)żDónde?(Where?)•)•ĎČl#¨€RŠ  ˛ ť €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€B€‚˙˙˙żCuál?(Which?)żPor qué?(Why?)”(3\l#¨€PŠ  ˛ ť €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙żCómo?(How?)żPara qué?(Why?)š.Čöl#¨€\Š  ˛ ť €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙żCuánto?(How much?)żCuándo?(When?)5Ú\+[ „€ľ€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Qué asks for a definition or description (what?), while cuál (plural cuáles) asks for a choice or distinction (which?): żQué es el alma? (What is the soul?); żCuáles son tus libros favoritos? (Which are your favorite books?). Used in that way, qué and cuál are interrogative pronouns. When an interrogative adjective is required, qué is used for both senses (what? and which?): żQué días vas al hipódromo? (Which days do you go to the racetrack?).&öQ# €€€‚˙#î+t5 8€Ý€0Öր€€€€€‚˙NOTE: Interrogatives are also used in indirect questions, where a question is referred to without being directly asked: No sé quién es (I don't know who she is). The direct question was żQuién es esa mujer? (Who is that woman?).™0Q i  €a€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚˙Exclamatory words (exclamaciones) also have written accents. The most common one is ĄQué...! used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun: ĄQué casa! (What a house!); ĄQué delicioso! (How delicious!); ĄQué fácilmente lo haces tú! (How easily you do it!). In literary usage, ĄCuán...! may replace ĄQué...!: ĄCuán fácilmente lo haces tú! When an adjective follows a noun in this construction, it is preceded by más (most) or tan (so): ĄQué casa más bonita! (What a pretty house!); ĄQué nińos tan alegres! (What happy children!).&t3# €€€‚˙: m1(G‰Œmž• Negatives1 3ž% €€Œ˜€‚˙Negatives^2mü, (€d€€‚€€‚‚‚˙The most common NEGATIVES (negativos) are:l"žh J#d€DçSö €€€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙˙˙no (no, not) nunca (never)m#üŐ J#d€FçSö €€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙nada (nothing)jamás (never)q'h F J#d€NçSö €€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙nadie (nobody)tampoco (neither)|2Ő  J#d€dçSö €€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙ninguno/a (not any)ni...ni (neither...nor)*F ě & €€0Öր‚‚˙ƒ, o W |€Y€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚˙A verb is negated by placing no in front of it: No sé (I don't know). When there is an object pronoun in front of the verb, no is placed before the object pronoun: No lo veo (I don't see it).Double negatives are standard in Spanish: No veo a nadie en la calle (I don't see anybody in the street); No tengo ni papel ni pluma (I don't have either paper or pen). Negatives are also used in comparisons: Ella escribe mejor que nadie (She writes better than anybody); Ahora lo necesito más que nunca (Now I need it more than ever). &ě • # €€€‚˙= o Ň 1a}€˙˙˙˙Ň  @Personal "A"2 • % €€Œ˜€‚˙Personal AňšŇ  @X ~€5€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚˙When the direct object of a verb is a person or a domestic animal, it is preceded by the personal a (la preposición personal a) which has no English equivalent: Veo a mi amigo (I see my friend); Hay que buscar al perro (We must look for the dog); No invito a nadie (I'm not inviting anyone). The personal a is not used, however, with the verb tener: Tengo un amigo (I have a friend). @• S"_@1 ŒՆ_@Š@xMVerb Conjugations: Tense and MoodJ% @Š@% €J€Œ˜€‚˙Verb Conjugations: Tense and Moodˇ‹_@`A, &€€€‚€€‚‚˙Spanish verbs belong to one of three CONJUGATIONS (conjugaciones) which can be distinguished by the endings of the infinitive forms.t-Š@ÔAG#^€Z÷Aü €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙First Conjugation-AR: hablar (to talk)s,`AGBG#^€X÷Aü €€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙Second Conjugation-ER: comer (to eat)t-ÔAťBG#^€Z÷Aü €€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙Third Conjugation-IR: vivir (to live)(GBăB% €€0Öր‚˙I$ťB,C% €H€€‚‚‚˙The form of a verb depends on: šsăBĆC' €ć€0Öր‚‚‚˙1) its conjugation group2) its tense (time reference) and mood (intent)3) the person and number of its subjectc8,C)D+ &€p€€‚€€‚‚˙Spanish has four SIMPLE TENSES (tiempos simples):DĆCmD+ &€2€0Öր€€‚˙PRESENT (presente): ;)D¨D) "€$€0­€Ö€€‚˙hablo (I talk)CmDëD, (€.€0Öր‚€€‚˙FUTURE (futuro): E¨D0E) "€8€0­€Ö€€‚˙hablarás (you will talk)T(ëD„E, (€P€0Öր‚€€‚˙IMPERFECT (pretérito imperfecto): G0EËE) "€<€0­€Ö€€‚˙hablaba (she used to talk)T(„EF, (€P€0Öր‚€€‚˙PRETERITE (pretérito indefinido): CËEbF) "€4€0­€Ö€€‚˙hablaron (they talked)(FŠF% €€­€€‚˙c>bFíF% €|€€‚‚‚˙There are also four COMPOUND TENSES (tiempos compuestos):V+ŠFCG+ &€V€0Öր€€‚˙PRESENT PERFECT (préterito perfecto): I íFŒG) "€@€0­€Ö€€‚˙hemos comido (we have eaten)T(CGŕG, (€P€0Öր‚€€‚˙FUTURE PERFECT (futuro perfecto): W-ŒG7H* $€Z€0­€Ö€€‚‚˙habréis comido (you all will have eaten)i>ŕG H+ &€|€0Öր€€‚˙PLUPERFECT or PAST PERFECT (pretérito pluscuamperfecto): K"7HëH) "€D€0­€Ö€€‚˙habían comido (they had eaten)k? HVI, (€~€0Öր‚€€‚˙PRETERITE PERFECT or PAST ANTERIOR (pretérito anterior): FëHœI) "€:€0­€Ö€€‚˙hube comido (I had eaten)(VIÄI% €€­€€‚˙’_œIVJ3 6€ž€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚˙There are four MOODS (modos) in Spanish: INDICATIVE (indicativo):To express a fact: O(ÄIĽJ' €P€ր€‚˙Está  en el banco (It's in the bank)€UVJ%K+ &€Ş€€‚€€‚‚˙SUBJUNCTIVE (subjuntivo):To express a wish, an emotional attitude, or a doubt:˕ĽJđK6 :€+€ր€‚€€‚€€‚˙Quiero que Ud. venga (I want you to come)Siento que no venga Ud. (I'm sorry you're not coming)Dudo que venga Ud. (I doubt that you'll come)~M%KnL1 2€š€€‚€€€€‚‚˙CONDITIONAL (potencial or condicional):expressing the idea of would:_7đKÍL( €n€­€€€‚˙Juan no lo haría así (John wouldn't do it that way)h;nL5M- *€v€Œ˜€‚€€‚‚˙IMPERATIVE (imperativo):expressing a direct command:CÍLxM, (€.€Œ˜Ö€€€‚˙ Venga Ud. (Come!)V%5MÎM1 €fÎMN†‡Verb Conjugations: Person and NumberN(xMN& €P€Œ˜Ö€‚˙Verb Conjugations: Person and NumberäÎM5O5 8€É€€‚€€€€‚‚‚‚‚˙A finite verb agrees in PERSON (persona) and NUMBER (número) with its subject (the doer of the action), even when the subject is understood without being expressed by a noun or pronoun.There are two numbers:SINGULAR:ՖN€? L€-€0Öր€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚˙(Yo) veo a Juan (I see John)(Tú) debes hacerlo (You must do it)Ud. tiene razón (You're right)(Ella) quiere a su gato (She loves h5O€xMer cat)- 5OC€# €€€‚˙PLURAL:úź€=> J€y€0Öր€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙(Nosotros) vemos el cielo (We see the sky)(Vosotros) debéis trabajar (You all should work)żTienen Uds. dinero? (Do you all have money?)(Ellos) quieren comer (They want to eat)Ç C€‚' €A€€‚‚‚‚˙There are three persons: First person is the speaker, second person is the one spoken to, and third person is the one spoken about.FIRST PERSON SINGULAR:K$=O‚' €H€ր€‚˙(Yo) soy maestro (I'm a teacher):‚‰‚# €.€€‚˙FIRST PERSON PLURAL:T-O‚݂' €Z€ր€‚˙(Nosotros) somos alumnos (We are pupils)I%‰‚&ƒ$ €J€€‚‚˙SECOND PERSON FAMILIAR, SINGULAR:Q*݂wƒ' €T€ր€‚˙(Tú) eres guapo (You are good-looking)E"&ƒźƒ# €D€€‚˙SECOND PERSON FAMILIAR, PLURAL:R+wƒ„' €V€ր€‚˙(Vosotros) sois feos (You all are ugly)dAźƒr„# €‚€€‚˙SECOND PERSON POLITE, SINGULAR (uses third person verb forms):P)„„' €R€ր€‚˙Ud. es muy amable (You are very kind)C r„…# €@€€‚˙SECOND PERSON POLITE, PLURAL:W0„\…' €`€ր€‚˙Uds. son muy amables (You all are very kind)>…š…$ €4€€‚‚˙THIRD PERSON SINGULAR:V/\…đ…' €^€ր€‚˙(Ella) es trabajadora (She is hard-working):š…*†# €.€€‚˙THIRD PERSON PLURAL:P)đ…z†' €R€ր€‚˙(Ellos) son perezosos (They are lazy)(*†˘†$ €€€‚‚˙äľz††‡/ ,€k€0Öր€€€‚˙NOTE: The usted/ustedes (polite you) form of address is second person but uses third person verb forms, which lends an air of respectful distance on the part of the speaker. > ˘†ć1BՆ€ćů‡ŔPresent Tense5†‡ů‡% € €Œ˜€‚˙Present TenseTćM‰? L€+€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€‚˙The PRESENT tense (presente) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or -IR) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. There is a different set of personal endings for each of the three conjugations:FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)u+ů‡‰J#d€Vě8ń €€€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙habl-o (I talk)habl-amos (we talk)x.M‰:ŠJ#d€\ě8ń €€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙habl-as (you talk)habl-áis (you talk)x.‰˛ŠJ#d€\ě8ń €€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙habl-a (she talks)habl-an (they talk)K!:ŠýŠ* $€B€€‚€€‚˙SECOND CONJUGATION (com-er)p&˛Šm‹J#d€Lě8ń €€€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙˙˙com-o (I eat)com-emos (we eat)w-ýŠä‹J#d€Zě8ń €€€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙com-es (you eat)com-éis (you all eat)t*m‹XŒJ#d€Tě8ń €€€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙com-e (she eats)com-en (they eat)'ä‹Œ$ €€ր‚˙HXŒnj) "€>€€€€‚˙THIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir)s)Œ:J#d€Rě8ń €€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙viv-o (I live)viv-imos (we live)u+njŻJ#d€Vě8ń €€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙viv-es (you live)viv-ís (you live)u+:$ŽJ#d€Vě8ń €€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙viv-e (she lives)viv-en (they live)澯Ŕ1 0€k€€‚€€€€‚˙The present tense is commonly used in conversation to refer to actions which will take place in the immediate future: Vengo más tarde (I'll come later). It is sometimes used in literature to replace the preterite, lending a sense of immediacy to historical narrative: Cortés admira la bondad y liberalidad del gran Montezuma (Cortez admired the goodness and generosity of the great Montezuma). This is called the vivid $ŽŔ†‡present.= $ŽSŔ1.f8‚SŔˆŔ…ĹFuture Tense5ŔˆŔ% € €Œ˜€‚˙Future Tense ˟SŔSÁ, &€?€€‚€€‚‚˙The FUTURE tense (futuro) of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings to the infinitive. The endings are the same for all three conjugations.Ž3ˆŔáÁ[#†€fłAˇ š €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€6€€€‚˙˙˙hablar-é(I will talk)comeré, viviré, etc.u SÁVÂU#z€@łAˇ š €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙hablar-ás(you will talk)sáÁÉÂU#z€<łAˇ š €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙hablar-á(she will talkYVÂ"ĂR#t€łAˇ š €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙v!ɘĂU#z€BłAˇ š €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙hablar-emos(we will talk)z%"ĂÄU#z€JłAˇ š €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙hablar-éis(you all will talk)v!˜ĂˆÄU#z€BłAˇ š €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙hablar-án(they will talk)+ÄłÄ( €€„ąa€‚˙ҧˆÄ…Ĺ+ $€O€€€€‚‚˙In addition to expressing future time, the future tense can express uncertainty or probability in the present: Serán las cinco (It must be about five o'clock).@łÄĹĹ1Ť €E‡ĹĹüĹvĎImperfect Tense7…ĹüĹ% €$€Œ˜€‚˙Imperfect Tense MĹĹœÇS t€›€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The IMPERFECT tense (pretérito imperfecto) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or -IR) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. There is one set of endings for the first (-AR) conjugation and a second set of endings shared by the second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugations.i"üĹČG#^€DX8B "€€€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)ˆ>œÇČJ#d€|X8B €€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙˙˙habl-aba (I was talking)habl-ábamos (we were talking)EČÉJ#d€ŠX8B €€€€‚˙€@€€€‚˙˙˙habl-abas (you were talking)habl-abais (you all were talking)Š@ČŚÉJ#d€€X8B €€€€‚˙€>€€€‚˙˙˙habl-aba (she was talking)habl-aban (they were talking)FÉěÉA#R€ X8B €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙i"ŚÉUĘG#^€DX8B €€€€‚˙€>€€‚˙˙˙SECOND CONJUGATION (com-er)7ěÉÖĘJ#d€nX8B €€€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙˙˙com-ía (I was eating)com-íamos (we were eating)‰?UĘ_ËJ#d€~X8B €€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙˙˙com-ías (you were eating)com-íais (you all were eating)„:ÖĘăËJ#d€tX8B €€€€‚˙€8€€€‚˙˙˙com-ía (she was eating)com-ían (they were eating)F_Ë)ĚA#R€ X8B €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙h!ăË‘ĚG#^€BX8B €€€€‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙THIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir)„:)ĚÍJ#d€tX8B €€€€‚˙€6€€€‚˙˙˙viv-ía (I used to live)viv-íamos (we used to live)‹A‘Ě ÍJ#d€‚X8B €€€€‚˙€<€€€‚˙˙˙viv-ías (you used to live)viv-íais (you all used to live)†<Í&ÎJ#d€xX8B €€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙˙˙viv-ía (she used to live)viv-ían (they used to live)P ÍvĎ; D€+€€‚€€€€€€‚€‚˙The imperfect tense is used to describe a situation in the past, or an action which was ongoing or repeated: Eran las once (it was eleven o'clock); Queríamos comer bien (We wanted to eat well); Todos los días llegá bamos tarde (We used to arrive late every day).@&ÎśĎ1> 8‚ śĎ ´ Preterite Tense8vĎ % €&€Œ˜€‚˙Preterite Tense śĎ vĎągśĎ˝J b€Ď€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The PRETERITE tense (pretérito indefinido) of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or -IR) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. As with the imperfect tense, there is one set of endings for the first (-AR) conjugation and a second set of endings shared by the second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugations.i" &G#^€Db "€€€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)y/˝ŸJ#d€^b €€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙habl-é (I talked)habl-amos (we talked)„:&#J#d€tb €€€€‚˙€4€€€‚˙˙˙habl-aste (you talked)habl-asteis (you all talked)|2ŸŸJ#d€db €€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙habl-ó (she talked)habl-aron (they talked)F#ĺA#R€ b €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙i"ŸNG#^€Db "€€€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙SECOND CONJUGATION (com-er)q'ĺżJ#d€Nb €€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙com-í (I ate) com-imos (we ate)}3N<J#d€fb €€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙com-iste (you ate) com-isteis (you all ate)x.ż´J#d€\b €€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙com-ió (she ate) com-ieron (they ate)F<úA#R€ b €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙h!´bG#^€Bb "€€€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙THIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir)w-úŮJ#d€Zb €€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙viv-í (I lived) viv-imos (we lived)7bZJ#d€nb €€€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙˙˙viv-iste (you lived) viv-isteis (you all lived){1ŮŐJ#d€bb €€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙viv-ió (she lived) viv-ieron (they lived)öÄZË2 2€‰€€‚€€€€‚‚˙The preterite tense narrates an action with a definite beginnning or ending in the past: Comenzó a llover (It began to rain); Juan cenó conmigo ayer (John ate supper with me yesterday). éşŐ´ / ,€u€Œ˜€€€€‚˙The preterite is also used to indicate an event which took place while another action (in the imperfect tense) was ongoing: Dormía cuando llegué (He was sleeping when I arrived). JËţ 1& E‡Áƒţ ? /ECompound (Perfect) TensesA´ ? % €8€Œ˜€‚˙Compound (Perfect) Tenses–Mţ Ő I `€›€€‚€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙The COMPOUND TENSES (tiempos compuestos) are formed with the AUXILIARY VERB (verbo auxiliar) haber and the PAST PARTICIPLE (participio pasivo) of the main verb. The past participle in compound tenses is invariable in form.The PRESENT PERFECT (pretérito perfecto) uses the present tense of the auxiliary verb haber: ž? Ţ K d€}€ր€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙he comido (I have eaten)has comido (you have eaten)ha comido (she has eaten)hemos comido (we have eaten)habéis comido (you all have eaten)han comido (they have eaten)”bŐ r 2 4€Ä€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙The FUTURE PERFECT (futuro perfecto) uses the future tense of the auxiliary verb haber:6ëŢ ¨K d€×€ր€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙habré comido (I will have eaten )habrás comido (you will have eaten)habrá  comido (she will have eaten)habremos comido (we will have eaten)habréis comido (you all will have eaten)habrán comido (they will have eaten)šhr B2 4€Đ€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙The PLUPERFECT or PAST PERFECT (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) uses the imperfect tense of haber:ƨ_@K d€€ր€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙había comido (I had eaten)habías comido (you had eaten)había comido (she had eaten)habíamos comido (we B_@´ had eaten)habíais comido (you all had eaten)habían comido (they had eaten)˜gB÷@1 2€Î€€‚‚€€€€‚˙The PRETERITE PERFECT or PAST ANTERIOR (pretérito anterior) uses the preterite tense of haber:Č_@BO l€‘€ր‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙hube comido (I had eaten)hubiste comido (you had eaten)hubo comido (she had eaten)hubimos comido (we had eaten)hubisteis comido (you all had eaten)hubieron comido (they had eaten)>ç÷@LDW |€Ď€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙NOTE: This is strictly a literary tense; in conversation, the preterite or pluperfect is used. The preterite perfect is only found after conjunctions of time, such as cuando (when), después que (after), apenas (scarcely) or luego que (as soon as): Después que hube comido, salí (After I had eaten, I went out).The PERFECT INFINITIVE (infinitivo compuesto) is composed of the infinitive of haber and the past participle of the verb: haber comido (to have eaten).ăŤB/E8 >€W€€‚€€€€€€‚‚˙The PERFECT PARTICIPLE (gerundio compuesto) is composed of the present participle of haber and the past participle of the verb: habiendo comido (having eaten).ALDpE1q XpE¨EäConditional Mood8/E¨E% €&€Œ˜€‚˙Conditional Mood{6pE#HE X€m€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚˙The CONDITIONAL MOOD (modo potencial) expresses the idea of would (contingent possibility): Lo haría hoy, pero no tendré tiempo (I would do it today, but I won't have time); Lo habría hecho ayer, pero no tenía tiempo (I would have done it yesterday, but I didn't have time); Elena dijo que vendría (Elena said that she would come).It can also be used to express wonderment or doubt in the past, just as the future tense can be used in the present: żQué hora sería cuando desayuné ayer? (I wonder what time was it when I ate breakfast yesterday?).uP¨E˜I% €Ą€€‚‚˙The conditional is formed (like the future) by adding a single set of personal endings to the infinitives of all three conjugations. (The endings are identical to those of the imperfect tense of second and third conjugation verbs; the only difference is that those are added to the stem, rather than to the entire infinitive form.)'#HżI$ €€ր‚˙•:˜ITJ[#†€tť8Ŕ ż €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙˙˙hablar-ía(I would talk)comería, viviría, etc. w"żIËJU#z€Dť8Ŕ ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙hablar-ías(you would talk)x#TJCKU#z€Fť8Ŕ ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€B€‚˙˙˙hablar-ía (she would talk)YËJœKR#t€ť8Ŕ ż €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙y$CKLU#z€Hť8Ŕ ż €€€€‚˙€"€‚˙€D€‚˙˙˙hablar-íamos (we would talk)~)œK“LU#z€Rť8Ŕ ż €€€€‚˙€"€‚˙€N€‚˙˙˙hablar-íais (you all would talk)z%L MU#z€Jť8Ŕ ż €€€€‚˙€ €‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙hablar-ían (they would talk)׼“LäM2 2€K€€‚€€€€‚‚˙The CONDITIONAL PERFECT (potencial perfecto) is a compound tense using the conditional of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb:l( MPND#X€Pś80 €€€€‚˙€$€‚˙˙˙habría comido (I would have eaten)o+äMżND#X€Vś80 €€€‚˙€$€€‚˙˙˙habrías comido (you would have eaten)p,PN/OD#X€Xś80 €€€€‚˙€(€‚˙˙˙habría comido (she would have eaten)p,żNŸOD#X€Xś80 €€€‚˙€(€€‚˙˙˙habríamos comido (we would have eaten)o+/O€D#X€Vś80 €€€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙habríais comido(you wouldŸO€/E have eaten)p,ŸOŠ€D#X€Xś80 €€€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙habrían comido (they would have eaten)Z,€ä. *€Y€0Öր‚€€‚‚˙NOTE: The conditional is often treated as though it were a tense rather than a mood; strictly speaking, however, the conditional is a mood which has two tenses: a simple tense used when referring to present possibilities, and a compound tense used when referring to possibilities in the past.AŠ€%‚1—Áƒ%‚^‚ĆSubjunctive Mood9ä^‚% €(€Œ˜€‚˙Subjunctive Mood z%‚؅c ”€/€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (modo subjuntivo) is generally used in dependent clauses introduced by que (that) when the main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or an uncertainty: Te ruego que escribas en espańol (I beg you to write in Spanish); Tenían miedo de que ella no volviera (They were afraid that she might not come back); Dudo que sea la verdad (I doubt that it's the truth).The subjunctive is also used for FORMAL COMMANDS, for the negative (only) of INFORMAL COMMANDS, for HORTATORY COMMANDS (English Let's...!) and after IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS like es necesario (it is necessary): Tenga Ud. (Here, have this); No hables (Don't talk!); Comamos (Let's eat); Es una lástima que no quiera venir (It's a pity that he doesn't want to come). óť^‚ˆ8 >€w€€‚€€€€€€‚‚˙The PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE is regularly formed by adding one set of personal endings to the stem of -AR verbs and a second set of endings to verbs of the -ER and -IR conjugations:8؅J‡G#^€pXA9 "€€€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar)PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE t*ˆž‡J#d€TXA9 €€€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙˙˙habl-e (I talk)habl-emos (we talk)y/J‡7ˆJ#d€^XA9 €€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙habl-es (you talk)habl-éis (you talk){1ž‡˛ˆJ#d€bXA9 "€€€€€‚˙€6€€‚˙˙˙habl-e (she talks) habl-en (they talk)F7ˆřˆA#R€ XA9 €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙}6˛ˆu‰G#^€lXA9 "€€€€€‚˙€B€‚˙˙˙SECOND CONJUGATION (com-er) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEr(řˆç‰J#d€PXA9 €€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙com-a (I eat) com-amos (we eat)u+u‰\ŠJ#d€VXA9 €€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙com-as (you eat) com-áis (you eat)v,ç‰ҊJ#d€XXA9 €€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙com-a (she eat) com-an (they eat)F\Š‹A#R€ XA9 €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙|5Ҋ”‹G#^€jXA9 "€€€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙THIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEt*‹ŒJ#d€TXA9 €€€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙˙˙viv-a (I live)viv-amos (we live)v,”‹~ŒJ#d€XXA9 €€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙viv-as (you live)viv-áis (you live)v,ŒôŒJ#d€XXA9 €€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙viv-a (she lives)viv-an (they live)ś~ŒűŽQ p€m€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚˙The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is formed by adding a set of endings terminating in either -RA or -SE (with no difference in usage or meaning) to the verb stem, with one set of endings for first conjugation (-AR) verbs and another set of endings for second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugation verbs: Esperaba que él llegara/llegase tarde (I was expecting him to arrive late).FIRST CONJUGATION (habl-ar) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE &ôŒ!# €€€‚˙•)űŽśl#¨€R{AN — Ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙habl-araORhabl-ase (I talked)™-![Ŕl#¨€Z{AN — Ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙ś[Ŕ䁀"€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙habl-arasORhabl-ases (you talked)—+śňŔl#¨€V{AN — Ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙habl-araORhabl-ase (she talked)œ0[ŔŽÁl#¨€`{AN — Ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙habl-áramosORhabl-ásemos (we talked)Ÿ3ňŔ-Âl#¨€f{AN — Ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙€B€‚˙˙˙habl-araisORhabl-aseis (you all talked)š.ŽÁÇÂl#¨€\{AN — Ż €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙habl-aranORhabl-asen (they talked)*-ÂńÂ& €€0Öր‚‚˙e9ÇÂVĂ, (€r€€‚€€ƒ‚‚˙SECOND CONJUGATION (com-er) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE‘%ńÂçĂl#¨€J€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙com-ieraORcom-iese(I ate)–*VĂ}Äl#¨€T€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙com-ierasORcom-ieses (you ate)“'çĂĹl#¨€N€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙com-ieraORcom-iese(she ate)˜,}ĨĹl#¨€X€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€D€‚˙˙˙com-iéramosORcom-iésemos(we ate)›/ĹCĆl#¨€^€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙com-ieraisORcom-ieseis(you all ate)–*¨ĹŮĆl#¨€T€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙com-ieranORcom-iesen(they ate))CĆÇ& €€‚A€‚˙d8ŮĆfÇ, (€p€€‚€€ƒ‚‚˙THIRD CONJUGATION (viv-ir) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE“'ÇůÇl#¨€N€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙viv-ieraORviv-iese(I lived)—+fǐČl#¨€V€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙viv-ierasORviv-ieses(you lived)•)ůÇ%Él#¨€R€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙viv-ieraORviv-iese(she lived)™-ČžÉl#¨€Z€AF — ˛ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€B€‚˙˙˙viv-iéramosORviviésemos(we lived)1%É[Ęl#¨€b€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙viv-ieraisORviv-ieseis(you all lived)˜,žÉóĘl#¨€X€AF — ˛ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙viv-ieranORviv-iesen(they lived))[ĘË& €€‚A€‚˙ł‡óĘĎË, &€€€‚€€‚‚˙The PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is a compound tense formed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.cË2ĚD#X€>ľAŕ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙haya comido(I have eaten)f"ϢĚD#X€DľAŕ €€€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙hayas comido(you have eaten)d 2ĚüĚD#X€@ľAŕ €€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙haya comido(she has eaten)g#˜ĚcÍD#X€FľAŕ €€€€‚˙€$€‚˙˙˙hayamos comido(we have eaten)k'üĚÎÍD#X€NľAŕ €€€€‚˙€"€‚˙˙˙hayáis comido(you all have eaten)g#cÍ5ÎD#X€FľAŕ €€€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙hayan comido(they have eaten)˛‹ÎÍçÎ' €€€‚‚‚‚˙The PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is a compound tense formed by the imperfect subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.m)5ÎTĎD#X€R>Aů €€€€‚˙€4€‚˙˙˙hubiera/hubiese comido(I had eaten)q-çÎĹĎD#X€Z>Aů €€€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙hubieras/hubieses comido(you had eaten)t0TĎED#X€`>Aů €€€€‚˙€4ĹĎE䁀‚˙˙˙hubiera/hubiese comido(she had have eaten)t0ĹĎšD#X€`>Aů €€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙hubiéramos/hubiésemos comido(we had eaten)s/E,D#X€^>Aů €€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙hubierais/hubieseis comido(you had eaten)r.šžD#X€\>Aů €€€€‚˙€8€‚˙˙˙hubieran/hubiesen comido(they had eaten)(,Ć% €€0Öր‚˙9ž˙1X‹˙/ Commands0 Ć/% €€Œ˜€‚˙Commands ş˙8O l€u€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Familiar COMMANDS (mandatos), when positive, are expressed by means of the imperative mood. The second person singular (tú) forms are identical to the third person singular of the present tense: El nińo duerme (The child is sleeping); ĄDuerme tú! (Go to sleep!). The second person plural (vosotros) forms are based on the infinitive, with a -d substituted for the final -r: ĄDormid vosotros! (Go to sleep, all of you!).´O/ěe ˜€Ÿ€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙NEGATIVE familiar commands, both singular and plural, are expressed by the present subjunctive: ĄNo duermas tú! (Don't go to sleep!).The present subjunctive is used for FORMAL COMMANDS, both positive and negative: Duerma Ud. (Please go to sleep). It is also used for indirect commands (introduced by the conjunction que): Está cansado; que se acueste (He's tired; let him go to bed).For impersonal commands given in a general sense (directions on a bottle or an examination paper, for instance) the impersonal pronoun se is attached to the subjunctive: Agítese antes de usar (Shake before using); Escríbase en espańol (Write in Spanish). Hortatory commands can be expressed either with the subjunctive or with the phrase vamos a and an infinitive: Durmamos (Let's go to sleep); Vamos a dormir (Let's go to sleep)."ç8 ; D€Ď€€‚€€€€€€‚€ ‚˙Object pronouns are attached to affirmative commands, but they precede negative and indirect commands: Tráigamelo Ud. (Bring it to me); No me lo traiga Ud. (Don't bring it to me); Que lo traiga Juan (Let John bring it).U$ěc 1ť€c Ż B@Passive and Impersonal ConstructionsL' Ż % €N€Œ˜€‚˙Passive and Impersonal Constructionsęc s + $€3€€‚€€‚˙In the PASSIVE VOICE (voz pasiva), the subject is acted upon by an outside agent. When the agent is specified, the passive voice is expressed by: h6Ż Ű 2 4€l€ր‚€€€€‚‚˙SUBJECT + ser + past participle + por + AGENT*čs  B R€Ń€€‚€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙for example: Esta carta fue escrita por un amigo mío (This letter was written by a friend of mine). Since the past participle acts as an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with the subject. If the passive subject is a thing and the agent is not mentioned, then a PASSIVE REFLEXIVE (pasiva reflexiva) construction is used, with the reflexive pronoun se preceding the verb and the passive subject following it: Aquí se venden cigarrillos (Cigarettes are sold here). źŰ @O l€y€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Se is also used to form IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS, with se used as an indefinite subject pronoun similar to the English one or the impersonal you and they. This construction is often difficult-- if not impossible-- to distinguish from the passive reflexive (textbooks differ in their classification of common phrases like Se habla espańol (Spanish is spoken / One speaks Spanish). There are two main criteria to be met: the verb must be in the singular, since se is singular when used as a subject pronoun, and se should be easily translated as one or you: żCómo se va al teatro? (How does one get to the theater?); żCómo se dice eso en espańol? (How do you say that @  in Spanish?).& B@# €€€‚˙S"@•@1ű ‹ˆ•@ß@ŠMParticiples and Progressive TensesJ%B@ß@% €J€Œ˜€‚˙Participles and Progressive TensesLů•@+BS t€ó€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The PRESENT PARTICIPLE (gerundio) is formed by adding the suffix -ando to the stem of first conjugation (-AR) verbs and -iendo to the stem of second (-ER) and third (-IR) conjugation verbs (or -yendo if the stem ends in a vowel).‡,ß@˛B[#†€X€AĽ  €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙habl-ar(to talk)hablando (talking)„)+B6C[#†€R€AĽ  €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙com-er(to eat)comiendo (eating)…*˛BťC[#†€T€AĽ  €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙˙˙viv-ir(to live)viviendo (living)%6CŕC" €€€˙ 1ťCoD^#Œ€b€AĽ  "€€€€€‚˙€"€‚˙€8€€€‚˙˙˙ le-er(to read)leyendo (reading)(ŕC—D% €€0Öր‚˙‰/oD GZ ‚€_€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The present participle is used with the verb estar to form the PROGRESSIVE TENSES (tiempos progresivos), which express an ongoing action: Estoy estudiando espańol (I am studying Spanish); Estabas leyendo el periódico (You were reading the newspaper). The same construction is used with seguir and continuar: Sigue llorando (She keeps on crying); Continuan estudiando (They continue studying). The present participle is also used with the verb ir to express an action which is gradual or incremental: Va mejorando (It is getting better).&—DFG# €€€‚˙…R GËG3 6€¤€ր€€€€€‚˙NOTE: The progressive construction is never used for estar, venir and ir.ĆFGâHQ p€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The PAST PARTICIPLE (participio pasivo) is formed by adding the suffix -ado to the stem of -AR verbs, -ido to the stem of -ER and -IR verbs (or -ído if the stem ends in a vowel).†+ËGhI[#†€V‰8˛ Í €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙cerr-ar(to close)cerrado (closed)ƒ(âHëI[#†€P‰8˛ Í €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙perd-er(to lose)perdido (lost)Œ1hIwJ[#†€b‰8˛ Í €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€4€€€‚˙˙˙recib-ir(to receive)recibido (received)&ëIřJ[#†€L‰8˛ Í €€€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙ca-er(to fall)caído (fallen)‹9wJƒMR r€s€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚˙When used with the auxiliary verb haber to form compound tenses, the past participle has an invariable ending: Hemos cerrado la tienda (We have closed the store); Habrá perdido las llaves (He will have lost the keys); Habías recibido una carta (You had received a letter); Entraron después de que hubo caído (They entered after she had fallen down). When used adjectivally, however, past participles agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: La tienda está cerrada (The store is closed); Las llaves están perdidas (The keys are lost).&řJŠM# €€€‚˙< ƒMĺM1ź€Ť ĺMNŻ†Infinitives3ŠMN% €€Œ˜€‚˙InfinitivesČĺM+€? L€‘€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙The INFINITIVE (infinitivo) is a verb form that is not limited by person or number; to be is an English infinitive. Spanish/English dictionaries always identify a verb by its infinitive.A COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE completes the meaning of a preceding conjugated verb: No puedo hablar de eso (I can't talk about that); Quiero comer en un restaurante (I want to eat in a restaurant); Ella piensa vivir con ellos (ShN+€ŠMe intends to live with them).í NƒM h€A€€‚€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙After a preposition, the infinitive form of a verb must always be used: Prefiero leer antes de dormir (I prefer to read before going to sleep).A common temporal expression consists of the contraction al (literally, "at the", but translate "upon") together with an infinitive: Al despertar, me di cuenta de lo que había hecho (Upon awakening, I realized what I had done).Infinitives can be used as VERBAL NOUNS (nombres verbales). When used that way, they are considered to be masculine singular, and may be preceded by the definite article el: El escribir bien es un arte (Writing well is an art); Trabajar es lo que importa (Working is what matters).&+€>ƒ# €€€‚˙ÚƒM…5 8€ľ€0Öր€€€€€‚˙NOTE: Confusion arises for English-speaking students from the fact that verbal nouns in English have the same form as present participles. In the sentence "Singing is fun", for example, the word "singing" is a verbal noun; but it is a present participle in the sentence "I am singing" (present progressive tense). In Spanish, the first example would use an infinitive (El cantar es agradable), while the second one would use a present participle (Estoy cantando). b.>ƒŻ†4 6€]€0Öր‚€€€€‚‚˙This confusion is compounded by the fact that English verbal nouns are called gerunds and Spanish present participles are called gerundios. It is advisable, perhaps, to avoid using the terms gerund and gerundio altogether; verbal noun and present participle are unmistakable in their meaning.DM…ó†1Áˆ”„ ó†/‡ËStem-Changing Verbs<Ż†/‡% €.€Œ˜€‚˙Stem-Changing Verbs ń“ó† ‰^ Š€'€€‚€‚‚‚€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚˙Many verbs in Spanish change the spelling of their stems in certain conjugated forms. These verbs can be divided into three major groups:GROUP 1 Verbs in -AR or -ER that change the stem vowel from E to IE or from O to UE in the indicative and subjunctive moods of the present tense, except in the plurals of the first and second persons ("we" and "you all").Pensar (to think)_/‡‰A#R€<¤8 €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙INDICATIVESUBJUNCTIVE h ‰ç‰J#d€<¤8 €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙piensopiense (I think)l"‰SŠJ#d€D¤8 €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙piensaspienses (you think)k!牞ŠJ#d€B¤8 €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙piensapiense (she thinks)n$SŠ,‹J#d€H¤8 €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙pensamospensemos (we think)p&žŠœ‹J#d€L¤8 €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙pensáispenséis (you all think)m#,‹ ŒJ#d€F¤8 €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙piensanpiensen (they think)+œ‹4Œ( €€0ÖւA€‚˙? ŒsŒ) "€,€‚A€€‚˙Volver (to return)[4ŒΌA#R€4¤8' €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙INDICATIVESUBJUNCTIVEl"sŒ:J#d€D¤8' €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙vuelvovuelva (I return)o%ΌŠJ#d€J¤8' €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙vuelvesvuelvas (you return)m#:ŽJ#d€F¤8' €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙vuelvevuelva (she returns)o%Š…ŽJ#d€J¤8' €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙volvemosvolvamos (we return)s)ŽřŽJ#d€R¤8' €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙volvéisvolváis (you all return)p&…ŽhJ#d€L¤8' €€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙vuelvenvuelvan (they return)@řŽÁM h€€€‚‚€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚˙GROUP 2 Verbs in -IR with the same changes as above, and an additiohÁŻ†nal change of E to I or O to U in the third person of the preterite tense, in the first and second person plural forms of the present subjunctive, and in the entire imperfect subjunctive conjugation as well as the present participle.>h?Á) "€*€‚A€€‚˙Sentir, (to feel)ŚMÁĺÁY#‚€šę89 €€˙€€‚A€‚˙"€.€‚A€€‚˙˙˙Present Indicative:siento, sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten J?Á…ÂV#|€”ë88 €€‚A˙€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙Preterite:sentí, sentiste, sintió, sentimos, sentisteis, sintieron‘MĺÁĂD#X€šë88 €€€‚˙€.€€‚˙˙˙Present Subjunctive:sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientanĽ^…ÂťĂG#^€źë88 €€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙˙˙Imperfect Subjunctive:sintiera, sintieras, sintiera, sintiéramos, sintierais, sintieranj#Ă%ÄG#^€Fë88 €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙Present Participle:sintiendoEťĂjÄ- *€0€‚A€‚€€‚˙Dormir, (to sleep)K%ÄůÄD#X€–ţ8% €€€‚˙€*€€‚˙˙˙Present Indicativeduermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen ŒHjÄ…ĹD#X€ţ8% €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙Preterite:dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron”MůÄĆG#^€šţ8% €€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙Present Subjunctive:duerma, duermas, duerma durmamos, durmáis, duermanŽG…ŧĆG#^€Žţ8% €€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙˙˙Imperfect Subjunctive:durmiera, durmieras, durmiera, durmiéramoscĆ ÇG#^€8ţ8% €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙durmierais, durmieranj#§ĆtÇG#^€Fţ8% €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙Present Participle:durmiendo* ÇžÇ' €€ւA€‚˙›TtÇ9ČG ^€¨€€‚€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€‚‚˙GROUP 3 Verbs in -IR which only change E to I.Pedir (to request)‰BžÇÂČG#^€„ţ8% €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙Present Indicative:pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden†B9ČHÉD#X€„ţ8% €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙Preterite:pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron‹DÂČÓÉG#^€ˆţ8% €€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙Present Subjunctive:pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidanŸXHÉrĘG#^€°ţ8% €€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙˙˙Imperfect Subjunctive:pidiera, pidieras, pidiera, pidiéramos, pidierais, pidierani"ÓÉŰĘG#^€Dţ8% €€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙Present Participle:pidiendo+rĘË( €€0ÖւA€ ‚˙NŰĘTË1:Ť † !˙˙˙˙TË@Í"Ir A" (Periphrastic Future)CË—Ë% €<€Œ˜€‚˙Ir A (Periphrastic Future)ŠeTË@ÍD V€Ë€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The future tense may be expressed periphrastically (that is, in a roundabout way) by using the construction ir a followed by an infinitive. This periphrastic future construction can also be used with reference to the past, by conjugating ir in the imperfect tense: Voy a cantar (I am going to sing); Iban a bailar (They were about to dance).B—Ë‚Í1씄  "˙˙˙˙‚Í8"Ser" and "Estar"5@͡Í% € €Œ˜€‚˙Ser and EstarMî‚Í_ Œ€Ý€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚˙Ser and estar both mean to be. Ser is used to express WHAT something is, while estar expresses WHERE or HOW it is: Nosotros éramos buenos amigos (We were good friends); Miguel está en la oficina (Michael is in the office); Pablo está enfermo (Paul is sick). Estar is also used with the present participle to form the progressive tenses, present and past. Examples: Juan está estudiando (John is studying); Ellos estaban bailando el tango (They were dancing the TangoˇÍ@Í).(ˇÍ8$ €€€‚‚˙Ay1† ' #˙˙˙˙yS"Tú" and "Usted"48­% €€Œ˜€‚˙Tú and Usted€y-o Ź€#€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Tú (the plural vosotros/as is used exclusively in Spain) is the second person pronoun (English "you"). It is used for the familiar form of address when speaking to family members, close friends, children and pet animals: żTe sientes bien? (Do you feel okay?).The polite form of the second person pronoun is usted (plural ustedes for both masculine and feminine). It derives from the phrase Vuestra Merced (Your Grace), and is therefore abbreviated either Vd. or Ud. (plural Vds. or Uds.). Although it indicates the second person mode of address, usted is conjugated with third person verb forms (English "he/she/it"). This lends a respectful sense of distance to the conversation: żSigue Ud. estudiando el espańol? (Do you continue studying Spanish?).&­S# €€€‚˙8-‹1Ž  o $‹şNumbers/ Sş% €€Œ˜€‚˙NumbersŢĽ‹˜9 @€K€€€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙There are two kinds of NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES (adjetivos numerales): cardinal and ordinal. CARDINAL NUMBERS (cardinales) are the numbers used for counting:?ş­Ö z€ր€€‚€‚€€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€‚€€‚€€€‚€‚€€€‚€‚€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€‚€‚€€€‚˙0 cero1 uno/a2 dos3 tres4 cuatro5 cinco6 seis7 siete8 ocho9 nueve10 diez11 once12 doce13 trece14 catorce15 quince16 dieciséis17 diecisiete18 dieciocho19 diecinueve20 veinte 21 veintiuno/a 22 veintidós30 treinta31 treinta y uno/a j˜Ë ´ 6Ő€ր‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚‚€‚€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚‚€€€‚€€‚€‚€€€‚˙40 cuarenta 50 cincuenta60 sesenta70 setenta80 ochenta90 noventa100 cien(to)101 ciento uno200 doscientos/as300 trescientos/as400 cuatrocientos/as500 quinientos/as600 seiscientos/as700 setecientos/as800 ochocientos/as900 novecientos/as1.000 mil1.500 mil quinientos2.000 dos mil1.000.000 un millón'­ň $ €€ր‚˙sË e Y €€5€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚˙Uno in compound numbers loses the -o before masculine nouns, whether singular or plural: treinta y un días (thirty-one days).Dates (months and years) are cardinal numbers in Spanish, except for the first of the month: El 9 (nueve) de marzo de 1995 (mil novecientos noventa y cinco) (the ninth of October, 1995); BUT Hoy es el primero de octubre (Today is October first).Note that Spanish reverses the English usage of commas and periods in numbers: 1.250 kilómetros = 1,250 kilometers; 1,25 litros = 1.25 liters. †Tň ë 2 4€¨€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙The ORDINAL NUMBERS (ordinales) are used to establish a relative position:ZŢe E| ƀ˝€0Öր‚€‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚€‚‚€‚‚˙primer(o)/a (first)segundo/a (second)tercer(o)/a (third)cuarto/a(fourth)quinto/a (fifth)sexto/a (sixth)séptimo/a (seventh)octavo/a (eighth)noveno/a (ninth)décimo/a (tenth)ŇĄë 1 0€C€€‚€€€€‚˙After ten, cardinal numbers are generally used to indicate the ordinals: Alfonso Trece (Alfonso the Thirteenth); el siglo veinte (the twentieth century).= ET1˝ ' ā %˙˙˙˙TNHPrepositions4ˆ% €€Œ˜€‚˙Prepositions:TÎ@, &€€€ € € ‚‚‚˙PREPOSITIONS (preposiciones) are the connecting words that show the relatˆÎ@ionships between words in the sentence. Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun clauses can be the complement of the prepositions:Simple prepositions in Spanish include the following:Q ˆAD#X€#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙ato, atQ Î@pAD#X€#Ę €€€ ‚˙€ €€ ‚˙˙˙conwith[AËAG#^€(#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙contraagainstYpA$BG#^€$#Ę €€€ ‚˙€ €€ € ‚˙˙˙de of, from^ËA‚BG#^€.#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙desdefrom, since[$BÝBG#^€(#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙duranteduringS‚B0CD#X€#Ę €€€ ‚˙€ €€ ‚˙˙˙en in, onZÝBŠCG#^€&#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙entrebetweenY0CăCG#^€$#Ę €€€ € ‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙haciatowardXŠC;DG#^€"#Ę €€€ € ‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙hastauntilbăCDG#^€6#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙parafor, in order toX;DőDG#^€"#Ę €€€ ‚˙€ €€ € ‚˙˙˙porfor, byYDNEG#^€$#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙sin withoutWőDĽEG#^€ #Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙sobreoverSNEřED#X€#Ę €€€ ‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙trasafter&ĽEF# €€€ ‚˙z3řE˜FG#^€f!ó "€€€ € € ‚˙€.€‚˙˙˙Vamos a Barcelona.We are going to Barcelona.FFŢFA#R€ !ó €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙:˜F_GG#^€t!ó "€€€ € € ‚˙€4€‚˙˙˙Viene con su hermano.She's coming with her brother.FŢFĽGA#R€ !ó €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙…;_G*HJ#d€v!ó "€€€ € € ‚˙€>€€‚˙˙˙Quiero gasolina sin plomo.I want unleaded gasoline.$ĽGNH" €€€˙= *H‹H1őo ä‚ &˙˙˙˙‹HCKConjunctions4NHżH% €€Œ˜€‚˙ConjunctionsvK‹H5I+ &€–€R¤€ € € ‚˙CONJUNCTIONS (conjunciones) join words, phrases and clauses together. ˛}żHçI5 :€ú€¤€€€‚€ƒ‚€ƒ‚‚˙The most commonly used conjunction in Spanish is y (and).con su espada y con su pluma(with his sword and his pen)G$5I.J# €H€€‚˙Other commonly used conjunctions:M çI{JD#X€OS› €€€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙oorO .JĘJD#X€OS› €€€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙ninorQ {JKD#X€OS› €€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙perobut(ĘJCK$ €€€‚‚˙> KK1yā #„ '˙˙˙˙KźMInterjections5CKśK% € €Œ˜€‚˙Interjections!őK×L, &€ë€¤€ € € ‚‚˙An INTERJECTION (interjección) is a word or expression often given emotive value in the stream of speech. Interjections are rarely used in formal or business writing. In print interjection is usually followed by exclamation mark or a coma:XśK/MD#X€(›S] €€€ € ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Ąay!oh!, ouch!g#×L–MD#X€F›S] €€€ € ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Ąpor Dios!for goodness sakes!&/MźM# €€€‚˙: –MöM1’ä‚ î (˙˙˙˙öM4ƒSentences1 źM'N% €€Œ˜€‚˙Sentences˜uöMżN# €ę€€‚˙A sentence consists of the subject (the topic of the sentence) and the predicate (what is said about the subject).iC'N(O& €†€@‘€€‚‚˙Yo compro suéteres en el Rastro.(I buy sweaters in the Rastro.)'żNOO$ €€@Ȁ‚˙Ř(Ob€/ ,€ą€€€€€‚‚‚˙Yo (I) is the subject of the sentence and compro suéteres (buy sweaters) is the predicate.The most common forms of subject aOOb€źMre nouns and pronouns Noun phrase and noun clause may be the subject of a sentence:7OO™7 <€€@°€€‚‚€€€€‚‚˙Los nińos en la escuela reciclan las latas. (noun phrase)(The children in the school recycle the cans.)Los toros de Pamplona y los muchachos de Pamplona corren rapidamente. (noun clauses)(The bulls of Pamplone and the boys of Pamplona run fast.)(b€Á% €€R˜€‚˙ p™a‚0 0€ŕ€€€€€€‚‚˙The most common form of predicate is one consisting of the verb of action and direct or indirect object:f;Áǂ+ &€v€@°€€€‚‚˙La nińa ve el elefante. (The girl sees the elephant.)m@a‚4ƒ- *€€€€€€€‚‚˙Elefante is a direct object of the present tense verb ve.> ǂrƒ1ř#„ S )rƒŠƒp„Grammar Pages74ƒŠƒ' € €¸˜B˜€ ‚˙Grammar Pages6 rƒ߃+ &€€¸˜ăĂt÷ś€‰‚˙Number‘JŠƒp„G ^€”€˜ă+† V€‰‚ă‹—4뉂ăĚś˛8‰‚ăö ‰‚ăÉG|׉‚˙PersonGender1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation7߃§„1; î Ţ *§„ׄáNumber0 p„ׄ' €€¸˜B˜€ ‚˙Numbern=§„E…1 2€z€¸˜€€€€€‚˙There are two numbers in Spanish: singular and plural.\8ׄĄ…$ €p€˜€‚˙Most nouns in Spanish have singular and plural forms:j:E… †0 0€t€RȀ‚€€€‚˙la familia, las familias (the family, the families)UĄ…`†= J€0€R˜€‚€€ăOŔ€ ‰€‚€‚˙See Plurals T0 †´†$ €`€˜€‚˙Pronouns also have singular and plural forms:)`†݆& €€R˜€‚˙§r´†„‡5#:€äˇ/ €€€‚€‚˙˙˙el mío, la mía (mine [singular, masculine, feminine])los míos, las mías (mine [plural, masculine, feminine]) 7 ݆ť‡- *€€R˜€‚€€‚˙See ꆄ‡Ľˆd –€ €RČăfƒĘ€ ‰€‚ăEΌ€ ‰€‚ă/*ţţ€ ‰€‚ăŽGž€ ‰€‚ăźJ€ ‰€‚˙Possessives DemonstrativesSubject and Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Prepositional Pronouns -ť‡҈* $€€RȄ´!€‚˙qKĽˆC‰& €–€R˜€‚˙Adjectives and articles agree with nouns in number (and also in gender)..҈q‰+ &€€ R†:ĺ퀂˙e C‰։E#Z€@Ěeˇ €€ R€‚˙€"€ R‚˙˙˙el perro viejo(the old dog)f!q‰<ŠE#Z€BĚeˇ €€ R€‚˙€ € R‚˙˙˙la chica alta(the tall girl)2։nŠ* $€€ R„!€‚‚˙See `<ŠΊA R€>€RȂĆăúłŽŐ€ ‰€€‚ă)^R/€ ‰€‚˙Adjectives ArticlesœunŠj‹' €ę€R˜€‚‚˙Verbs and different verbal forms (present and past participles) agree with the subject of the sentence in number:wOΊá‹( €ž€RȀ‚‚‚˙(Nosotros) estamos llevando zapatos marrones.(We are wearing brown shoes.)ż‚j‹ Œ= H€€R˜€‚€€€€€€€‚˙Estamos is 1st person plural, present tense of the verb estar, and agrees in number with the personal pronoun nosotros.2á‹Ҍ* $€€ R„!€‚‚˙See Z+ Œ,/ .€V€RČă´ţR € ‰€‚˙Verb Conjugations: Person and NumberŒQҌ¸; F€˘€Čă-Ň=ţ€ ‰€‚ă'şç€ ‰€‚˙Passive and Impersonal ConstructionsParticiples and Progressive Tenses),á& €€R˜€‚˙7¸Ž1uS ށ +ŽHŽ}ÄPerson0 áHŽ' €€¸˜B˜€ ‚˙Person¸hŽ ŔP n€Ń€¸€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙Grammatical person indicates the relationship of speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group (yo, nosotros/as). Second person refers to whomever is being spoken to (tú, vosotros/as, usted, ustedes). Third person refers to the entity being spoken about (él, ella, ellos, ellas).SeeHŽ Ŕ፭bHŽšŔK f€Ä€RȂlă/*ţţ€ ‰€‚ăŽGž€ ‰€‚ăźJ€ ‰€‚˙Subject and Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Prepositional Pronouns ( ŔáŔ% €€R˜€‚˙ƒ\šŔdÁ' €¸€R˜€‚‚˙Verbs are inflected (receive different endings) to agree with the person of the subject:láŔĐÁU#z€.ąJľ Ó €€€‚˙€&€‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙hablar (to talk)ƒ"dÁSÂa#’€DąJľ Ó €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙1st personhablohablamosƒ"ĐÁÖÂa#’€DąJľ Ó €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙˙˙2nd personhablashabláis SÂWĂa#’€@ąJľ Ó €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙˙˙3rd personhablahablan2Ö‰Ă* $€€ R„!€‚‚˙See Z+WĂăĂ/ .€V€R˜ă´ţR € ‰€‚˙Verb Conjugations: Person and Numberq8‰ĂTÄ9 B€p€˜ăĚś˛8€‰‚ăö ‰‚ăÉG|׉‚˙1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation)ăĂ}Ä& €€R˜€‚˙7TÄ´Ä1ńŢ 8… ,´ÄäĤĘGender0 }ÄäÄ' €€¸˜B˜€ ‚˙Genderq@´ÄUĹ1 2€€€¸˜€€€€€‚˙There are two genders in Spanish: masculine and feminine._:äÄ´Ĺ% €t€˜€‚‚˙All nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine.g<UĹÇ+ $€y€˜„´!€‚‚˙Although there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word.Z´ĹuÇC#V€.­Ač €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙la chica(the girl)ZÇĎÇC#V€.­Ač €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙el hombre(the man)2uÇČ+ &€€R˜„´!€‚‚˙SeeMĎÇNČ3 6€4€RȄ´!ă2wr€ ‰€‚˙Gender and Agreement?ȍÉ. *€#€R˜„´!€‚‚‚‚˙Knowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, participles, and pronouns. They agree in the gender and in the number with the noun.SeeœHNČ)ĘT x€€Čˆl´üEăúłŽŐ€ ‰€‚ă)^R/€ ‰€€‚ă'şç€ ‰€€‚˙AdjectivesArticles Participles and Progressive Tenses S$É|Ę/ .€H€RČă/*ţţ€ ‰€‚˙Subject and Object Pronouns ()ʤĘ% €€RȀ‚˙@|ĘäĘ1U)ށ  -äĘË8„1st Conjugation9¤ĘË' €$€¸˜B˜€ ‚˙1st Conjugation)äĘFË& €€¸R˜€‚˙x,ËžËL#h€XW“ €€R€€‚˙€,€R€€‚˙˙˙Present InfinitivePresent ParticiplehFË&ĚI#b€>W“ €€R€‚˙€&€R€€‚˙˙˙hablar (to talk)hablando_žË…ĚI#b€,W“ €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙Past ParticipleS &ĚŘĚF#\€W“ €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙˙˙hablado)…ĚÍ& €€R˜€‚˙˘#ŘĚŁÍ#΀FÍ 0 €€R€‚˙€€R˙"€€XR~„€€‚˙€€XR~„˙€ €R€€‚˙˙˙PresentPresent Perfect§ÍJΈ#ŕ€>Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €@‚€€‚˙€€@‚˙€ €‚˙€*€€‚˙˙˙yohablohe habladoś"ŁÍĎ”#ř€DÍ ˆ  €€˙€€R€‚˙€ €R˙€€@‚€€‚˙€"€@‚˙€$€‚˙€0€€‚˙˙˙túhablashas habladoş&Jκϔ#ř€LÍ ˆ  €€˙€€R€‚˙€€R˙€€@‚€€‚˙€,€@‚˙€.€‚˙€8€€‚˙˙˙él, ellahablaha habladoĂ/ω”#ř€^Í ˆ  €€˙€€R€‚şĎ‰¤Ę˙€€R˙€ €@‚€€‚˙€8€@‚˙€:€‚˙€J€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ashablamoshemos habladoĂ/şĎL”#ř€^Í ˆ  €€˙€€R€‚˙€€R˙€ €@‚€€‚˙€6€@‚˙€8€‚˙€J€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ashabláishabéis habladoŔ,‰ ”#ř€XÍ ˆ  €€˙€€R€‚˙€€R˙€ €@‚€€‚˙€6€@‚˙€8€‚˙€D€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellashablan han hablado(L4% €€R˜€‚˙˘/ Ös#ś€^… Í 0 €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€ €R€€‚˙€$€R€€‚˙˙˙ImperfectPluperfect (Past Perfect)Č)4žŸ#R… Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€ €R‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€*€€‚˙€:€˙€<€R€€‚˙˙˙yoyohablabahabíahabladoĘ+ÖhŸ#V… Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€ €R‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€,€€‚˙€>€˙€@€R€€‚˙˙˙tútúhablabashabíashabladoÔ5ž<Ÿ#j… Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€*€R˙€,€€€‚˙€B€€‚˙€R€˙€T€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellaél, ellahablabahabíahabladoŕAhŸ#‚… Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€6€R˙€8€€€‚˙€T€€‚˙€j€˙€l€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/asnosotros/ashablábamoshabíamoshabladoŢ?<úŸ#~… Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€6€R˙€8€€€‚˙€R€€‚˙€f€˙€h€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/asvosotros/ashablabaishabíaishabladoÜ=ÖŸ#z… Í ˆ  €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€6€R˙€8€€€‚˙€P€€‚˙€b€˙€d€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellasellos,elloshablabanhabíanhablado(úţ% €€R˜€‚˙–2Ö”d#˜€dÍ f €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙FutureFuture Perfect (Future Anterior)Ş#ţ> ‡#ހFÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€0€˙€2€R€‚˙˙˙yohablaréhabréhabladoŹ%”ę ‡#ހJÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€$€‚˙€4€˙€6€R€‚˙˙˙túhablaráshabráshablado°)> š ‡#ހRÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€.€‚˙€<€˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellahablaráhabráhabladoš2ę S ‡#ހdÍ ˆ Ó €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€:€‚˙€N€˙€P€R€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ashablaremoshabremoshabladoˇ0š  ‡#ހ`Í ˆ Ó €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€‚˙€J€˙€L€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ashablaréishabréishabladoľ.S ż ‡#ހ\Í ˆ Ó €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€‚˙€F€˙€H€R€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellashablaránhabránhablado( ç % €€R˜€‚˙–5ż } a#’€jÍ o €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙˙˙PreteritePreterite Perfect (Past Anterior)¨!ç %‡#ހBÍ ‰ Ű €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€,€˙€.€R€‚˙˙˙yohabléhube hablado­&} ҇#ހLÍ ‰ Ű €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€$€‚˙€6€˙€8€R€‚˙˙˙túhablastehubistehablado­&%‡#ހLÍ ‰ Ű €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€*€‚˙€6€˙€8€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellahablóhubohabladoś/ŇA@‡#ހ^Í ‰ Ű €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€A@¤Ę‚˙˙˙nosotros/ashablamoshubimoshabladoş3ű@‡#ހfÍ ‰ Ű €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€:€‚˙€P€˙€R€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ashablasteishubisteishabladoˇ0A@˛A‡#ހ`Í ‰ Ű €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€‚˙€J€˙€L€R€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellashablaronhubieronhablado(ű@ÚA% €€R˜€‚˙Ž6˛AhBX#€€lń “ €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙€2€R‚˙˙˙Present SubjunctivePresent Perfect Subjunctive§ ÚAC‡#ހ@ń |  €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€˙€,€R€‚˙˙˙yohablehayahabladoŠ"hB¸C‡#ހDń |  €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€.€˙€0€R€‚˙˙˙túhableshayashablado­&CeD‡#ހLń |  €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€*€‚˙€6€˙€8€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellahablehayahabladoś/¸CE‡#ހ^ń |  €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ashablemoshayamoshablado´-eDĎE‡#ހZń |  €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ashabléishayáishablado˛+EF‡#ހVń |  €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€2€‚˙€@€˙€B€R€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellashablenhayanhablado)ĎEŞF& €€R˜€‚˙5F7GX#€€jn U €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙€6€R‚˙˙˙Imperfect SubjunctivePast Perfect SubjunctiveŰ;ŞFH #vŽ Ő é a €€R€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙€<€R˙€>€‚˙€`€˙€b€R€‚˙˙˙yohablaseor hablarahubiera/hubiesehabladoß?7GńH #~Ž Ő é a €€R€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙€"€R€€‚˙€@€R˙€B€‚˙€h€˙€j€R€‚˙˙˙túhablasesor hablarashubieras/hubieseshabladoáAHŇI #‚Ž Ő é a €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€,€R€€‚˙€H€R˙€J€‚˙€l€˙€n€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellahablaseor hablarahubiera/hubiesehabladođPńHÂJ # Ž Ő é a €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€8€R€€‚˙€Z€R˙€\€‚˙€Š€˙€Œ€R€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ashablásemosor habláramoshubiéramos/hubiésemoshabladoěLŇIŽK #˜Ž Ő é a €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€6€R€€‚˙€V€R˙€X€‚˙€‚€˙€„€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ashablaseisor hablaraishubierais/hubieseishabladočHÂJ–L #Ž Ő é a €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€4€R€€‚˙€R€R˙€T€‚˙€z€˙€|€R€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellashablasenor hablaranhubieran/hubiesenhablado)ŽKżL& €€R˜€‚˙†.–LEMX#€€\ˆč K €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙€2€R‚˙˙˙Present ConditionalConditional Perfect­%żLňMˆ#ŕ€Jˆč — Š €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€$€˙€&€R‚˙€6€R€‚˙˙˙yohablaríahabríahabladoŻ'EMĄNˆ#ŕ€Nˆč — Š €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€&€˙€(€R‚˙€:€R€‚˙˙˙túhablaríashabríashabladoł+ňMTOˆ#ŕ€Vˆč — Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€0€˙€2€R‚˙€B€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellahablaríahabríahabladoź4ĄN€ˆ#ŕ€hˆč — Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€<€˙€>€R‚˙€T€R€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ashablaríamoshabríTO€¤Ęamoshabladoş2TOրˆ#ŕ€dˆč — Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€:€˙€<€R‚˙€P€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ashablaríaishabríaishablado¸0€Žˆ#ŕ€`ˆč — Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€˙€:€R‚˙€L€R€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellashablaríanhabríanhablado)րˇ& €€R˜€‚˙RŽ ‚C#V€Š €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙Imperativegˇp‚L#h€6Š €€R€‚˙$€ €R€€€‚˙˙˙túhabla / no hablesj ‚ڂL#h€<Š €€R€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙formalhable / no hable\p‚6ƒF#\€,Š €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙˙˙nosotroshablemoso#ڂĽƒL#h€FŠ €€R€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙vosotroshablad / no habléisj6ƒ„L#h€<Š €€R€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙formalhablen/no hablen)Ľƒ8„& €€R˜€‚˙@„x„1*)8… Ť.x„ą„ż 2nd Conjugation98„ą„' €$€¸˜B˜€ ‚˙2nd Conjugation)x„ڄ& €€¸R˜€‚˙x,ą„R…L#h€X{o €€R€€‚˙€,€R€€‚˙˙˙Present InfinitivePresent Participlefڄ¸…I#b€:{o €€R€‚˙€"€R€€‚˙˙˙comer (to eat)comiendo_R…†I#b€,{o €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙Past ParticipleV ¸…m†I#b€{o €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙comido)†–†& €€¸R˜€‚˙‚!m†‡a#’€Bď 2 €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙PresentPresent Perfect¨–†Ŕ‡Š#ä€<ď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€˙€(€R€€‚˙˙˙yocomohe comidoŞ ‡jˆŠ#ä€@ď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€˙€,€R€€‚˙˙˙túcomeshas comidoŽ$Ŕ‡‰Š#ä€Hď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€2€˙€4€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacomeha comidoˇ-jˆωŠ#ä€Zď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomemoshemos comidoˇ-‰†ŠŠ#ä€Zď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€‚˙€0€€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascoméishabéis comidoł)ω9‹Š#ä€Rď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€‚˙€.€€‚˙€<€˙€>€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascomenhan comido(†Ša‹% €€R˜€‚˙Ž-9‹ď‹a#’€Zď 2 €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙˙˙ImperfectPluperfect (Past Perfect)ł#a‹˘Œ#đ€Fď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€˙$€0€R€€€‚˙˙˙yocomíahabíacomidoľ%ď‹W#đ€Jď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙€2€˙$€4€R€€€‚˙˙˙túcomíashabíascomidoš)˘ŒŽ#đ€Rď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€*€€‚˙€:€˙$€<€R€€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacomíahabíacomidoÂ2WҎ#đ€dď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€€‚˙€L€˙$€N€R€€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomíamoshabíamoscomidoŔ0Ž’#đ€`ď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€€‚˙€H€˙$€J€R€€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascomíaishabíaiscomidož.Ҏ\Ŕ#đ€\ď ‘ – €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€2€€‚˙’\Ŕ8„€D€˙$€F€R€€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascomíanhabíancomido(’„Ŕ% €€R˜€‚˙–2\ŔÁd#˜€dď _ €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙FutureFuture Perfect (Future Anterior)Ź"„ŔĆÁŠ#ä€Dď ‘ Ă €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€.€˙€0€R€€‚˙˙˙yocomeréhabrécomidoŽ$ÁtŠ#ä€Hď ‘ Ă €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€2€˙€4€R€€‚˙˙˙túcomeráshabráscomido˛(ĆÁ&ĂŠ#ä€Pď ‘ Ă €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€,€‚˙€:€˙€<€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacomeráhabrácomidoť1tÂáĂŠ#ä€bď ‘ Ă €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€‚˙€L€˙€N€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomeremoshabremoscomidoš/&ÚĊ#ä€^ď ‘ Ă €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascomeréishabréiscomidoˇ-áĂQĹŠ#ä€Zď ‘ Ă €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascomeránhabráncomido(šÄyĹ% €€R˜€‚˙ž9QĹ7Ć…#ڀrď z = €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙€j€R˙€l€R˜€‚˙˙˙PreteritePreterite Perfect (Past Anterior)ş!yĹńĆ™#Bď ‘ Ţ €€R˜˙€€R€‚˙€ €R˙€€€€‚˙€€‚˙€,€˙€.€R€€‚˙˙˙yocomíhube comidoŻ%7Ć ÇŠ#ä€Jď ‘ Ţ €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€4€˙€6€R€€‚˙˙˙túcomistehubistecomido°&ńĆPČŠ#ä€Lď ‘ Ţ €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€‚˙€(€€‚˙€6€˙€8€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacomióhubocomido¸. ÇÉŠ#ä€\ď ‘ Ţ €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€‚˙€F€˙€H€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomimoshubimoscomidoź2PČÄÉŠ#ä€dď ‘ Ţ €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€‚˙€N€˙€P€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascomisteishubisteiscomidoş0É~ĘŠ#ä€`ď ‘ Ţ €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€‚˙€4€€‚˙€J€˙€L€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascomieronhubieroncomido(ÄÉŚĘ% €€R˜€‚˙Ž8~ĘTËv#ź€pď • €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€XR~„€‚˙€4€XR~„˙€6€R‚˙˙˙Present SubjunctivePresent Perfect Subjunctiveş ŚĘĚš#@ď ™ ń €€R€‚˙€ €R˙ € €P~„€€‚˙€€P~„˙€€‚˙€*€˙€,€R€€‚˙˙˙yocomahayacomido˝#TËËĚš#Fď ™ ń €€R€‚˙€ €R˙ € €P~„€€‚˙€ €P~„˙€"€‚˙€0€˙€2€R€€‚˙˙˙túcomas hayascomidoÁ'ĚŒÍš#Nď ™ ń €€R€‚˙€€R˙ €€P~„€€‚˙€*€P~„˙€,€‚˙€8€˙€:€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacoma hayacomidoÉ/ËĚUΚ#^ď ™ ń €€R€‚˙€€R˙ €€P~„€€‚˙€4€P~„˙€6€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomamoshayamoscomidoÇ-ŒÍĎš#Zď ™ ń €€R€‚˙€€R˙ €€P~„€€‚˙€2€P~„˙€4€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascomáishayáiscomidoĆ,UÎ š#Xď ™ ń €€R€‚˙€€R˙ €€P~„€€‚˙€2€P~„˙€4€‚˙€B€˙€D€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascoman hayancomidoĎ 8„)Ď5& €€R˜€‚˙5 ÂX#€€jf o €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙€6€R‚˙˙˙Imperfect SubjunctivePast Perfect SubjunctiveÜ;5žĄ#v— Ä ń s €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€>€‚˙€`€˙€b€R€€‚˙˙˙yocomieseor comierahubiera/hubiesecomidoŕ?Â~Ą#~— Ä ń s €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙€B€‚˙€h€˙€j€R€€‚˙˙˙túcomiesesor comierashubieras/hubiesescomidoâAž`Ą#‚— Ä ń s €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙€J€‚˙€l€˙€n€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacomieseor comierahubiera/hubiesecomidońP~QĄ# — Ä ń s €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙€\€‚˙€Š€˙€Œ€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomiésemosor comiéramoshubiéramos/hubiésemoscomidoíL`>Ą#˜— Ä ń s €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€€€‚˙€X€‚˙€‚€˙€„€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascomieseisor comieraishubierais/hubieseiscomidoéHQ'Ą#— Ä ń s €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€€€‚˙€T€‚˙€z€˙€|€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascomiesenor comieranhubieran/hubiesencomido)>P& €€R˜€‚˙†.'ÖX#€€\ B €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙€2€R‚˙˙˙Present ConditionalConditional PerfectŻ$P…‹#ć€H Ž Š €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€"€˙€$€R‚˙€4€R€€‚˙˙˙yocomeríahabríacomidoą&Ö6‹#ć€L Ž Š €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€$€˙€&€R‚˙€8€R€€‚˙˙˙túcomeríashabríascomidoľ*…ë‹#ć€T Ž Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€.€˙€0€R‚˙€@€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellacomeríahabríacomidož36Š ‹#ć€f Ž Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€:€˙€<€R‚˙€R€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/ascomeríamoshabríamoscomidoź1ëe ‹#ć€b Ž Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€˙€:€R‚˙€N€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/ascomeríaishabríaiscomidoş/Š  ‹#ć€^ Ž Š €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€˙€8€R‚˙€J€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellascomeríanhabríancomido)e H & €€R˜€‚˙R š C#V€ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙ImperativeeH ˙ L#h€2ŠÍ €€R€‚˙$€ €R€€€‚˙˙˙túcome / no comasgš f L#h€6ŠÍ €€R€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙formalcoma/ no coma[˙ Á F#\€*ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙˙˙nosotroscomamosm!f . L#h€BŠÍ €€R€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙vosotroscomed / no comáisiÁ — L#h€:ŠÍ €€R€‚˙$€€R€€€‚˙˙˙formalcoman/ no coman(. ż % €€R˜€‚˙@— ˙ 1:( ˙˙˙˙/˙ 8Ć3rd Conjugation9ż 8' €$€¸˜B˜€ ‚˙3rd Conjugation)˙ a& €€¸R˜€‚˙x,8ŮL#h€X{B €€R€€‚˙€,€R€€‚˙˙˙Present InfinitivePresent Participlega@I#b€<{B €€R€‚˙€$€R€€‚˙˙˙vivir (to live)viviendo_ŮŸI#b€,{B €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙Past ParticipleV @ @I#b€{B €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙vividoŸ @ż )Ÿ5@& €€¸R˜€‚˙‚! @ˇ@a#’€Bˆě > €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙PresentPresent Perfect¤5@[A‡#ހ:ˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€˙€(€R€‚˙˙˙yovivohe vividoŚˇ@B‡#ހ>ˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€˙€,€R€‚˙˙˙túviveshas vividoŞ#[AŤB‡#ހFˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€2€˙€4€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellaviveha vividoł,B^C‡#ހXˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€‚˙˙˙nosotros/asvivimoshemos vivido˛+ŤBD‡#ހVˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€0€‚˙€B€˙€D€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/asvivishabéis vividoŻ(^CżD‡#ހPˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€0€‚˙€<€˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellasvivenhan vivido(DçD% €€R˜€‚˙Ž-żDuEa#’€Zˆě > €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€ €R€€‚˙˙˙ImperfectPluperfect (Past Perfect)Ż"çD$F#ę€Dˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€˙€0€R€€‚˙˙˙yovivíahabíavividoą$uEŐF#ę€Hˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙€2€˙€4€R€€‚˙˙˙túvivíashabíasvividoľ($FŠG#ę€Pˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€*€€‚˙€:€˙€<€R€€‚˙˙˙él, ellavivíahabíavividož1ŐFHH#ę€bˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€€‚˙€L€˙€N€R€€‚˙˙˙nosotros/asvivíamoshabíamosvividoź/ŠGI#ę€^ˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€4€€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€€‚˙˙˙vosotros/asvivíaishabíaisvividoş-HHžI#ę€Zˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€2€€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€€‚˙˙˙ellos,ellasvivíanhabíanvivido(IćI% €€R˜€‚˙’1žIxJa#’€bˆě > €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙FutureFuture Perfect (Future Anterior)¨!ćI K‡#ހBˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€.€˙€0€R€‚˙˙˙yoviviréhabrévividoŞ#xJĘK‡#ހFˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€ €R˙€ €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€2€˙€4€R€‚˙˙˙túviviráshabrásvividoŽ' KxL‡#ހNˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€,€‚˙€:€˙€<€R€‚˙˙˙él, ellaviviráhabrávividoˇ0ĘK/M‡#ހ`ˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€8€‚˙€L€˙€N€R€‚˙˙˙nosotros/asviviremoshabremosvividoľ.xLäM‡#ހ\ˆě Ž … €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€€€‚˙€6€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€‚˙˙˙vosotros/asviviréishabréisvividoł,/M—N‡#ހXˆě Ž … 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