?_d˙˙˙˙m7TKl¤ˆ5Portuguese Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4„3[ý˙éf[ý˙3Ŕ˙˙ ‚ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXT5 |CTXOMAPrÁ|FONT„Ľ|KWBTREE×Ń|KWDATAľÎ|KWMAPşŃ|SYSTEM|TOPIC“|TTLBTREEň|bm0d2denied; the file may be in use.#Cannot retrieve properties for '|'.•Cannot write updated properties for '|'. The file may be in use, you may not have write permission, or the file may not be an Microsoft Office file.eCannot write updated properties for '|'. Access denied; the file may be in use, or marked read-only.)Can't resolve the link to that directory.More...No files found.3File | is an executable and therefore unsearchable.dotrtf$Micń č ˙˙˙˙ 7˙˙˙˙C19˙˙˙˙LC}…Inhalt: }. ,€€°°†!E€€‚˙Contents4 Cą* $€€ČăvK%€‰‚˙Nounsy6}*C V€l€†´!€ƒă´Ö…h€‰€‚ƒăŒ˙žo€‰€‚˙Singular and Plural NounsGender of Nouns4 ą^* $€€ČăGˇ.€‰‚˙VerbsRÚ*°x ž€ľ€‘€ă§ż$ڀ‰‚ă¤Z¸,‰‚ă5&ű‰‚ăöÍߣ‰‚ăSHƒ‰€‚ăŃj耉‚ăŽb‰‚ă\m—f‰‚ăۙWW‰‚ă3žú͉‚ăĺÄś‰‚˙Stem-Changing VerbsVerbs with Orthographic ChangesVerb TensesNegativesFormal and Familiar AddressActive and Passive VoiceReflexive VerbsImpersonal VerbsInfinitivesGerundsParticiples?^ď. ,€"€Ȁ‚ă™ß€‰‚˙Adjectives~<°mB T€x€‘€„!ăYNa€‰€‚ăJ`‹Ě€‰€€‚˙Comparative and SuperlativeAbsolute Superlative Hďľ1 2€.€Čă†ô7™€‰‚ăŰRmI‰‚˙AdverbsPronounsDmů. ,€,€‘€ăf0É󀉀‚˙Subject PronounsĆtľżR t€č€‘€‚!㚀‰€‚ăpż<€‰€‚ăež€‰‚ăb:2‰€‚˙Direct Object PronounsIndirect Object PronounsPrepositional (Stressed) PronounsReflexive Pronouns¤ůĆc ”€I€‘€ăĐ Š—€‰€‚ă‘ń€5€‰€‚ăÓëfՀ‰€‚ăÎF°â€‰€‚ăeô„Y€‰€‚˙Possessive PronounsInterrogatives and ExclamationsIndefinite Pronouns and AdjectivesRelative PronounsDemonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives™Xż_A R€°€Ȃ!€‚ă\żŰ〉€‚ă2倀‰€‚˙Passive Reflexive Constructions with "Se"Impersonal Constructions with "Se")˛Ćˆw ź€e€Č㌔WS€‰‚ă‘Ž6‰‚ă&[nS‰‚ăDšżë‰‚ăôqVł‰‚€‚ă˘íő€‰‚ă=8s‰‚ă+=/;‰‚ăL“ƒ‰€‚ă‰Â\$€ ‰‚˙PrepositionsArticlesConjunctionsInterjectionsNumbersPrefixes and SuffixesPhrasesSentences and ClausesGrammar PagesAppendix of Irregular Verbs&_Ž# €€€ ‚˙P*ˆţ& €T€„H~€ ‚˙For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.‡RŽ…5 :€Ś€€ €†"€€ € ‚˙For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu.6ţť1ńS€ťč´ANouns-…č% €€˜˜€‚˙Nounse>ťM ' €|€¨’‚H€ ‚˙A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.w;čÄ < H€v€ȂH€‚€ €€ €€ € € ‚˙Joăo (John), casa (house), amizade (friendship).6 M ú ) "€€’„H!€ ‚‚˙See also:y6Ä s C V€l€†H´!€ƒă´Ö…h€‰€‚ƒăŒ˙žo€‰€‚˙Singular and Plural NounsGender of Nouns-ú   ) "€€’„H!€ ‚‚˙5s Ő & €€˜˜’€‚˙Proper NounslE  A ' €Š€¨’‚H€ ‚˙A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or entity.)Ő j & €€’‚H€ ‚˙ŒSA ö 9 B€Ś€ȆH!]€€ €€ €€ ‚˙Afonso I, Luís Váz de Camőes, o Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, o Natal (Christmas)-j # * $€€’†H!]€‚˙5ö X & €€˜˜’€‚˙Common Nouns´y# ; F€ň€¨’„H!€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙All nouns other than proper nouns are called common. Common nouns are subdivided into count and noncount nouns.Ř X ä 8 >€A€’„H!€ ‚€€ ‚‚€€ ‚˙Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. They can be used to answer the question, 'How many...?'Collective nouns refer to a class or a group:) & €€’‚H€ ‚˙^/ä k/ .€^€ȂH€€ €€ ‚˙a reuniăo (meeting), o público (audience)a2 Ě/ .€d€’„H!€ ‚€€ ‚˙Abstract nouns refer to qualities and ideas.)kő& €€’‚H€‚˙}EĚr8 @€Š€ȂH€€ €€ €€ €‚˙a bondade (goodness), a justiça (justice), a beleza (beauty))ő›& €€’‚H€ ‚˙7rŇ& €"€˜˜’€‚˙Noncount Nouns%÷›A. *€ď€’‚H€€ ‚€‚˙ŇA…Noncount nouns refer to things that cannot be counted. In English, they do not usually take a definite article, but in Portuguese they often do. Noncount nouns include substances, abstract nouns, games and activities, and natural phenomena:‹PŇŽA; F€ €ȂH€€ €€ €€ € €‚˙o leite (milk), a saúde (health), a nataçăo (swimming), o calor (heat)&A´A# €€€ ‚˙JŽAţA1ß LţAIB €Singular and Plural NounsK%´AIB& €J€˜˜’€‚˙Singular and Plural Forms of Nouns`ţAŠCR r€€¨’‚H€ €€ €€ €€ € € € € € € €€ ‚˙There are two grammatical forms to show number: singular and plural. The singular for count nouns indicates that there is one, the plural that there are two or more. The plural of nouns and adjectives is regularly formed by adding -s to a words ending.)IBŇC& €€’‚H€‚˙g7ŠC9D0 0€n€R˜€ €€ ‚€ƒ‚˙Nouns ending in a vowel (the majority) add -s.—[ŇCĐD< H€ś€ȂH€€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙a casa (the house) -- as casas (the houses)a lei (the law) -- as leis (the laws)j-9D:E= J€Z€’‚H€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚€‚˙Nouns ending in -r or -z add -es.ˁĐDFJ b€€ȂH€€ €€ €‚€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙a flor (flower) as flores (flowers)a mulher (the woman) as mulheres (the women)a voz (voice) as vozes (voices)„P:E‰F4 8€ €’‚H€ ‚€€ €€ ‚‚˙Nouns ending in the letter -m change it to -ns when forming the plural.S$FÜF/ .€H€ȂH€€ €€ ‚˙a homem (man) os homens (men)&‰FG# €€€ ‚˙ŠZÜFŒG0 0€´€’€ €€ €€ ‚˙Nouns ending in -s add -es to the singular form if the last syllable is stressed.Š^GH, (€ź€’‚H€ €€ ‚˙Nouns ending in -s do not change to form the plural if the last syllable is not stressed.(ŒG>H$ €€€ ‚‚˙чHIJ b€€Ȃ~€€ €€ €‚€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙o męs (month) -- os męses (months)o país (the country) -- os países (the countries)o lápis (pencil) os lápis (pencils)'>H6I$ €€’€ ‚˙ĽgIŰI> L€Î€’‚H€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙Nouns ending with -al, -el, -ol and -ul replace the ending -l with -is to form the plural.&6IJ# €€€ ‚˙‘VŰI’J; F€Ź€Ȁ€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚‚˙o animal (animal) os animais (animals)o papel (paper) os papéis (papers)–]J(K9 B€ş€’€ €€ €€ €€ € ‚˙Nouns ending in -il change the -il to -eis if the last syllable is not stressed.&’JNK# €€€ ‚˙b5(K°K- *€j€Ȁ€ €€ ‚˙o fóssil (the fossil) os fósseis (the fossils)=ńNKíLL f€ă€€ ‚€€ ‚‚€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚‚˙Nouns ending in -ăo form the plural by :Changing the ending -ăo to -őes. This rule encompasses the majority of nouns ending in -ăo. As a rule of thumb, when in doubt, change nouns ending in -ăo to -őes to form the plural.X+°KEM- *€V€Ȁ€ €€ ‚˙a liçăo (lesson) as liçőes (lessons)Z)íLŸM1 2€R€€ ‚€€ €€ ‚‚˙Changing the ending -ăo to -ăos.b5EMN- *€j€Ȁ€ €€ ‚˙o irmăo (the brother) os irmăos (the brothers)‘`ŸM’N1 2€Ŕ€€ ‚€€ €€ ‚‚˙Changing the ending -ăo to -ăes. There are only a few nouns to which this rule applies.\.NîN. ,€\€Ȁ€ €€ ‚‚˙o păo (the bread) os păes (the breads)a’N{O, (€Â€€ €€ €‚˙(The following word is used in Portugal only. The more common term in Brazil is chachorro.)V)îNŃO- *€R€Ȁ€ €€ ‚˙o căo (the dog) os căes (the dogs)&{O €# €€€ ‚˙ŃO €´A@ŃOL€12S€/ L€„€…ƒGender of Nouns8 €„€& €$€˜˜’€‚˙Gender of Nouns~FL€8 @€Œ€¨‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙Nouns have two genders in Portuguese: masculine and feminine.(„€*% €€‚H€‚˙ƒđ4 6€%€’€ €€ €€ €‚˙The ending of a noun often indicates its gender. Nouns ending in -o are usually masculine, while nouns ending in -a are usually feminine,)*‚& €€’‚H€‚˙Y)đr‚0 0€R€Ȃ˘€€ ‚€€ ‚˙o touro (the bull)a vaca (the cow)V+‚Č‚+ &€V€€ ‚€ ‚€ ‚˙However, there are many exceptions.˝r‚…ƒ- (€!€‚H€ €€ ‚‚˙You need to memorize the article, either definite or indefinite, together with noun in order to be able to identify the gender of a noun. ; ȂŔƒ1đ‚ ,„ŔƒóƒMÉAdjectives3 …ƒóƒ& €€˜˜€ƒ‚˙AdjectivemFŔƒ`„' €Œ€¨’‚H€ ‚˙Adjectives are words that qualify the meaning of a noun or pronoun.)󃉄& €€’‚H€ ‚˙}M`„…0 0€š€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚˙um livro INTERESSANTE (an interesting book)uma casa NOVA (a new house)M%‰„S…( €J€’‚H€ ‚‚‚˙Adjectives answer the questions R,…Ľ…& €X€ȂH€‚˙What kind?, How many?, Whose?, Which one?Ź€S…Q†, &€€’‚H€ ‚‚€‚˙Portuguese adjectives agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the nouns they qualify.xHĽ…Ɇ0 0€€ȂH€€ €‚€ ‚˙um livro vermelho (a red book)as casas vermelhas (the red houses)~SQ†G‡+ &€Ś€’‚H€ ‚€‚‚˙Adjectives can be used as nouns, in which case they take a definite article. e3ɆŹ‡2 4€f€ȂH€€ €€ €‚˙os ricos (rich people), os pobres (the poor)(G‡Ô‡% €€‚H€ ‚˙}<Ź‡QˆA R€x€섐!ăYNa€‰€‚ăJ`‹Ě€‰€€‚˙Comparative and SuperlativeAbsolute Superlative Bԇ“ˆ* $€0€˜˜’€‚€‚˙Types of AdjectivesíÂQˆ€‰+ $€…€¨’‚H€€ ‚˙Descriptive adjectives refer to some quality or physical state of a noun in such a way as to distinguish it from others in its class. These adjectives usually follow the nouns they qualify.)“ˆŠ‰& €€’‚H€ ‚˙T+€‰ý‰) "€V€ȂH€€ ‚˙uma mulher inteligente (a clever woman)D Š‰A‹7 <€€’‚H€ ‚€€ ‚‚€€ ‚‚˙Limiting adjectives include adjectives of quantity, cardinal numbers, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, and articles (definite and indefinite). They usually precede the nouns they qualify.Adjectives of quantity answer the question 'How much?'tDý‰ľ‹0 0€ˆ€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚˙muitos livros (a lot of books)demasiado calor (too much heat)e8A‹Œ- *€p€’‚H€ ‚€€ ‚˙Possessive adjectives answer the question 'Whose?'Gľ‹aŒ) "€<€’„H€ ‚‚‚˙The forms are as follows.[ŒźŒA#R€4/Š €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙MASC. SING. FEM. SINGp&aŒ,J#d€L/Š €€€€ ‚˙€$€€€ ‚˙˙˙meu (my, mine)minha (my, mine)5źŒŤJ#d€j/Š €€€€ ‚˙€6€€€ ‚˙˙˙teu (your, yours;fam.) tua (your, yours;fam.)‡7,2ŽP#p€n/Š €€€€ ‚˙(€4€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙seu (his;your polite)sua (her,your;polite) t*ŤŚŽJ#d€T/Š €€€€ ‚˙€*€€€ ‚˙˙˙nosso (our, ours)nossa (our, ours)x.2ŽJ#d€\/Š €€€€ ‚˙€.€€€ ‚˙˙˙vosso (your, yours)vossa (your, yours)’HŚŽ°J#d€/Š €€€€ ‚˙€<€€€ ‚˙˙˙seu (their, theirs;polite)sua (their, theirs;your,yours; polite)*Ú' €€’„H€ ‚˙]°CŔA#R€8/í ڏCŔ…ƒ€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙MASC. PLURALFEM. PLURALr(ڏľŔJ#d€P/í €€€€ ‚˙€&€€€ ‚˙˙˙meus (my, mine)minhas (my, mine)v,CŔ+ÁJ#d€X/í €€€€ ‚˙€,€€€ ‚˙˙˙teus (your, yours)tuas (your, yours)z0ľŔĽÁJ#d€`/í €€€€ ‚˙€0€€€ ‚˙˙˙seus (their, theirs)suas (their, theirs)v,+ÁÂJ#d€X/í €€€€ ‚˙€,€€€ ‚˙˙˙nossos (our, ours)nossas (our, ours)ŒBĽÁ§ÂJ#d€„/í €€€€ ‚˙€0€€€ ‚˙˙˙vossos (your, yours)vossas (your, yours;formal fam.plural)œRÂCĂJ#d€¤/í €€€€ ‚˙€>€€€ ‚˙˙˙seus (their, theirs;polite)suas (their, theirs; your, yours; polite form) *§ÂmĂ' €€’„H€ ‚˙€VCĂíĂ* $€Ź€’‚H€ ‚€‚˙They agree in gender and number with the thing possessed, NOT with the possessor.c3mĂPÄ0 0€f€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚˙meus livros (my books)sua casa (their house)T#íäÄ1 2€F€’„H€ ‚ăĐ Š—€‰‚˙See also Possessive Pronounsn@PÄĹ. ,€€€’‚H€ ‚€€ ‚‚˙Demonstrative adjectives answer the question 'Which one?'L¤Ä‘Ĺ3 6€˜€ȂH€€ ‚€€ €‚˙este livro (this book)aquelas montanhas (those mountains over there))ĹşĹ& €€’‚H€ ‚˙0 ‘ĹęĹ$ €€˜€ ‚˙See also IşĹ3Ć- *€8€ěăeô„Y€‰€‚˙Demonstrative Pronounsq:ęŤĆ7 >€t€’‚H€ ‚€€ €€ ‚€‚˙Cardinal numbers answer the question 'How many?'p@3ĆÇ0 0€€€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚˙duas meninas (two girls)cinquenta dólares (fifty dollars)yK¤ĆÇ. ,€–€’‚H€ ‚€€ ‚‚˙Ordinal numbers identify the position a noun occupies in a sequence.‹OÇČ< H€ž€ȂH€€€€ ‚€€€€ ‚˙a primeira página (the first page)o segundo andar (the second floor)KÇcČ3 6€0€’‚H€ ‚ăôqVł€‰€ ‚˙See also Numbers,ȏČ) "€€¤†H!€‚˙’PcČ!ÉB T€ €Ȇl!ăYNa€‰€‚ăJ`‹Ě€‰€€‚˙Comparative and Superlative Forms of AdjectivesAbsolute Superlative ,ČMÉ) "€€¤†H!€‚˙L!əÉ1/ Ô7™ÉęÉŔComparative and SuperlativeQ)MÉęÉ( €R€˜˜’‚H€‚˙Comparative and Superlative Adjectives3 ™ÉĘ' €€¨’‚H€ ‚˙See also LęÉiĘ/ .€:€ȂHăŝöv€‰€‚˙Coordinate Conjunctionsf=ĘĎĘ) "€z€’‚ą€ ‚‚‚˙There are three degrees of comparison for an adjective. diĘ3ËG#^€:Č/Š €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙POSITIVE: alto (tall) ?ĎĘĂËQ#r€~Č/Š €€€ ‚˙0€€€€ ‚€€ € ‚˙˙˙COMPARATIVE:mais alto (taller)menos alto (less tall)v/3Ë9ĚG#^€^Č/Š €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙SUPERLATIVE:o... mais alto (the tallest)n'Ă˧ĚG#^€NČ/Š €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙o... menos alto (the least tall)W/9ĚţĚ( €^€’‚H€ ‚‚‚˙A few adjectives are compared irregularly.ž+§ĚœÍs#ś€V°/Ó č €€˙ €€‚H€ €‚˙ €€‚H€ €‚˙ €8€‚H€ €‚˙˙˙POSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVE_ţĚűÍX#€€°/Ó č €€‚H€‚˙€€‚H‚˙€ €‚H‚˙˙˙›4œÍ–Îg#ž€h°/Ó č  €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €B€‚H€€ ‚˙˙˙bom (good)melhor (better)o melhor (best)–/űÍ,Ďg#ž€^°/Ó č  €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €:€‚H€€ ‚˙˙˙mau (bad)pior (worse)o pior (worst)˘;–ÎÎĎg#ž€v°/Ó č  €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €$€‚H€€ ‚˙ €J€‚H€€ ‚˙˙˙grande (great)maior (greater)o maior (greatest)Ÿ8,Ďyg#ž€p°/Ó č  €€‚ÎĎyMÉH€€ ‚˙ €&€‚H€€ ‚˙ €J€‚H€€ ‚˙˙˙pequeno (small)menor (lesser)o menor (least)¸~ÎĎ1: D€ü€’‚H€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚‚˙The relative superlative is formed by placing the definite article in front of the noun or pronoun being compared. ‡Sy¸4 8€Ś€ȂH€‚€€‚€ €‚˙Rachel é a menos vaidosa de todas. (Rachel is the least conceited of all.))1á& €€’‚H€ ‚˙@¸!( €0€˜˜€€‚˙Absolute SuperlativeFôágR r€é€¸’‚H€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The absolute superlative indicates a high degree of some quality, rather than a comparison. It is formed by adding the suffix -íssimo (feminine -íssima), -érrimo (feminine -érrima) or -ílimo (feminine -ílima) to the adjective:&!# €€€ ‚˙N%gŰ) "€J€ȂH€€ ‚˙uma mulher linda (a pretty woman)X/3) "€^€Ȃl€€ ‚˙uma mulher lindíssima (a very pretty woman)e<Ű˜) "€x€’€‚€ ‚‚˙A number of adjectives have two absolute superlatives:u+3 J#d€VŰ €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙AdjectiveAbsolute Superlative forms|*˜‰R#t€TŰÍ 0 €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€0€‚˙˙˙bom (good)boníssimoóptimo (optimum)‹9 R#t€rŰÍ 0 €€€ ‚˙€$€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙gentil (gentle)gentilíssimogentílimo (most gentle)…3‰™R#t€fŰÍ 0 €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€6€‚˙˙˙pobre (poor)pobríssimopaupérrimo (very poor)'Ŕ$ €€’€‚˙8™ř1 ,„Ђř(AAdverbs0 Ŕ(& €€˜˜’€‚˙AdverbsúÇř"3 4€€’‚H€ €€ €€ ‚˙Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form. This suffix corresponds to -ly in English.\1(~+ &€b€ȂH€‚€ ‚‚˙Escreve correctamente. (He writes clearly.)&"¤# €€€ ‚˙Ž~R - (€€’‚H€ €€ ‚˙Some adverbs are also formed with the suffix -o, the adjectival ending. In these cases, both adverbial endings are correct.&¤x # €€€ ‚˙lBR ä * $€„€ȂH€€ ‚‚˙Escreve rápido e correcto. (He writes quickly and correctly.))x  & €€’‚H€ ‚˙vLä ƒ * $€˜€ȂH€€ ‚‚˙Escreve rápidamente e correctamente. (He writes quickly and correctly.)& Š # €€€ ‚˙W1ƒ  & €b€˜˜’€‚˙Comparative and Superlative Degrees of AdverbstAŠ t 3 6€‚€¨’‚H€ €€ €€ ‚˙Adverbs are compared by preceding them with mais or menos.)  & €€’‚H€ ‚˙Àt ` C T€€ȂH€€ €€€ ‚€€ €€€ ‚˙facilmente (easily)-- mais facilmente (more easily)correctamente (correctly)-- menos correctamente (less correctly)❠} ; D€Ĺ€’‚H€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚‚˙The superlative of an adverb is expressed by adding the suffix -mente to the absolute superlative of the adjective to be used adverbially or to place the adverb muito before an adverb ending with the suffix -mente.•d` 1 2€Č€Ȃ6€€€‚€ ‚‚˙A raínha sentou-se elegantíssimamente no trono.(the queen sat very elegantly on the throne.)&} 8# €€€ ‚˙J"‚( €D€’€‚€‚˙Irregular Forms of Comparison^8ŕA#R€:Ĺ/ń €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙AdverbComparative Adverbo"‚OM#j€DĹ/ń "€€€€ €‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙bem (well)melhor (better)m ŕźM#j€@Ĺ/ń "€€€€ €‚˙€ €€ €‚˙˙˙mal (badly)pior (worse)o"O7@M#j€DĹ/ń "€€€€ €‚˙€&€€ź7@Ŕ €‚˙˙˙muito (a lot) mais (more)r%źŠ@M#j€JĹ/ń "€€€€ €‚˙€*€€ €‚˙˙˙pouco (a little)menos (less)l87@A4 8€p€’€‚€ ăYNa€‰€ ‚˙See also Comparative and Superlative Adjectives9Š@NA1Ő [ÓNA~A"OArticles0 A~A% €€˜˜€‚˙ArticlesŠpNA'B9 B€ŕ€¨’‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The articles are of two sorts: definite articles (English 'the') and indefinite articles (English 'a').)~APB& €€’‚H€ ‚˙j)'BşBA#R€RB €€€‚˙€(€‚˙˙˙DEFINITE ARTICLESINDEFINITE ARTICLES&PBWCw#ž€LfŸ | ť €€˙€€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙€(€‚H‚˙€<€‚H‚˙˙˙SingularPluralSingularPluralŻ/şBD€#Ѐ^fŸ | ť  €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €.€‚H€€ ‚˙ €B€‚H€€ ‚˙˙˙o (the)os (the)um (a)uns (some)ą1WCˇD€#ЀbfŸ | ť  €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €€‚H€€ ‚˙ €.€‚H€€ ‚˙ €D€‚H€€ ‚˙˙˙a (the)as (the)uma (a)umas (some)(DßD% €€‚H€ ‚˙pIˇDOE' €’€’‚H€ ‚‚˙Articles always agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.ۜßD*F? L€9€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚˙o homem (the man -- masculine s.)a mulher (the woman -- feminine s.)os homens (the men -- masculine pl.)as mulheres (the women -- feminine pl.)(OERF% €€P’쀂˙U,*F§F) "€X€˜˜’€€‚˙Contraction of Prepositions and ArticleszSRF!G' €Ś€¨’‚H€ ‚˙There are contractions of prepositions with the definite articles in Portuguese:&§FGG# €€€ ‚˙¨!GďG#ę€6›j F j a €€˙€€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H€‚˙€€‚H‚˙€"€‚H‚˙€2€‚H‚˙˙˙singularpluralšGG‰H~#̀8›j F j a €€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙€"€‚H‚˙€(€‚H‚˙€0€‚H‚˙˙˙prepositionoaosasŁďG,I„#؀>›j F j a €€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙ €"€‚H€€ ‚˙€,€‚H‚˙€6€‚H‚˙˙˙a (to, at)aoŕaosŕs "‰HĚI~#̀D›j F j a €€‚H€ ‚˙€ €‚H‚˙€(€‚H‚˙€0€‚H‚˙€:€‚H‚˙˙˙de (of, from)dodadosdasž ,IjJ~#̀@›j F j a €€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙€$€‚H‚˙€,€‚H‚˙€6€‚H‚˙˙˙em (in, on)nonanosnas¨*ĚIK~#̀T›j F j a €€‚H€ ‚˙€ €‚H‚˙€,€‚H‚˙€8€‚H‚˙€F€‚H‚˙˙˙por (by, for)pelopelapelospelas)jJ;K& €€’‚H€ ‚˙|UKˇK' €Ş€¨’‚H€ ‚˙There are contractions of prepositions with the indefinite articles in Portuguese:&;KÝK# €€€ ‚˙¨ˇK…L#ę€6›j O X j €€˙€€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H€‚˙€€‚H‚˙€"€‚H‚˙€2€‚H‚˙˙˙singularplural "ÝK%M~#̀D›j O X j €€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙€$€‚H‚˙€.€‚H‚˙€8€‚H‚˙˙˙prepositionumumaunsumas‰ …LŽM~#̀›j O X j €€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙€ €‚H‚˙€€‚H‚˙€€‚H‚˙˙˙Ś(%MTN~#̀P›j O X j €€‚H€ ‚˙€ €‚H‚˙€*€‚H‚˙€6€‚H‚˙€B€‚H‚˙˙˙de (of, from)dumdumadunsdumas¤&ŽMřN~#̀L›j O X j €€‚H€ ‚˙€€‚H‚˙€&€‚H‚˙€2€‚H‚˙€>€‚H‚˙˙˙em (in, on)numnumanunsnumas*TN"O& €€’‚H€ ‚˙ FřNhO1˛QL‚hOŚO=ĘPrefixes and Suffixes>"OŚO& €0€¸˜˜€‚˙Prefixes and Suffixes1 hO×O& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Prefixes[4ŚO>€' €h€¸˜‚H€ ‚˙S×O>€"Oome common prefixes with their meanings include:)×Og€& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙™;>€^#Œ€vx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙"€$€€€ €‚˙˙˙ante(before)anteontem (the day before yesterday)„)g€„[#†€Rx— x €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙con(with)conjurar (to conspire)Ž3‚[#†€fx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€*€€€ ‚˙˙˙contra(against)contrapeso (counterweight)€%„’‚[#†€Jx— x €€€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙de(from)decaer (to decline)„)‚ƒ[#†€Rx— x €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙˙˙en(in, on)encerrar (to shut in)2’‚Łƒ[#†€dx— x €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€&€€€ ‚˙˙˙entre (among)entretempo (between-season)ˆ-ƒ+„[#†€Zx— x €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€$€€€ ‚˙˙˙sin(without)sinvergonha (shameless)ˆ-Łƒł„[#†€Zx— x €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€"€€€ ‚˙˙˙sobre(over)sobrexcitar (overexcite)f?+„…' €~€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙The following prefixes are derived from Latin prepositions.*ł„C…' €€˜‚H€ ‚˙|!…ż…[#†€Bx— x €€€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙bi(two)bigamia (bigamy)2C…L†[#†€dx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€(€€€ ‚˙˙˙circun(around)circunvoar (to fly around)zż…Ɔ[#†€>x— x €€€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙im(not)impar (uneven)Š/L†P‡[#†€^x— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€(€€€ ‚˙˙˙inter(between)interpôr (to interpose)…*ƆՇ[#†€Tx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙˙˙pos(after)pospôr (to put behind)ˆ-P‡]ˆ[#†€Zx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€$€€€ ‚˙˙˙pro(forward)propôr (to put forward)…*Շâˆ[#†€Tx— x €€€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙re(again)recortar (to cut again)‹0]ˆm‰[#†€`x— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€*€€€ ‚˙˙˙retro(backward)retroceder (to go back)…*âˆň‰[#†€Tx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙˙˙semi(half)semisólido (semisolid)ƒ(m‰uŠ[#†€Px— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€(€€€ ‚˙˙˙sub(up, under)subir (to go up)”9ň‰ ‹[#†€rx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€0€€€ ‚˙˙˙super(over, extra)superemgrego (overemployment)4uŠ˜‹[#†€hx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€&€€€ ‚˙˙˙trans(across)transbordar (to ferry across)ˆ- ‹ Œ[#†€Zx— x €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€&€€€ ‚˙˙˙ultra(beyond)ultramarino (overseas))˜‹IŒ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙1 ŒzŒ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙SuffixesvKIŒđŒ+ &€–€°˜†H!ů€ ‚˙Here is a list of some common suffixes. Many of them derive from Latin.-zŒ* $€€˜†H!ů€ ‚˙v!đŒ“U#z€BĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€‚˙€,€€ ‚˙˙˙PortugueseEnglishExamples‹-Ž^#Œ€ZĽŽ ä "€€€ €€ ‚˙€€‚˙€&€€€ ‚˙˙˙-ancia -anceabundancia (abundance)&“ŸŽ[#†€LĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-çăo-tionoperaçăo(operation)€%Ž[#†€JĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-dade-tyutilidade (utility)&ŸŽ [#†€LĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-dor-manpescador (fisherman)Š/6Ŕ[#†€^ĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€"€€€ ‚˙˙˙-enc 6Ŕ"Oia-enceomnipotencia (omnipotence)‚' ¸Ŕ[#†€NĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-ero-ercartero (mail carrier)&6Ŕ9Á[#†€LĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-ez-nessredondez (roundness)x¸ŔąÁ[#†€:ĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-ia-ygloria (glory)„)9Á5Â[#†€RĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙˙˙-ivel-iblededuzivel (deducible)…*ąÁşÂ[#†€TĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-cço-icalparadócço (paradoxical)‚'5Â<Ă[#†€NĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-ismo-ismfeminismo (feminism)„)şÂŔĂ[#†€RĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-ista-istsocialista (socialist)|!<Ă<Ä[#†€BĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-iz-essactriz (actress)$ŔĂťÄ[#†€HĽŽ ä €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-or-orvencedor (conqueror)„)<Ä?Ĺ[#†€RĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-orio-orymigratorio (migratory)}"ťÄźĹ[#†€DĽŽ ä €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙-oso-ousgeloso (jealous)-?ĹéĹ* $€€˜†H!ů€ ‚˙4źĹĆ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Diminutives¨déĹĹĆD X€Č€˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙Portugese uses the diminutive suffixes -zinho (f. -zinha), -inho (f. -inha), and -acho:*ĆďĆ' €€R˜‚H€ ‚˙Q(ĹĆ@Ç) "€P€ȂH€€ ‚˙o cafezinho (a little cup of coffee)*ďĆjÇ' €€RȂH€ ‚˙œ]@ÇČ? N€ş€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚€‚€ ‚€€ ‚˙una porta (door)una portinha (small door)um rio (river)um riacho (creek, brook)+jÇ1Č' €€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙>ČoČ& €0€¸˜˜€‚˙Augmentative Suffixesëą1ČZÉ: B€c€¸˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The augmentative suffix -ăo is added to a noun to indicate large size or exaggeration of a quality. The suffixes -aço (f. -aça) adds a derogatory or slang connotation.^.oȸÉ0 0€\€˜î‚H€€ €€ ‚˙um carro (a car)-- um carrăo (a big car)\,ZÉĘ0 0€X€ě‚H€‚€ €€ ‚˙rico (rich man)-- ricaço (money-bags))¸É=Ę& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙1ĘnĘ1Ś˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙nĘăĘuN=ĘăĘ' €œ€˜‚H€ ‚˙The term productive is applied to simple processes for creating word forms.1nĘË1[˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ë>Ë*ăĘ>Ë' €€˜‚H€ ‚˙LËŠË1&€˙˙˙˙ ŠËÎËACAppendix of Irregular VerbsD>ËÎË& €<€¸˜˜€‚˙Appendix of Irregular Verbs–qŠËdĚ% €â€¨˜€ ‚˙Many verbs are irregularly conjugated in some or all of the tenses. Here are sixteen of the most common ones.zÎËiÍ‹#ć€ôxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€V€‚˙€~€‚˙€¨€‚˙€Ň€‚˙˙˙InfinitivePresent ans past participle.Present indicativePresent subjunctivePreterit indicativePolite command NŞd̡Τ#UxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€*€€‚‚˙€H€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€č€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€6‚‚˙˙˙crer(to believe)crendocridocreiocręscręcremoscredescręemcreiacreiascreiacreiamoscreiaiscreiamcricrestecreucremoscrestescreramcreia,creiam5‡iÍ Ž#*xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘ (€€€ ‚€€ ‚‚˙€&€€‚‚‚˙ €B€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€|€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€´€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€ú€‚‚‚˙˙˙dar(to give)dandodadodoudásdádamosdaisdăodędęsdędęmosdeisdęemdeidestedeudemosdestesderamdędęemˇÎ >ËQŹˇÎ]Ľ#YxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€$€€‚‚˙€B€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ž€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ú€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€>‚‚‚˙˙˙dizer(to say)dizendoditodigodizesdizdizemos dizeisdizemdigadigasdigadigamosdigaisdigamdissedissestedissedissemosdissestesdisseramdigadigamĐ -ł#4;xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘ :€€€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚˙€Đ€€‚‚˙€ň€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€B‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ś‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€‚‚‚‚˙˙˙estar (to be)This verb expresses temporary being, as in Como esta? (How are you?)See also Ser.estandoestadoestouestásestáestamosestais estăoestejaestejasestejaestejamosestejaisestejamestiveestivesteesteveestivemosestivestesestiveramestejaestejamMŚ]z§#MxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€"€€‚‚˙€B€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ž€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙ €Ú€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€2‚‚‚˙˙˙fazer(to do)fazendofeitofaçofazesfazfazemosfazeis fazemfaçafaçasfaçafaçamosfaçaisfaçamfizfizestefezfizemosfizestesfizeramfaçafaçamPŤ-ĘĽ#WxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€&€€‚‚˙€H€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Š€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ö€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€<‚‚˙˙˙haver(to have)havendohavidoheihás háhavemoshaveis hăohajahajashajahajamoshajaishajamhouvehouvestehouvehouvemoshouvesteshouveramhaja hajam!}zë¤#úxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€€€‚‚˙€2€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€n€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€¤€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€ę€‚‚˙˙˙ir(to go)indoidovouvaisvaivamos idesvăovávásvávamosvadesvăofuifostefoifomosfostesforamvávăojÄĘUŚ#‰xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€F€€‚‚˙€h€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€ś€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙ €‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€j‚‚˙˙˙poder(may, can, to be able to)podendopodidopossopodespodepodemospodeispodempossapossaspossapossamospossaispossampudepudestepôdepudemospudestespuderampossa possamJĽëŸ Ľ#KxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€ €€‚‚˙€<€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ř€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€.‚‚˙˙˙pôr(to put)pondopôstoponhopőespőepomospondespőemponhaponhasponhaponhamosponhaisponhampuspusestepôspusemospusestespuseramponhaponhamlĆU Ś#xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€(€€‚‚˙€N€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€¤€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€ ‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€l‚‚˙˙˙querer(to want)querendoqueridoqueroqueresquerqueremosquereisqueremqueiraqueirasqueiraqueiramosqueiraisqueiramquisquisestequisquisemosquisestesquiseramqueiraqueiram]ˇŸ h Ś#oxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€&€€‚‚˙€H€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€”€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€ě€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€R‚‚˙˙˙saber(to know)sabendosabidoseisabessabesabemossabeissabemsaibasaibassaibasaibamossaibaissaibamsoubesoubestesoubesoubemossoubestessouberamsaibasaibamo × ­#(…xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘ 0€€€€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚˙€Ž€€‚‚˙€¨€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ü€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€(‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€l‚‚˙˙˙ser (to be)This verb expresses permanent being.See also,Estar.sendosidosouésésomossoissăosejasejassejasejamossejaissejamfuifostefoifomosfostesforamsejasejamM§h $Ś#OxŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€"€€‚‚˙€<€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ř€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€2‚‚˙˙˙ter(to have)tendotidotenhotenstemtemostendestęmtenhatenhastenhatenhamostenhaistenhamtivetivestetevetivemostivestestiveramtenhatenhammČ× @Ľ#‘xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€*€€‚‚˙€P€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ş€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€t‚‚˙˙˙trazer(to bring)trazendotrazidotrago trazest$@>Ëraz trazemostrazeistrazemtragatragastragatragamostragaistragamtrouxetrouxestetrouxetrouxemostrouxestestrouxeramtragatragam5$ŇAĽ#!xŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€ €€‚‚˙€<€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€z€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ć€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€‚‚˙˙˙ver(to see)vendovistovejovęsvęvemosvędesvęemvejavejasvejavejamosvejaisvejamvivisteviuvimosvistesviramvejavejamG˘@CĽ#ExŽ Š ‰ Š ‘  €€€€ ‚‚˙€"€€‚‚˙€>€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€Ú€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙€(‚‚˙˙˙vir(to come)vindovindovenhovensvemvimosvindesvęmvenhavenhasvenhavenhamosvenhaisvenhamvimviesteveioviemosviestesvieramvenhavenham(ŇAAC% €€˜€ ‚˙8CyC1g) š yC¨CéPhrases/ AC¨C% €€¸˜€‚˙Phrases†byC.D$ €Ä€°€ ‚˙A phrase is a group of words functioning as a single part of speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).'¨CUD$ €€€ ‚˙6.D‹D' €€˜ŒR˜€‚˙Noun PhrasesŁ|UD.E' €ř€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Nouns are qualified by articles and adjectives. A noun phrase consists of a noun and the words that serve to qualify it.)‹DWE& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙‰T.EŕE5 :€¨€ȄH€ €€ ‚€€ ‚˙NOUN: livro (book)NOUN PHRASE: um livro interessante (an interesting book)(WEF% €€Č€ ‚˙ƒMŕE‹F6 <€š€ȂH€€ €€ ‚€€ ‚˙um livro de música (a music book)uma casa de campo (a country house)(FłF% €€Č€‚˙O(‹FG' €P€˜ŒR˜€‚˙Appositive Noun and Adjective PhrasesĄ|łFŁG% €ř€¨˜€ ‚˙An appositive phrase renames the noun or pronoun to which it is in apposition. Appositive phrases are set off by commas.ƔGiH2 2€)€˜€ ‚ăÖ(Ň€‰€ ‚˙Articles are not used in an appositive phrase unless it involves a superlative or is qualified by a following adjective or adjective clause.)ŁG’H% €€˜€ ‚˙.wLiH I+ &€˜€ȂH€‚€ ‚‚˙Luis de Camôes, poeta de Portugal(Luis de Camoes, the Portuguese poet)+’H4I% € €‚€ ‚˙BUTΙ IJ5 8€3€ȂH€‚‚€ ‚€‚€ ‚‚˙Malhôa, o melhor pintor (Malhôa, the best painter)Camőes, o grande poeta que escreveu Os Lusíadas(Camőes, the great poet who wrote The Lusiad)*4I,J& €€Č€ ‚‚˙<JhJ' €*€˜ŒR˜€‚˙Infinitive PhrasesK,JłJ0 0€6€°€ ăۙWW€‰€ ‚˙See also Infinitivesb;hJK' €v€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙An infinitive phrase may function in the following ways.8łJMK' €"€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙As an adverb.(KuK% €€˜€‚˙¤wMKL- *€î€ȂH€‚€ €‚˙Ao chegar no destino ęle encontrou dois guias locais.(Upon arriving at his destination, he met two local guides.)CuK\L' €8€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙As the object of a verb.N$LŞL* $€H€˜Č‚H€€ ‚˙Quero ver os quadros de Malhôa. Q+\LűL& €V€ȂH€ ‚˙(I want to see the paintings of Malhôa.)H!ŞLCM' €B€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙As the subject of a sentence.(űLkM% €€˜€‚˙nFCMŮM( €Œ€Ȁ‚€ ‚˙É difícil aprender portuguęs. (Learning Portuguese is difficult.)'kMN$ €€˜€ ‚˙)ŮM)N& €€R˜€‚˙8NaN' €"€˜ŒR˜€‚˙Gerund PhrasesŢ°)N?O. *€a€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙Phrases with a gerund (which is equivalent to the English present participle) function adverbially. They indicate an action simultaneous with the action of the main verb.)aNhO& €€˜‚H€‚˙źŽ?O0€. *€€ȂH€€ ‚€‚˙Devemos nos preparar para uma viagem tentando tirar o máximo da mesma.(We should prepare for a trip, sehO0€ACeking to get the most out of it.)e;hO•€* $€v€˜‚H€‚€ ‚˙Phrases with a past participle function adjectivally. (0€˝€% €€˜€‚˙lF•€)& €Œ€ȂH€‚˙Luís Váz de Camőes, nacido em 1524, é o imortal poeta de Portugal. pI˝€™' €’€Ȁ €‚˙(Luís Váz de Camőes, born in 1524, is the immortal poet of Portugal.)))& €€ȂH€ ‚˙'™é$ €€°€ ‚˙= &‚1›]€Ű &‚[‚ŇPrepositions5é[‚& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Prepositionsđ&‚sƒ( €á€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Prepositions are placed before pronouns and nouns (or infinitives used as nouns) in order to form a prepositional phrase qualifying another word in the sentence. The noun or pronoun in the phrase is called the object of the preposition.lD[‚߃( €ˆ€˜‚H€ ‚‚‚˙Prepositional phrases may function adjectivally or adverbially.ś‹sƒ•„+ $€€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙As ilhas dos Açores, no Atlântico, săo relativamente inacessíveis. (The Açores Islands, in the Atlantic, are relatively inaccessible.)͒߃b…; D€%€˜‚H€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚‚˙Here the word ilhas (islands) is qualified by two prepositional phrases, dos Açores (of the Açores) and no Atlantico (in the Atlantic).ە„h†+ $€ˇ€ڂH€€ ‚‚˙Durante o último decénio, ilusionistas portugueses tęm sido objecto de uma grande atençăo mundial. (During the past decade, Portuguese magicians have been the object of a great deal of attention around the world.)(b…†% €€˜€‚˙ڟh†j‡; D€?€˜‚H€ €€ €€ ‚€‚€ ‚˙Here the compound verb form tęm sido (have been) is qualified by the prepositional phrase durante o último decénio (during the past decade).See also[+†Ň0 0€V€‘€‚Hăež€‰€ ‚˙Prepositional (Disjunctive) Pronouns = j‡ˆ1’ ÓQˆ7ˆ–ĂConjunctions5Ň7ˆ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Conjunctions`;ˆ—ˆ% €v€¨˜€ ‚˙Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses together. '7ˆžˆ$ €€˜€ ‚˙@—ˆţˆ& €4€¸˜˜€‚˙Coordinate ConjunctionsWžˆ‰* $€Ž€¨’‚H€€ ‚˙Coordinate conjunctions join clauses that are capable of functioning independently.Y1ţˆ؉( €b€’„Hü€ ‚˙Commonly used coordinate conjunctions include:°‰ëŠc ”€a€Č„Hü€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙e (and), ou (or), nem (nor), pois (so, then), que (that), porém (however), portanto (therefore), mas (but), todavia (nevertheless), contudo (however), n5؉Y‹9 B€j€’„Hü€ ‚€€ €€ ‚€‚˙Correlative conjunctions function in pairs.oëŠȌj ˘€ €Č„Hü€€ ‚€€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚€ ‚€‚€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙ou... ou (either... or)já… já (now…now) ora… ora (now…now)seja… seja (be…or)quer… quer (either… or)nem... nem (neither... nor)nem chove, nem faz sol (it neither rains or shines)seja menino, seja menina… (be it a boy or a girl…)+Y‹óŒ( €€˜„Hü€ ‚˙AȌ4& €6€¸˜˜€‚˙Subordinate ConjunctionsěóŒRŽ2 2€Ů€¨˜€ €€ €€ ‚˙Unlike coordinate conjunctions, which join independent clauses, subordinate conjunctions join a dependent clause to the main clause of the sentence. They also indicate the relationship of the dependent clause to the main clause.Y24ŤŽ' €d€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙Here are some common subordinate conjunctions.+RŽ֎( €€˜„Hi€‚˙‚IŤŽX9 B€’€Ȁ€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙quando (when), até que (until), enquanto (as), porque (because))֎& €€R˜€‚˙Q*Xҏ' €T€˜ŒR˜€‚˙Conjunctions Requiring Subjunctive Verb€W^Ŕ) "€Ž€¸˜„Hi€ ‚˙Certҏ^ŔŇain subordinate conjunctions require a subjunctive verb in the dependent clause.+ҏ‰Ŕ( €€˜„Hą€‚˙[^ŔäŔD#X€.ÚJń €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙antes que(before)_‰ŔCÁD#X€6ÚJń €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙assim que(as soon as)f"äŔŠÁD#X€DÚJń €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙posto que(even if, although)aCÁ ÂD#X€:ÚJń €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙para que(in order that)]ŠÁgÂD#X€2ÚJń €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙a menos que(unless)) Â& €€˜‚H€‚˙Ág–ĂE X€ƒ€R‘€€€€€ ‚‚‚€€€‚€ ‚€‚˙Antes de comer a maçâ, deixa-me lavá-la.(Before you eat the apple, let me wash it.)Assim que lhe encontrar, lhe darei as notícias.(As soon as I find him, Ill give him the news.)> ÂÔĂ1kŰŽ„ÔĂ ÄDÇInterjections6–Ă Ä& € €¸˜˜€‚˙InterjectionsŕşÔĂęÄ& €u€¨˜€ ‚˙Interjections are words or expressions stuck in at random to express the speaker's emotions. They are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation mark or a comma.' ÄĹ$ €€˜€‚˙aęÄrĹD#X€:ěJf €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙˙˙InterjectionsExpressingx1ĹęĹG#^€běJf €€€€ ‚˙€&€€‚˙˙˙Ah! (oh! ouch!)Admiration, pain, happinesserĹOĆG#^€<ěJf €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙ai! ui!Pain , surprise fęĹľĆG#^€>ěJf €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙upa!To make one stand uph$OĆÇD#X€HěJf €€€‚˙€(€€ ‚˙˙˙eia! sus! força!Encouragement'ľĆDÇ$ €€Ȁ ‚˙9Ç}Ç1 7}ǎdžËPronouns1 DÇŽÇ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Pronounsš‹}ÇgČ. *€€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙A pronoun is a word that stands for a previously mentioned (or understood) noun. That noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun. (ŽÇČ% €€˜€‚˙EgČÔČ/ .€,€RČČăf0É󀉀‚˙Subject PronounsÇtČ›ÉS v€č€RČȂ!㚀‰€‚ăpż<€‰€‚ăež€‰‚ăb:2‰€‚˙Direct Object PronounsIndirect Object PronounsPrepositional (Stressed) PronounsReflexive Pronounsb/ÔČýÉ3 6€^€R‘€Č‚!ă\żŰ〉€‚˙Passive Reflexive Constructions with "Se"}@›ÉzĘ= J€€€R‘€Čă2倀‰€‚ăĐ Š—€‰€‚˙Impersonal Constructions with "Se"Possessive PronounsăŒýÉ]ËW |€€‘€ă‘ń€5€‰€‚ăÓëfՀ‰€‚ăÎF°â€‰€‚ăeô„Y€‰€‚˙Interrogatives and ExclamationsIndefinite Pronouns and AdjectivesRelative PronounsDemonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives)zʆË& €€R˜°€‚˙G]ËÍË1ţ ľ‡ÍËĚĺDemonstrative PronounsN(†ËĚ& €P€¸˜˜€‚˙Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives„]ÍËŸĚ' €ş€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Demonstratives identify or point to nouns. They are used as both pronouns and adjectives.(ĚÇĚ% €€˜€‚˙_2ŸĚ&Í- *€d€˜‚H€ €€ ‚‚˙The demonstrative adjectives are as follows.aÇ̇ÍR#t€›SĄ § €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SINGULARp&Í÷ÍU#z€6›SĄ § €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€0€€‚˙˙˙Masculine Feminine l‡ÍcÎU#z€.›SĄ § €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙este esta(this)k÷ÍÎÎU#z€,›SĄ § €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙esseessa(that)ocÎ=ĎU#z€4›SĄ § €€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€€ ‚˙˙˙aqueleaquela(that)YÎΖĎR#t€›SĄ ¨ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙_ =Ď R#t€›SĄ ¨ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙PLURAL–Ď †Ën–ĎzU#z€2›SĄ ¨ €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€.€‚˙˙˙MasculineFemininen čU#z€2›SĄ ¨ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙estesestas(these)nzVU#z€2›SĄ ¨ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙essesessas(those)rčČU#z€:›SĄ ¨ €€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€€ ‚˙˙˙aquelesaquelas(those) éVč7 <€Ó€˜‚H€‚€ €€ €€ ‚˙Este refers to something near the speaker; esse refers to something at a distance from the speaker but in the vicinity of the person spoken to; aquele refers to something at a distance from both the speaker and the listener.0Č- *€€˜ŠHüůŃÍ€ ‚˙ŰŽčó- (€]€˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙Demonstrative pronouns are formed by adding a written accent to the corresponding demonstrative adjective. They agree in gender and number with the nouns they represent.’d…. ,€Č€ȂH€ ‚€‚€ ‚˙Năo quero esta mesa; prefiro ŕquela. (I don't want this table; I prefer that one over there).ćŹók: B€Y€˜‚H€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚˙The neuter demonstrative pronouns are isto, isso and aquilo. They do not have written accents since there are no corresponding adjectives to confuse them with. zI…ĺ1 2€’€ȂH€‚€ ‚€€ ‚˙Isso me preocupa. (That worries me.)Isso é certo. (That is true.)Dk)1‡Ƅ]€)tĘ Indefinite PronounsK%ĺt& €J€¸˜˜€‚˙Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives}V)ń' €Ź€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Indefinite pronouns and adjectives refer to people or things that are not specific.Šxtš1 2€đ€˜‚H€‚€ €€ ‚‚˙The following indefinite adjectives change their form to agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify.ÁńľZ ‚€ƒ€ȂH€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙algum (some), certo (a certain), demasiado (too much, too many), muito (much, many), nenhum (not any), outro (another), pouco (a little, few), tanto (much, many), todo (all)O"š - *€D€˜‚H€ ‚€€ ‚˙The indefinite pronouns are:ƄľĘ B R€ €ڂH€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙algo (something, anything), nada (nothing), alguém (somebody, anybody), ninguém (nobody), quem/quer (whoever/whosoever) D  1 yƒń„ J CPossessive Pronouns<Ę J & €,€¸˜˜€‚˙Possessive PronounsŻ ů 0 0€ţ€¨˜‚H€ ă’E>€‰‚˙The possessive pronouns are formed by adding the appropriate definite article to the long forms of possessive adjectives.)J " & €€˜‚H€ ‚˙Xů z C#V€*ń/0 €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ADJECTIVEPRONOUNŒ@"  L#h€€ń/0 €€€€ ‚˙€X€€€ ‚˙˙˙umas coisas minhas (some things of mine)as minhas (mine)~2z „ L#h€dń/0 €€€€ ‚˙€B€€€ ‚˙˙˙um carro seu (a car of yours)o seu (yours) T $ L#h€¨ń/0 €€€€ ‚˙€l€€€ ‚˙˙˙uns amigos seus (some friends of hers, his, yours)os seus (hers, his, yours)ĽV„ É O#n€Źń/0 $€€€€ €‚˙€p€€ €‚˙˙˙umas amigas suas (some friends of hers, his, yours)as suas (hers, his, yours)ƒ7$ LL#h€nń/0 €€€€ ‚˙€J€€€ ‚˙˙˙um amigo nosso (a friend of ours)o nosso (ours)Š>É ÖL#h€|ń/0 €€€€ ‚˙€V€€€ ‚˙˙˙uma amiga vossa (a girlfriend of yours)a vossa (yours)DLfL#h€ˆń/0 €€€€ ‚˙€V€€€ ‚˙˙˙uma casa sua (a house of theirs, yours)a sua (theirs, yours)›tÖ @' €č€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙Possessive pronouns, like possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed rather than with the possessor: f @Ę L$fY@( €H€R˜Č’‚H€‚˙Tenho as suas cartas e as minhas.I" @˘@' €D€PȒ‚H€ ‚˙(I have your letters and mine.))Y@Ë@& €€˜‚H€‚˙ۙ˘@ŚAB R€3€R˜€€€€ €€ €€ €€‚˙Note: The 3rd person forms (ele, ela) and o are often used with the preposition de to avoid ambiguity instead of the possessive pronoun seu.I!Ë@ďA( €B€R˜Č’‚H€‚˙Tenho o livro dele, năo odela.FŚA5B' €>€PȒ‚H€ ‚˙(I have his book, not hers.)4 ďAiB+ &€€R˜˜’‚H€ €‚˙Also,O'5B¸B( €N€R˜Č’‚H€‚˙Comprei o meu bilhete e o do senhor.b;iBC' €v€PȒ‚H€ ‚˙(I bought my ticket and yours. Literally, and the sirs.)G¸BaC1^CaCŽCšJPrepositional PronounsM'CŽC& €N€¸˜˜€‚˙Prepositional (Disjunctive) PronounstMaC"D' €š€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Prepositional pronouns are the object of the preposition that they follow.(ŽCJD% €€˜€‚˙S-"DD& €Z€˜‚H€ ‚˙The prepositional pronouns are as follows.)JDĆD& €€R˜€‚˙zD@Ec#–€.ż/Ö ú €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€˙€€R˜€‚˙˙˙SINGULARPLURAL’&ĆDŇEl#¨€Lż/Ö ú €€R˜˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€4€€€ ‚˙˙˙1st personmim (me)nós (us)ˆ*@EZF^#Œ€Tż/Ö ú €€€ ‚˙€"€€€ ‚˙€:€€€ ‚˙˙˙2nd (familiar)ti (you)vós (you)‰(ŇEăFa#’€Pż/Ö ú €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€*€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd ele (him)eles (them - m)ˆ'ZFkGa#’€Nż/Ö ú €€€ €‚˙€€€ €‚˙€(€€ €‚˙˙˙3rdela (her)elas (them - f)™8ăFHa#’€pż/Ö ú €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€D€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd (polite)o senhor (you)os senhores (them)š9kGžHa#’€rż/Ö ú €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€F€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd (polite)a senhora (you)as senhoras (them)/H.Ia#’€^ż/Ö ú €€€ ‚˙"€"€€€ €‚˙€@€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd (familiar)vocę (you)vocęs (you))žHWI& €€ȂH€‚˙E.IœI/ .€,€ȈHůť€€ ‚˙Deu o livro ŕ mim.HWIäI* $€<€ȂH€ ‚€‚˙(He gave the book to me.)EœI)J/ .€,€ȈHůť€€ ‚˙Deu o livro a ela.CäIlJ& €:€ȂH€ ‚˙(He gave the book to her.).)JšJ+ &€€ކ K { €‚˙GlJáJ1—^áJ K’Direct Object Pronouns?šJ K& €2€¸˜˜€‚˙Direct Object PronounsŃŠáJńK( €S€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Direct object pronouns stand for the persons or things that receive the action of the verb. When a direct object pronoun follows the verb it is preceded by a hyphen.f; KWL+ &€v€ȂH€‚‚€ ‚˙Eu vi-o na rua. (I saw him / it / you in the street.)b;ńKšL' €v€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙The forms of the direct object pronouns are as follows.-WLćL* $€€˜†Hi­€ ‚˙zšL`Mc#–€.ś/˛ Ä €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€˙€€R˜€‚˙˙˙SINGULARPLURAL’&ćLňMl#¨€Lś/˛ Ä €€R˜˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€4€€€ ‚˙˙˙1st person me (me)nós (us)Š,`M|N^#Œ€Xś/˛ Ä €€€ ‚˙€$€€€ ‚˙€>€€€ ‚˙˙˙2nd (familiar) te (you) vós (you)”3ňMOa#’€fś/˛ Ä €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€B€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd persono (him,it, you)os (them, you)2|N O^#Œ€dś/˛ Ä €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€@€€€ ‚˙˙˙3rd persona (her,it, you)as (them, you)˜,OD€l#¨€Xś/˛ Ä €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€8€˙ €:€P OD€šJŽt€€ ‚˙˙˙3rd (formal)o senhor os senhores™- O݀l#¨€Z­/ť Ä €€PŽt˙€€€ ‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙€:€€€ ‚˙˙˙3rd (formal)a senhoraas senhoras Œ.D€i^#Œ€\ś/˛ Ä €€€ ‚˙€"€€€ ‚˙€>€€€ ‚˙˙˙3rd (familiar)vocę (you)vocęs (you))݀’& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙Iiہ1g÷ƒہ‚RˆIndirect Object PronounsA’‚& €6€¸˜˜€‚˙Indirect Object Pronouns̤ہč‚( €I€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Indirect object pronouns stand for persons or things indirectly affected by the action of the verb. They are usually associated with verbs of saying and giving.)‚ƒ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙_5č‚pƒ* $€j€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Escrevi-lhe uma carta.(I wrote a letter to her.)d=ƒԃ' €z€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙The forms of the indirect object pronouns are as follows.-pƒ„* $€€˜†HiŃ€ ‚˙jԃk„R#t€0›/ó [ €€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙ SINGULARPLURALŚ/„…w#ž€^›/ó [ €€€ ‚˙(€€€€€ €‚˙€<€˙*€>€PŻ€U€ € €‚˙˙˙1st person me (to me)nós (to us)¤3k„ľ…q#˛€f›/ó [ €€PŻ€U˙€€€ ‚˙"€$€€€ €‚˙€F€€ €‚˙˙˙2nd familiarte (to you)vós (to you)¤C…Y†a#’€†›/ó [ €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€P€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd personlhe (to him, her, you)lhes (to him, her, you)Bľ…ö†[#†€„›/ó [ €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€L€‚˙˙˙3rd (formal)ao senhor (to him)aos senhores (to you - m.)œAY†’‡[#†€‚›/ó [ €€€ ‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€L€‚˙˙˙3rd (formal)ŕ senhora (to her)ŕs senhoras (to you - f.)“8ö†%ˆ[#†€p›/ó [ €€€ ‚˙"€"€€€ €‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙3rd (familiar)ŕ vocę (to you)ŕ vocęs (to you)-’‡Rˆ* $€€˜†HiŃ€ ‚˙A%ˆ“ˆ1Ђ÷ƒ“ˆ̈ŸŽSubject Pronouns9Rˆ̈& €&€¸˜˜€‚˙Subject PronounsL'“ˆ‰% €N€PpŞ€ ‚˙The subject pronouns are as follows.-̈E‰* $€€˜†Hiő€ ‚˙‹'‰Љd#˜€N‹&ş  €€€‚˙"€€€€€‚˙"€4€€€€‚˙˙˙1st person: eu (I)nós (we)ˆ*E‰XŠ^#Œ€T‹&ş  €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙˙˙2nd (familiar)tu (you)vós (you)Ş,Љ‹~#̀X‹&ş  €€€‚˙€€˙€€R€€‚˙€*€R˙(€,€€€€€‚˙˙˙3rd ele (he) eles (they - m) ˆ'XŠŠ‹a#’€N‹&ş  €€€‚˙"€ €€€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙˙˙3rdela (she)elas (they - f)›:‹%Œa#’€t‹&ş  €€€‚˙"€€€€€‚˙€B€€€‚˙˙˙3rd (polite)o senhor (youos senhores (you - m)<Š‹Œa#’€x‹&ş  €€€‚˙"€€€€€‚˙€F€€€‚˙˙˙3rd (polite)a senhora (you)as senhoras (you - f)/%ŒRa#’€^‹&ş  €€€‚˙"€"€€€€‚˙€@€€€‚˙˙˙3rd (familiar)vocę (you)vocęs (you)(Œz% €€˜€‚˙‹dRŽ' €Č€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Subject pronouns are regularly omitted, since they can be deduced from the conjugated verb forms.)z.Ž& €€˜‚H€‚˙qCŽŸŽ. ,€†€ȂH€‚€ ‚€‚˙Trago os refrescos/os sucos. (I'm bringing the soft drinks.)C.ŽâŽ1š‚⎏ÖÄReflexive Pronouns;ŸŽ& €*€¸˜˜€‚˙Reflexive PronounsP)âŽm' €R€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙The reflexive pronouns are as follows.-š* $€€˜†Hiő€ ‚˙gm ŔR#t€*˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SINGULARPLURALš ŔŸŽ/ššŔ^#Œ€^˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€8€€€ ‚˙˙˙1st personme (myself)nós (ourselves)•7 Ŕ/Á^#Œ€n˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€$€€€ ‚˙€F€€€ ‚˙˙˙2nd (familiar) te (yourself)vós (yourselves)‘3šŔŔÁ^#Œ€f˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€@€€€ ‚˙˙˙2nd (polite)se (yourself)se (yourselves)Ž0/ÁNÂ^#Œ€`˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙€:€€€ ‚˙˙˙3rdse (him/her/itself)se (themselves)(đŔÁvĂ8 >€á€˜‚H€ ‚ăŽb€‰€ ‚€‚˙ Reflexive pronouns are always used with reflexive verbs. Sometimes the literal meaning of the reflexive pronouns ('myself,' etc.) can be translated into English, but usually they cannot be translated in isolation from the verb. U'NÂËĂ. ,€N€ȂH€‚€ ‚€‚˙Como se chama?(Whats your name?)¸‘vĂƒÄ' €#€˜‚H€ ‚˙Reflexive pronouns normally precede the conjugated verb, but are attached to the infinitive, the present participle, and affirmative commands.S)ËĂÖÄ* $€R€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Quero lavar-me. (I want to wash up.)LƒÄ"Ĺ1:Cyƒ"ĹtĹ}ĆPassive Reflexive with "Se"R,ÖÄtĹ& €X€¸˜˜€‚˙Passive Reflexive Constructions with "Se"‚["ĹöĹ' €ś€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Reflexive constructions are often used where the passive voice would be used in English.‡XtĹ}Ć/ .€°€ȂH€‚‚€ ‚€‚˙Naquela cidade se falam muitas línguas.(Many languages are spoken in that city.)S"öĹĐĆ1Iš‚ľĐĆÇ3ÉImpersonal Constructions with "Se"K%}ĆÇ& €J€¸˜˜€‚˙Impersonal Constructions with "Se"Ť€ĐĆĆÇ+ $€€¨˜‚H€€ ‚˙Se is used in impersonal constructions as an indefinite pronoun similar to the English 'one' or impersonal 'you' and 'they'.)ÇďÇ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙‰bĆÇxČ' €Ä€Pü‚H€ ‚˙This construction should be easily translated as 'one,' 'you,' they', or people as the subject.)ďÇĄČ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙j=xČ É- *€z€ȂH€€ ‚€ ‚˙Como se vai ao teatro? (How do you get to the theater?)(ĄČ3É% €€˜€‚˙G ÉzÉ1Ź‡[zÉÂÉ=ĎInterrogative PronounsH"3ÉÂÉ& €D€¸˜˜€‚˙Interrogatives and ExclamationsvzÉ_Ę' €ě€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Interrogatives ask a question, and are distinguished by their written accents. The most common interrogatives are:(ÂɇĘ% €€˜€‚˙i#_ĘđĘF#\€F­\č €€€‚€ ‚˙€$€‚‚˙˙˙Quem?De quem?(Who?)(Whose?)l&‡Ę\ËF#\€L­\č €€€‚€ ‚˙€€‚‚˙˙˙Que?Quę?(What? Which?) (What?)WđĘłËD#X€&­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Qual?(Which?)U\ËĚD#X€"­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Como?(How?)XłË`ĚD#X€(­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Quando?(When?)\ĚźĚD#X€0­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Quanto?(How much?)]`ĚÍD#X€2­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Quantos?(How many?)WźĚpÍD#X€&­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Onde?(Where?)h"ÍŘÍF#\€D­\č €€€‚€ ‚˙€&€‚‚˙˙˙Porque?Porquę?(Why?)(Why?)^pÍ6ÎD#X€4­\č €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Para quę?(What for?)ť„ŘÍńÎ7 <€ €˜‚H€ ‚€€ €€ € ‚˙Exclamatory words also have written accents. The most common one is Que...! used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun.L6Î=Ď- *€>€ȂH€‚€ € ‚˙Que casa! (What a house!)BńÎĎ1Eń„ƄĎšĎhRelative Pronouns:=ĎšĎ& €(€¸˜˜€‚˙Relative PronounsčŔĎ­( €€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Relative pronouns introduce a šĎ­=Ďsubordinate clause and replace something mentioned earlier in the sentence. They can function as either subject or object pronouns without any change in form.‚KšĎ/7 >€–€˜‚H€ ‚€€ €€ ‚€‚˙The most common relative pronoun is que (who, that, which, whom).f­ż* $€Ě€ȂH€€ ‚‚˙O senhor que mora neste casa é do Brasil. (The gentleman who lives in this house is from Brazil.))/č& €€˜‚H€‚˙‹]żs. ,€ş€ȂH€€ ‚‚€‚˙O livro que está na mesa é do meu pai. (The book which is on the table is my fathers.)DűčˇI `€÷€˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚€‚˙The compound relative pronouns o que, a que (plural os que, as que) or o qual, a qual (pl. os quais, as quais used very rarely) are used interchangeably after prepositions of more than one syllable, or to avoid confusion and ambiguity._5s* $€j€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Sabe o que ele disse?(Do you know what he said?))ˇ?& €€˜‚H€‚˙uG´. ,€Ž€ȂH€‚€ ‚€‚˙Estes livros săo os que quero.(These books are the ones I want.)ńş?Ľ7 <€u€˜‚H€ €€ €€ ‚€‚˙The relative pronoun cujo, cuja (plural cujos, cujas) usually functions as an adjective meaning 'whose' or 'of which.': It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.›q´@* $€â€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Os senhores cuja chegada esperamos estăo atrasados.(The gentlemen, whose arrival we are awaiting, are late.)(Ľh% €€˜€‚˙8@ 1ý 5Z Đ›CNumbers0 hĐ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Numberso< ?3 6€x€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ ‚˙There are two kinds of numbers, cardinal and ordinal.Z-Đ™- *€Z€˜‚H€ ‚€€ ‚˙Cardinal numbers are used for counting.(?Á% €€˜€‚˙v™7^#Œ€0˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙0 zero10 dezyÁ°^#Œ€6˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙1 um/uma11 onze|7, ^#Œ€<˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€$€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙2 dois/duas12 dozex°¤ ^#Œ€4˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙3 tręs13 treze|,  ^#Œ€<˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙4 quatro14 catorzez¤ š ^#Œ€8˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙5 cinco15 quinze|  ^#Œ€<˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙6 seis16 dezesseis|š ’ ^#Œ€<˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙7 sete17 dezessetev  [#†€6˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙8 oito18 dezoito{’ ƒ ^#Œ€:˘ ń €€€ ‚˙€€€‚˙"€€€ €€ ‚˙˙˙9 nove19 dezenove+ Ž ( €€˜„Hů€ ‚˙\ƒ ËÁ Pš€ȂH€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€ €€ ‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€‚€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€ €€ ‚˙20 vinte 21 vinte e um, uma22 vinte e dois, duas30 trinta31 trinta e um, uma40 quarenta 50 cinquenta60 sessenta70 setenta80 oitenta90 noventa100 cem 101 cento e um200 duzentos, -as300 trezentos, -as400 quatrocentos, -as500 quinhentos600 seiscentos700 setecentos800 oitocentos, -asň›Ž ˝W |€7€ȂH€ €€ ‚€ €€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€ €€ ‚‚‚€€ ‚˙900 novecentos, -as1.000 mil 1.500 mil quinhentos, -as2.000 dois mil1.000.000 um milhăoet cetera. 1997 mil novecentos noventa e sete)Ë @& €€R˜€‚˙˝ @hqD˝}@- *€ˆ€˜‚H€ ‚€€ ‚˙The Ordinal numbers are used to establish a relative position:]á @ÚA| ƀĂ€ȂH€‚€ € ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ € ‚€€ € ‚€€ € ‚€€ € ‚€€ € ‚€€ ‚˙primeiro, -a (first)segundo, -a (second)terceiro, -a (third)quarto, -a (fourth)quinto, -a (fifth)sexto, -a (sixth)sétimo, -a (seventh)oitavo, -a (eighth)nono, -a (ninth)décimo, -a (tenth)°}@ŠB/ ,€€˜‚H€ ‚€€ ‚‚˙The ordinals are used only up to décimo (tenth). After ten, cardinal numbers are generally used to indicate the ordinals.čŁÚArCE X€G€ȂH€€ € ‚€€ € ‚€€ €‚€ ‚˙Manuel Segundo (Manual the Second)Afonso Treze (Alphonse the Thirteenth)Papa Pío Doze (Pope Pius the Twelfth)o século vinte (the twentieth century).)ŠB›C& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙FrCáC1ľ Ž„) áCDłSentences and Clauses>›CD& €0€¸˜B€‚˙Sentences and Clauses°‡áCĎD) €€ °R€ €‚˙The sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought. It begins with a capital letter and closes with a punctuation mark.ŮDâE: B€ł€ R€ ‚‚€€ €€ €€ ‚˙Usually a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject is the topic of the sentence. The predicate is what is said about the subject. The most common forms of subject are nouns and pronouns:)ĎD F& €€RȀ‚˙ŰâEG9 @€ˇ€ R€ €€ âUލX€‰€ ‚‚˙The predicate of the sentence is what is said about the subject. The predicate always contains a verb. The most common form of a predicate is one consisting of the verb of action and direct or indirect object:Z FyGD#X€,¤/ü €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEm)GćGD#X€R¤/ü €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙Euestou preparada para uma viagem..`yGFHA#R€>¤/ü €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙(Iam prepared for a trip.)n!ćG´HM#j€B¤/˙ "€€€€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙Joăonăo fala portuguęs..e$FHIA#R€H¤/˙ €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(Johndoesn't speak Portuguese.)^´HwIA#R€:¤/˙ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙Euescrivi-lhe uma carta.\IÓIA#R€6¤/˙ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙(Iwrote him a letter.);wIRJD#X€v¤/ü €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙O meu amigoafirmou os resultadas da Loteria Federal..}<ÓIĎJA#R€x¤/ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(My friendaffirmed the results of the Federal Lottery.)V-RJ%K) "€Z€ R€‚€ ‚˙Linking verbs are part of the predicate:)ĎJNK& €€RȀ ‚˙W%KĽKD#X€&¤/l €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙Ana é médica.XNKýKA#R€.¤/l €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(Ann is a doctor.)(ĽK%L% €€ R€ ‚˙DýKiL& €<€˜ŒR€‚˙Subject Predicate Agreement˙Í%LhM2 2€›€ °R€ €€ €€ ‚˙In order to form a grammatically correct sentence, certain parts of speech (verbs, nouns, pronouns) have to agree with each other in number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third):)iL‘M& €€RȀ ‚˙ihMúMR#t€.SŇ  €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEp‘MjNR#t€<SŇ  €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙A estudanteestá pronta.súMÝNU#z€<SŇ  €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€$€‚˙˙˙(The studentis ready.)x#jNUOU#z€FSŇ  €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙Os estudantesestăo prontos.u ÝNĘOU#z€@SŇ  €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙(The studentsare ready.)(UO €% €€ R€‚˙ĘO €›C0 ĘO<€& €€˜ŒR€‚˙ClausesN €Š2 2€9€ °R€ €€ €€ ‚˙A clause is a structure containing a subject and predicate. Independent clauses can stand by themselves as a sentence. Subordinate clauses serve as part of a sentence but do not express a complete thought and cannot stand by themselves. They are subordinate to the main clause.)<€ł& €€RȀ‚˙S"Š‚1™L‚5‚R‚ş…Interrogative Sentences (Question)L&łR‚& €L€¸˜B€‚˙Interrogative Sentences (Questions)“\‚ĺ‚7 >€¸€¨˜€ ă‘ń€5€‰€ €€ ‚˙Many questions begin with either interrogative pronouns or interrogative adverbs. ߌR‚ă9 @€M€˜€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚‚˙The most common interrogative pronoun is que? (what). It is also used as an adjective. The interrogative pronoun quem? (who) cannot be used adjectivally.˜cĺ‚\„5 :€Ć€Ȁ‚€ ‚€‚‚€ ‚€‚˙Que é isto? (What is this?) (Pronominal)Que horas săo? (What time is it?) (Adjectival)U0ăą„% €`€˜€ ‚‚˙Interrogative adverbs include the following:ŕ”\„‘…L f€)€Ȁ€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙como? (how?), quando? (when?), quanto? (how much?), cujo? (whose?), aonde? (whereto?), donde? (wherefrom?), porque? por que? (why?))ą„ş…& €€R˜|€ ‚˙< ‘…ö…1ŃTŕ ö…*†ʆVerb Tenses4ş…*†& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Verb Tenses Wö…ʆI b€Ž€˜„l´ămËI€‰‚ă…ŰÇů‰‚ă{ôlB‰€‚ăŠ0ý.€‰‚˙Simple TensesProgressive TensesPerfect TensesPerfect Progressive Tenses> *†‡1'{  !‡>‡-Simple Tenses6ʆ>‡& € €¸˜˜€‚˙Simple Tenses_1‡‡. ,€b€˜‚H€ €€ ‚‚‚˙Portuguese has four simple tenses.PRESENT:J!>‡ç‡) "€B€ȂH€€ ‚˙falo (I speak, I am speaking)1 ‡ˆ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙FUTURE: Cç‡[ˆ) "€4€ȂH€€ ‚˙falarei (I will speak)3 ˆŽˆ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙IMPERFECT:U,[ˆăˆ) "€X€ȂH€€ ‚˙falava (I was speaking, I used to speak)2 Žˆ‰& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙PRETERIT:<ăˆQ‰) "€&€ȂH€€ ‚˙falei (I spoke))‰z‰& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙0 Q‰މ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙PresentůŃz‰ŁŠ( €Ł€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙The present tense of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding personal endings to the verb stem. There is a different set of personal endings for each of the three conjugations.)މ̊& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙Y(ŁŠ%‹1 2€P€˜„Hů€ €€ € ‚˙1st Conjugation: fal-ar (to speak)(̊M‹% €€˜€‚˙v*%‹ËL#h€Ti 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙€&€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-o (I speak)fal-amos (we speak)}1M‹@ŒL#h€bi 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙€,€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-as (you speak)fal-áis (you pl. speak)•IËՌL#h€’i 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙€R€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-a (he, she, it speaks, you speak)fal-am (they, you pl. speak)U&@Œ*/ .€L€˜„Hů€ ‚€€ ‚˙2nd Conjugation: com-er (to eat)(ՌR% €€˜€‚˙r&*čL#h€Li 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙€"€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙com-o (I eat)com-emos (we eat)}.RAŽO#n€\i 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙$€(€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙com-es (you eat)com-éis (you pl. eat)“DčԎO#n€ˆi 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙$€J€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙com-e (he, she, it eats, you eat)com-em (they, you pl. eat)X)AŽ,/ .€R€˜„Hů€ ‚€€ ‚˙3rd Conjugation: part-ir (to leave)(ԎT% €€˜€‚˙|-,ЏO#n€Zi 0 €€˜€€ ‚˙$€(€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙part-o (I leave)part-imos (we leave)‚3T^ŔO#n€fi 0 €€˜€Џ^Ŕʆ€ ‚˙$€.€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙part-es (you leave)part-ís (you pl. leave)ŸMЏýŔR#t€ši 0 $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€V€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙part-e (he, she, it leaves, you leave)part-em (they, you pl. leave)2 ^Ŕ/Á& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Imperfect}1ýŔŹÂL f€c€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The imperfect tense of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. There is one set of endings for the first (-ar) conjugation and a second set of endings shared by the second (-er) and third (-ir) conjugations.őČ/ÁĄĂ- (€‘€R˜€€€‚˙The imperfect tense is used to express action or state in the past as continuing, repeated or habitual. It can be translated as was/were + participle, used + infinitive, or kept on + participle.(ŹÂÉĂ% €€˜€‚˙[(ĄĂ$Ä3 6€P€˜†HůŃ€ €€ € ‚˙1st Conjugation: fal-ar (to speak)(ÉĂLÄ% €€˜€‚˙‰=$ÄŐÄL#h€z~ ~ €€˜€€ ‚˙€8€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-ava (I was speaking)fal-ávamos (we were speaking)•FLÄjĹO#n€Œ~ ~ $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€B€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-avas (you were speaking)fal-áveis (you all were speaking)Ť_ŐÄĆL#h€ž~ ~ €€˜€€ ‚˙€r€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-ava (he, she, it was speaking, you were speaking)fal-avam (they, you were speaking)+jĹ@Ć( €€˜„HŃ€ ‚˙U%Ć•Ć0 0€J€˜†HůŃ€ €€ ‚˙2nd Conjugation: com-er (to eat)(@Ć˝Ć% €€˜€‚˙‹9•ĆHÇR#t€r ` $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€4€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙com-ia (I was eating)com-íamos (we were eating)@˝Ć×ÇO#n€€ ` €€˜€€ ‚˙$€:€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙com-ias (you were eating)com-íeis (you all were eating)ŤYHÇ‚ČR#t€˛ ` $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€j€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙com-ia (he, she, it was eating, you were eating)com-iam (they, you were eating)+×Ç­Č( €€˜„HŃ€ ‚˙X(‚ČÉ0 0€P€˜†HůŃ€ €€ ‚˙3rd Conjugation: part-ir (to leave)(­Č-É% €€˜€‚˙’@ÉżÉR#t€€ o $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€<€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙part-ia (I used to leave)part-íamos (we used to leave)‘E-ÉPĘL#h€Š o €€˜€€ ‚˙€@€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙part-ias (you used to leave)part-íeis (you all used to leave)žRżÉîĘL#h€¤ o €€˜€€ ‚˙€X€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙part-ia (he, she, it, you used to leave)part-iam (they, you used to leave))PĘË& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙1 îĘHË& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Preteritĺ“Ë-ÍR r€'€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The preterit tense of regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er or -ir) and adding personal endings to the verb stem. As with the imperfect tense, there is one set of endings for the first (-ar) conjugation and a second set of endings shared by the second (-er) and third (-ir) conjugations. The preterit tense is used to express simple narration in the past.+HËXÍ( €€˜„HA€ ‚˙[(-ÍłÍ3 6€P€˜†HůŃ€ €€ € ‚˙1st Conjugation: fal-ar (to speak)(XÍŰÍ% €€˜€‚˙{,łÍVÎO#n€X‡ Ż $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€*€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-ei (I spoke)fal-ámos (we spoke)…6ŰÍŰÎO#n€l‡ Ż $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€2€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙fal-aste (you spoke)fal-astes (you all spoke)•CVÎpĎR#t€†‡ Ż $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€H€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙fal-ou (he, she, it, you spoke)fal-aram (they, you spoke)+ŰΛĎ( €€˜„HA€ ‚˙U%pĎ 0 0€J€˜†HůŃ€ €€ ‚˙2nd Conjugation: com-er (to eat)›Ď ʆ(›Ď4% €€˜€‚˙w( ŤO#n€Pˆ Ž $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€&€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙com-i (I ate) com-emos (we ate)~24)L#h€dˆ Ž €€˜€€ ‚˙€.€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙com-este (you ate) com-estes (you pl. ate)‰=Ť˛L#h€zˆ Ž €€˜€€ ‚˙€B€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙com-eu (he, she it, you ate) com-eram (they, you ate)+)Ý( €€˜„HA€ ‚˙X(˛50 0€P€˜†HůŃ€ €€ ‚˙3rd Conjugation: part-ir (to leave)(Ý]% €€˜€‚˙{,5ŘO#n€Xr Ä $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€*€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙part-i (I left) part-imos (we left)‚6]ZL#h€lr Ä €€˜€€ ‚˙€2€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙part-iste (you left) part-istes (you all left)–DŘđR#t€ˆr Ä $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€J€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙part-iu (he, she, it, you left) part-iram (they, you left)+Z( €€˜„HA€ ‚˙/ đJ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Futureíż7. *€€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The future tense of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings to the entire infinitive form (rather than to the verb stem). The endings are the same for all three conjugations.)J`& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙Z'7ş3 6€N€˜†HůŃ€ €€ € ‚˙1st Conjugation: falar (to speak)(`â% €€˜€‚˙‰:şkO#n€ts D $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€8€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙falar-ei (I will speak)falar-emos (we will speak)”Bâ˙R#t€„s D *€€˜€ €€ € ‚˙€@€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙ falar-ás (you will speak)falar-eis (you all will speak)–Dk•R#t€ˆs D $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€J€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙falar-á (he, she, it will speak)falar-ăo (they will speak)+˙Ŕ( €€˜„HA€ ‚˙T$•0 0€H€˜†HůŃ€ €€ ‚˙2nd Conjugation: comer (to eat)(Ŕ<% €€˜€‚˙‚6žL#h€lr E €€˜€€ ‚˙€4€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙comer-ei (I will eat) comer-emos (we will eat)ˆ<<F L#h€xr E €€˜€€ ‚˙€8€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙comer-ás (you will eat) comer-eis (you all will eat)‹?žŃ L#h€~r E €€˜€€ ‚˙€F€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙comer-á (he, she, it will eat) comer-ăo (they will eat)+F ü ( €€˜„HA€ ‚˙W'Ń S 0 0€N€˜†HůŃ€ €€ ‚˙3rd Conjugation: partir (to leave)(ü { % €€˜€‚˙Œ=S  O#n€zy T $€€˜€€ € ‚˙€<€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙partir-ei (I will leave) partir-emos (we will leave)ŽB{ • L#h€„y T €€˜€€ ‚˙€>€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙partir-ás (you will leave) partir-eis (you all will leave)™G . R#t€Žy T $€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€N€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙partir-á (he, she, it will leave) partir-ăo (they will leave))• W & €€˜‚H€ ‚˙•.  - (€+€R˜€€€‚˙The verb ir (to go), followed by an infinitive is often used to express future action. The English equivalent is the progressive form of to go.DW ] ) "€6€˜RȀ€‚˙Vou aprender portuguęs.I$ Ś % €H€RȀ ‚˙(I am going to learn Portuguese.)?] ĺ ) "€,€˜RȀ€‚˙Ela năo vai comer.HŚ -) "€>€RȀ ‚€‚˙(She is not going to eat.)Cĺ p1ßŕ d "pŤProgressive tenses;-Ť& €*€¸˜˜€‚˙Progressive TensesÏpn4 6€€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ ‚˙The gerund (the English present participle) is used with the verb estar to form the progressive tenses, which express an ongoing action.)Ť—& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙d:n @* $€t€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Estou estudando portuguęs.(I am studying Portuguese.)— @-)—5@& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙€V @ľ@* $€Ź€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Vocę estava lendo o jornal brasileiro.(You were reading the Brazilian newspaper.))5@Ţ@& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙<ľ@A& €,€¸˜˜€‚˙Present ProgressiveÁ“Ţ@ŰA. *€'€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The present progressive tense is formed by the present tense of the verb estar and the gerund (= English present participle) of the main verb.)AB& €€˜‚H€‚˙j#ŰAnBG#^€FiJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estoufalando (I am speaking)m&BŰBG#^€LiJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estásfalando (you are speaking)…>nB`CG#^€|iJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estáfalando (he, she, it is speaking, you are speaking)n'ŰBÎCG#^€NiJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estamosfalando (we are speaking)r+`C@DG#^€ViJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estaisfalando (you pl. are speaking)w0ÎCˇDG#^€`iJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estăofalando (they, you pl. are speaking))@DŕD& €€R˜°€ ‚˙>ˇDE& €0€¸˜˜€‚˙Imperfect ProgressiveŗŕDăE. *€/€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The imperfect progressive tense is formed by the imperfect tense of the verb estar and the gerund (= English present participle) of the main verb.)E F& €€˜‚H€‚˙l%ăExFG#^€J˝A €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estavafalando (I was speaking)p) FčFG#^€R˝A €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estavasfalando (you were speaking)‰BxFqGG#^€„˝A €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estavafalando (he, she, it was speaking, you were speaking)q*čFâGG#^€T˝A €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estávamosfalando (we were speaking)u.qGWHG#^€\˝A €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estáveisfalando (you all were speaking)z3âGŃHG#^€f˝A €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estavamfalando (they, you pl. were speaking)=WHI& €.€¸˜˜€‚˙Preterit ProgressiveĖŃHŇI. *€-€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The preterit progressive tense is formed by the preterit tense of the verb estar and the gerund (= English present participle) of the main verb.)IűI& €€˜‚H€‚˙l%ŇIgJG#^€JśSö €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estivefalando (I was speaking)r+űIŮJG#^€VśSö €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estivestefalando (you were speaking)‰BgJbKG#^€„śSö €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estevefalando (he, she, it was speaking, you were speaking)q*ŮJÓKG#^€TśSö €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estivemosfalando (we were speaking)w0bKJLG#^€`śSö €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estivestesfalando (you pl. were speaking)o+ÓKšLD#X€VśSö €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙estiveramfalando (they were speaking)0JLéL+ &€ €˜„HE€ €‚˙ ;šL$M& €*€¸˜˜€‚˙Future ProgressiveĖéLčM. *€-€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The future progressive tense is formed by the future tense of the verb estar and the gerund (= English present participle) of the main verb.)$MN& €€˜‚H€‚˙q*čM‚NG#^€TşS× €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estareifalando (I will be speaking)s,NőNG#^€XşS× €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estarásfalando (you will be speaking)8‚NtOG#^€pşS× €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estaráfalando (he, she, it, you will be speaking)t-őN €G#^€ZşS× €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estaremosfalando (we will be speaking)tO €-x1tO„€G#^€bşS× €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙estareisfalando (you pl. will be speaking)u1 €ů€D#X€bşS× €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙estarăofalando (they, you will be speaking)$„€" €€€˙?ů€\1  რ#\“GÉPerfect Tenses7“& €"€¸˜˜€‚˙Perfect Tenses Ď\œ‚: B€Ÿ€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The perfect tenses are compound tenses formed with the auxiliary verb ter (to have) (or haver) and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle in perfect tenses is invariable in form.OË“ë„„ ր—€˜‚H€ ‚€€ €€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚€€ €€ €€ ‚‚ă‰Â\$€‰€ €€ €‚˙The present perfect uses the present tense of ter.The future perfect uses the future tense of ter or haver.The perfect infinitive is composed of the infinitive of ter or haver and the past The perfect participle is composed of the gerund (the English present participle) of ter or haver and the past participle of the verb.See also the Appendix of Irregular Verbs for the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs ter and haver.)œ‚…& €€˜‚H€‚˙8ë„L…& €$€¸˜˜€‚˙Present Perfect[!…§†: B€C€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the present tense (indicative and subjunctive) of the auxiliary verb ter (or sometimes haver) and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle is invariable; it does not agree in gender and number with the subject.)L…І& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙ˆA§†X‡G#^€‚n8ź €€€‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙tenho falado, comido, partido (I have spoken, eaten, left)‰BІá‡G#^€„n8ź €€€‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙tens falado, comido, partido (you have spoken, eaten, left)ŽGX‡oˆG#^€Žn8ź €€€‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙tem falado, comido, partido (he,she, it has spoken, eaten, left)‰Bá‡řˆG#^€„n8ź €€€‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙temos falado, comido, partido (we have spoken, eaten, left)Hoˆ‡‰G#^€n8ź €€€‚˙€€€ € ‚˙˙˙tendes falado, comido, partido (you all have spoken, eaten, left)ˆAřˆŠG#^€‚n8ź €€€‚˙€ €€ € ‚˙˙˙tęmfalado, comido, partido (they have spoken, eaten, left)űχ‰ ‹, &€Ÿ€˜‚H€ ‚‚€‚˙The present perfect tense denotes an action or state that started in the past and extends into the present. This tense is in contrast with the past tense, which denotes an action entirely in the past.~NŠˆ‹0 0€œ€ȂH€‚€ € € ‚˙Tenho estado em Rio de Janeiro.(I have been staying in Rio de Janeiro.)óĹ ‹{Œ. *€‹€R˜€‚€€‚˙In conversation, the present or preterit tense of acabar de followed by an infinitive is often used to express action which has just finished. The equivalent in English is just or have just.)ˆ‹¤Œ& €€˜‚H€‚˙Y){ŒýŒ0 0€R€ȂH€‚€ € € ‚˙Acabou de chegar.(I've just come.))¤Œ&& €€˜‚H€‚˙uEýŒ›0 0€Š€ȂH€‚€ € € ‚˙Acabo de estudiar a minha liçăo.(I've just studied my lesson.))&č& €€R˜€‚˙9›ý& €&€¸˜˜€‚˙Preterit PerfectաčҎ4 6€C€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ ‚˙The preterit perfect or past anterior is not used in Portuguese as it may be the case in other languages. The preterit or pluperfect is used in its place.+ýýŽ' €€˜‚H€ ‚‚˙bҎŠ+ &€Ä€ȂH€€ ‚‚‚˙Ęle disse que tinha tido a mamorada no Brasil. (He said that he had a girlfriend in Brazil.)BýŽ̏& €8€¸˜˜€‚˙Past Perfect (Pluperfect)ľvŠŔ? N€ě€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ €̏Ŕ€ €€ ‚˙The past perfect or pluperfect tense uses the imperfect tense of the verb ter (or haver) as the auxiliary.)̏śŔ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙BŔCÁK#f€„†Jr €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚‚˙˙˙tinhafalado, comido, partido (I had spoken, eaten, left) EśŔăÁ[#†€Š†Jr €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€J€R€‚˙˙˙tinhasfalado, comido, partido(you had spoken, eaten, left)¨PCÁ‹ÂX#€€ †Jr €€R˙€€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚‚˙˙˙tinhafalado, comido, partido(he, she, it, you had spoken, eaten, left)DăÁĂK#f€ˆ†Jr €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚‚˙˙˙tínhamosfalado, comido, partido(we had spoken, eaten, left)“H‹Â­ĂK#f€†Jr €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚‚˙˙˙tínheisfalado, comido, partido(you pl. had spoken, eaten, left)™NĂFÄK#f€œ†Jr €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚‚˙˙˙tinham falado, comido, partido(they, you pl. had spoken, eaten, left)~V­ĂÄÄ( €Ź€˜‚H€ ‚‚‚˙The past perfect denotes an action occurring prior to another action in the past.ƒYFÄGĹ* $€˛€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Quando chegaram ŕ casa, Ana tinha saído. (When they arrived home, Ann had gone out.))ÄÄpĹ& €€R˜°€ ‚˙7GŧĹ& €"€¸˜˜€‚˙Future PerfectŤrpĹRĆ9 B€ä€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The future perfect uses the future tense (indicative and subjunctive) of the auxiliary verb ter or haver.)§Ĺ{Ć& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙FRĆ ÇJ#d€ŒĘ ę €€˜€‚˙ €€˜€ ‚€‚˙˙˙tereifalado, comido, partido (I will have spoken, eaten, left)d!{ĆoÇC#V€BĘ ę €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙terásfalado, comido, partidoc ÇŇÇC#V€@Ę ę €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙teráfalado, comido, partidoo&oÇAČI#b€LĘ ę €€˜€‚˙€€˜€ €‚˙˙˙teremosfalado, comido, partido e"ŇÇŚČC#V€DĘ ę €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙tereisfalado, comido, partidox#AČÉU#z€FĘ ę €€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€R˜€ ‚˙˙˙terăofalado, comido, partido)ŚČGÉ& €€R˜°€ ‚˙KÉ’É1Ld ś $’ÉŐÉöPerfect Progressive TensesCGÉŐÉ& €:€¸˜˜€‚˙Perfect Progressive Tensesť‡’ɐĘ4 6€€¨˜‚H€ €€ €€ ‚˙Perfect progressive tenses combine characteristics of perfect tenses and continuous tenses. They are formed of three elements: ÜŐÉ­ËA P€š€˜‚H€ ‚ƒ€€ €€ ‚ƒ€€ ‚ƒ‚‚‚˙1) a conjugated tense of ter or haver (to have); 2) the perfect participle of estar (to be); and3) the gerund (English present participle) of the main verb.The perfect progressive tenses are seldom used.DĘńË& €<€¸˜˜€‚˙Present Perfect Progressiveɛ­ËşĚ. *€7€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The present perfect progressive tense is formed by the present perfect of the verb estar and the gerund (English present participle) of the main verb.)ńËăĚ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙x1şĚ[ÍG#^€bÎAŐ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙tenho estadofalando (I have been speaking)%ăĚ€Í" €€€˙ €6[ÍÎJ#d€lÎAŐ €€€€‚˙€$€€ €‚˙˙˙ tens estadofalando (you have been speaking)—P€Í—ÎG#^€ ÎAŐ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙tem estadofalando (he, she, it has been speaking, you have been speaking)y2ÎĎG#^€dÎAŐ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙temos estadofalando (we have been speaking)8—ΏĎG#^€pÎAŐ €€€‚˙€ €€ €‚˙˙˙tendes estadofalando (you pl. have been speaking)z6ĎD#X€lÎAŐ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙tęm estadofalando (they, you have been spĎGÉeaking))Ď>& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙A& €6€¸˜˜€‚˙Past Perfect ProgressiveТ>O. *€E€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The past perfect progressive tense is formed by the past perfect (pluperfect) of the verb estar and the gerund (English present participle) of the main verb.+z( €€˜„Hą€‚˙w0OńG#^€`Ń8ˇ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙tinha estadofalando (I had been speaking)z3zkG#^€fŃ8ˇ €€€‚˙€ €€ €‚˙˙˙tinhas estadofalando (you had been speaking)†?ńńG#^€~Ń8ˇ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙tinha estadofalando (he, she, it, you had been speaking){4klG#^€hŃ8ˇ €€€‚˙€$€€ €‚˙˙˙tínhamos estadofalando (we had been speaking)8ńëG#^€pŃ8ˇ €€€‚˙€"€€ €‚˙˙˙tínheis estadofalando (you pl. had been speaking)|8lgD#X€pŃ8ˇ €€€‚˙€ €€ ‚˙˙˙tinham estadofalando (they, you had been speaking),ë“) "€€R˜°‚Ą€ ‚˙CgÖ& €:€¸˜˜€‚˙Future Perfect ProgressiveǙ“. *€3€¨˜‚H€ €€ ‚˙The future perfect progressive tense is formed by the future perfect of the verb estar and the gerund (English present participle) of the main verb.)ÖĆ& €€˜‚H€ ‚˙}6CG#^€löJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙terei estadofalando (I will have been speaking)8ĆÂG#^€pöJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙terás estadofalando (you will have been speaking)‹DCMG#^€ˆöJ €€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙terá estadofalando (he, she, it, you will have been speaking)€9ÂÍG#^€röJ €€€‚˙€"€€ €‚˙˙˙teremos estadofalando (we will have been speaking)„=MQG#^€zöJ €€€‚˙€ €€ €‚˙˙˙tereis estadofalando (you pl. will have been speaking)=ÍŇD#X€zöJ €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙terăo estadofalando (they, you will have been speaking)$Qö" €€€˙1Ň' 1Z˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙%˙˙˙˙' P )öP & €€¸˜˜€‚˙6' † 1˝ [†&† ´ FCVerbs.P ´ & €€¸˜˜€‚˙VerbsŠ|† ] - *€ř€¸˜‚H€€€‚˙Portuguese verbs belong to one of three conjugations which can be distinguished by the endings of the infinitive forms.)´ † & €€˜‚H€‚˙š] ? : D€ţ€ȂH€€€‚€€‚€€‚˙1st Conjugation (-ar): falar (to speak)2nd Conjugation (-er): comer (to eat)3rd Conjugation (-ir): partir (to leave)ɍ†  < F€€˜‚H€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙There are four simple tenses: present, future, imperfect and preterit.There are four compound tenses: present perfect, future perfect, pluperfect (past perfect), and preterit perfect (past anterior).There are four moods: indicative (expressing a fact), subjunctive (expressing an emotional attitude), conditional (expressing the idea of "would"), and imperative (expressing a command).(? 0 % €€˜€‚˙’Q  A R€˘€˜‚H€€€€€€‚€‚€‚€‚˙There are two numbers, singular and plural.There are three persons:ť’0 }) €%€ȂH€‚‚‚˙1st person (I, we)2nd person (you) - familiar form used in Portugal only3rd person (he/she/it, they) - also used for you, singular and pluralî ˜- (€Ý€R’„H€€‚˙Note: The 2nd person forms are used in Portugal only when addressing family members or close friends (familiar 2nd person). In both Portugal and Brazil, the 3rd person is used in conversation as a show of respect (polite 2nd person).)}Á& €€˜‚H€‚˙-˜ @& €€R˜€‚˙See:Á @P O!Á[@. ,€B€ČăSHƒ€‰€‚˙Formal and Familiar Address) @„@& €€R˜€‚˙ňÄ[@vA. *€‰€˜‚H€‚€€‚˙A verb agrees in person and number with its subject (the doer of the action), even when the subject is understood without being expressed by a noun or pronoun. The polite o senhor/a senhora)„@ŸA& €€R˜€‚˙1 vAĐA% €€˜€‚˙See also:˙˘ŸAĎB] ˆ€E€Č㧿$ڀ‰‚ă¤Z¸,‰‚ă5&ű‰‚ăöÍߣ‰‚ăŃj艂ăŽb‰‚ă\m—f‰‚ăۙWW‰‚˙Stem-Changing VerbsVerbs with Orthographic ChangesVerb TensesNegativesActive and Passive VoiceReflexive VerbsImpersonal VerbsInfinitives@ĐAC/ .€"€RČăĺÄś€‰€‚˙Participles7 ĎBFC+ &€€Čă3žú̀‰‚˙Gerunds: C€C1რ2ƒ '€C˛C”FNegatives2 FC˛C& €€¸˜˜€‚˙NegativesH!€CúC' €B€¨˜‚H€‚˙The most common negatives are:)˛C#D& €€˜‚H€‚˙ŔtúCăDL h€č€ȂH€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙năo (not, no)nunca (never)nada (nothing)ninguém (no one)jamais (never)tampouco (neither, no more)e7#DHE. ,€n€˜‚H€‚€€‚‚˙A verb is negated by placing năo in front of it.EăDE) "€8€ȂH€€‚˙Năo sei. (I don't know.)]2HEęE+ &€d€˜‚H€‚‚€‚˙Double negatives are standard in Portuguese.OEiF0 0€ž€ȂH€€€€‚‚˙Năo vejo ninguém na rua. (I don't see nobody [= anybody] in the street.)+ęE”F' €€˜‚H€ƒ‚˙LiFŕF1rś >(ŕF$GeOFormal and Familiar AddressD”F$G& €<€¸˜˜€‚˙Formal and Familiar Addressh7ŕFŒH1 0€o€R˜€€€€‚‚˙Tu (plural vós) is the second person pronoun (English 'you'). This familiar form of address has traditionally been used when speaking to anyone with whom one is on a first-name basis: family members, close friends, children and pet animals. The 2nd person singular verb forms are used with this pronoun.`6$GěH* $€l€ȂH€‚€‚˙Te sentes bem, querida? (Do you feel okay, dear?))ŒHI& €€R˜€‚˙œ%ěHąKw ź€K€˜‚H€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙According to region, the more polite vocę can replace tu as the singular pronoun used with loved ones and close friends.The more polite form of the second person pronoun is vocę (plural vocęs for both masculine and feminine). It derives from the phrase Vossa Mercę (Your Grace), and is therefore abbreviated to Vo….+ …cę = vocę. Although it indicates the second person mode of address, vocę is conjugated with third person verb forms (English he/she/it). This lends a respectful sense of distance to the conversation.)IÚK& €€˜‚H€‚˙ƒYąK]L* $€˛€ȂH€€‚‚˙Vocęs continuam estudando o portuguęs?(Are you (plural) still studying Portuguese?).ŗÚK"M. *€/€˜‚H€‚€€‚˙In Brazil, vocęs is used as the plural form of familiar address. This means, in effect, that familiar address only exists in the singular there.)]LKM& €€R˜€‚˙ŮŚ"M$N3 4€M€˜‚H€€€€€‚˙Like vocę/vocęs, the polite o senhor/a senhora/os senhores/as senhoras style of address is 2nd person in English, but uses 3rd person verb forms in Portuguese.čKM†°†* $€|€ȂH€‚€‚˙Eu năo me levanto ŕs 8 horas.(I dont get up at 8 oclock.)N'H†ţ†' €N€R˜€‚‚˙Reflexive sentence with infinitive:ƒ]°†‡& €ş€ȂH€‚˙Informar-se sobre a cultura e história do Brasil é essencial para o sucesso de uma viagem.…_ţ†ˆ& €ž€XR˜˛€‚˙(To be informed about the culture and history of Brazil is essential for a successful trip.)< ‡Bˆ1ů Žƒ đ‚ +Bˆvˆ5ĆParticiples4ˆvˆ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Participlesé„Bˆ_Še ˜€ €¨˜‚H€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Gerund (Present Participle) The gerund (the English present participle) is formed by adding the suffix -ando to the stem of first conjugation (-ar) verbs, the suffix -endo to the stem of second (-er) and the suffix -indo to the stem of the third (-ir) conjugation verbs. Unlike the present participle in English, the gerund in Portuguese is never used as a noun.*vˆ‰Š' €€ZR˜°€‚˙q*_ŠúŠG#^€TöK €€RȀ‚˙€€RȂ˙˙˙InfinitiveGerund (Present Participle)z*‰Št‹P#p€TöK "€€RȀ€‚˙"€(€RȀ€‚˙˙˙falar (to speak)falando (speaking)v&úŠę‹P#p€LöK "€€RȀ€‚˙"€$€RȀ€‚˙˙˙comer (to eat)comendo (eating){+t‹eŒP#p€VöK "€€RȀ€‚˙"€*€RȀ€‚˙˙˙partir (to leave)partindo (leaving))ę‹ŽŒ& €€R˜€‚˙°‚eŒ>. *€€˜‚H€€€‚‚˙The gerund (present participle) is used with the verb estar to form the progressive tenses, which express an ongoing action.vLŽŒ´* $€˜€ȂH€€‚‚˙Estava lendo os jornais ontem.(I was reading the newspapers yesterday.))>ݍ& €€˜‚H€‚˙B´Ž- *€*€R˜€€‚€‚˙Past Participle÷ŚÝQ p€M€˜‚H€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The past participle is formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs (or ído if the stem ends in a vowel).)Ž?& €€R˜€‚˙vľW#~€>öú €€Č˙€€Č‚H€‚˙€€Č‚H‚˙˙˙InfinitivePast Participle)?ޏ& €€Č‚H€˙ y'ľcŔR#t€Nöú ޏcŔˆ$€€Č‚H€€‚˙$€(€Č‚H€€‚˙˙˙falar (to speak)falado (spoken){)ޏŢŔR#t€Röú $€€Č‚H€€‚˙$€*€Č‚H€€‚˙˙˙fechar (to close)fechado (closed)x&cŔVÁR#t€Löú $€€Č‚H€€‚˙$€(€Č‚H€€‚˙˙˙perder (to lose)perdido (lost)…0ŢŔŰÁU#z€`öú $€€Č‚H€€‚˙*€0€Č‚H€€€‚˙˙˙receber (to receive)recebido (received)z%VÁUÂU#z€Jöú $€€Č‚H€€‚˙*€$€Č‚H€€€‚˙˙˙cair (to fall)caído (fallen))ŰÁ~Â& €€˜‚H€‚˙qKUÂďÂ& €–€RȀ‚˙O portuguęs falado no Brasil é bastante diferente do falado em Portugal.€X~ÂoĂ( €°€RȀ€‚˙(Portuguese spoken in Brazil is quite different from Portuguese spoken in Portugal.)+ďšĂ' €€R˜€‚‚˙poĂ7Ä- *€ŕ€˜‚H€€€‚‚˙When used with the auxiliary verb ter to form compound tenses, the past participle ending does not change.sIšĂŞÄ* $€’€ȂH€‚€‚˙Temos falado muito ultimamente. (We have been talking a lot lately.)•m7Ä?Ĺ( €Ú€˜‚H€‚‚‚˙When used adjectivally, however, past participles agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.Y/ŞÄ˜Ĺ* $€^€ȂH€‚€‚˙A loja está fechada.(The store is closed.))?ĹÁĹ& €€R˜€‚˙tJ˜Ĺ5Ć* $€”€ȂH€‚€‚˙Todos os bancos estăo fechados hoje.(All the banks are closed today.)8ÁĹmĆ1oű Ô,mƝĆŰÇGerunds0 5ƝĆ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙GerundsϛmĆlÇ4 6€7€¨˜‚H€€€€€‚˙The Portuguese gerund is equivalent to the English present participle. Unlike the gerund in English, the Portuguese gerund is never used as a noun./Ć›Ç' €€R˜€‚‚˙See:@lÇŰÇ/ .€"€RČăĺÄś€‰€‚˙Participles< ›ÇČ1^u ű -ČKȁInfinitives4ŰÇKČ& €€¸˜˜€‚˙Infinitives¨{ČóČ- *€ö€¨˜‚H€€€‚˙The infinitive is the basic form of a verb. Portuguese/English dictionaries always identify a verb by its infinitive.r:KČeÉ8 @€t€ȂH€‚€‚€€‚€€‚˙falar (to speak)comer (to eat)partir (to leave))óČŽÉ& €€˜‚H€‚˙ȝeÉVĘ+ $€;€ȂH€‚€‚˙A guia de viagem tem informaçoes actualizadas onde comer, onde hospedar-se.(A guidebook contains updated information on where to eat and where to stay.)FŽÉœĘ* $€8€R˜€‚€‚˙The Personal InfinitivehVĘ+Ë' €Đ€˜R˜€‚‚˙The personal infinitive is an inflected infinitive which shows the person and number of the subject.ÎMœĘůˁ#ҀšÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙"€€R˜€€‚˙"€B€R˜€€‚˙"€p€R˜€€‚˙˙˙Infinitivefalar (to speak)aprender (to learn)partir (to leave)˘0+Ë›Ěr#´€`ÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙€,€R˜€‚˙€<€R˜‚˙€P€R˜‚˙˙˙1st person singularfalaraprenderpartir¨6ůËCÍr#´€lÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙€,€R˜€‚˙€@€R˜‚˙€X€R˜‚˙˙˙2nd person singularfalaresaprenderespartires˘0›ĚĺÍr#´€`ÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙€,€R˜€‚˙€<€R˜‚˙€P€R˜‚˙˙˙3rd person singularfalaraprenderpartirŠ7CÍŽÎr#´€nÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙€(€R˜€‚˙€>€R˜‚˙€X€R˜‚˙˙˙1st person pluralfalarmosaprendermospartirmosŠ7ĺÍ7Ďr#´€nÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙€(€R˜€‚˙€>€R˜‚˙€X€R˜‚˙˙˙2nd person pluralfalardesaprenderdespartirdesŚ4ŽÎÝĎr#´€hÉŞ Â Ş €€R˜€‚˙€(€R˜€‚˙€<€R˜‚˙€T€R˜‚˙˙˙3rd person pluralfalaremaprenderempartiremH7Ď1* $€<€RȀÝĎ1ŰÇ‚€‚˙Vieram aqui sem sabermos.P+Ýρ% €V€RȀ‚˙(They came here without our knowing it.)I1Ę1‹l‰ .Ę wActive and Passive VoiceA & €6€¸˜˜€‚˙Active and Passive VoiceŹyʡ3 6€ň€¨˜‚H€ăUލX€‰€‚˙If the subject of the sentence denotes the person or thing performing the action, the verb is in the active voice.) ŕ& €€˜‚H€‚˙kAˇK* $€‚€ȂH€‚€‚˙Joăo Sousa escreveu este livro.(John Sousa wrote this book.)‘iŕÜ( €Ň€˜‚H€‚‚‚˙If the subject of the sentence denotes the receiver of the action, the verb is in the passive voice.{QKW* $€˘€ȂH€‚€‚˙Este livro foi escrito por Joăo Sousa.(This book was written by John Sousa.)qJÜČ' €”€˜‚H€‚‚˙When the agent is specified in the passive voice, the construction is:f4W.2 4€h€ȂH€€€€€‚˙SUBJECT + ser + past participle + por + AGENTR+Č€' €V€˜Č‚H€‚˙Esta carta foi escrita por um amigo meu.X2.Ř& €d€ȂH€‚˙(This letter was written by a friend of mine.) ˆW€`1 0€Ż€˜‚H€‚‚‚€€‚‚˙Since the past participle is functioning as an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with the subject. If the passive subject is a thing (rather than a person) and the agent is not mentioned, then the passive reflexive construction is used. The verb agrees in number with the passive subject (which is always in the 3rd person).mCŘÍ* $€†€ȂH€€‚‚˙Se vę o rio pela ponte.(The river is visible from the bridge.))`ö& €€R˜€‚˙VÍw+ &€Ź€ȂH€€‚‚‚˙Falam-se muitas línguas naquela cidade.(Many languages are spoken in that city.)Aö¸1Ď }+/¸ńłCConditional Mood9wń& €&€¸˜˜€‚˙Conditional MoodwI¸h . *€“€¨˜‚H€€€‚˙The conditional is often treated as though it were a tense rather than a mood. In fact, the conditional is a mood which has only two tenses: a simple tense (the present conditional) used when referring to present possibilities, and a compound tense (the conditional perfect) used when referring to possibilities in the past.)ń‘ & €€˜‚H€‚˙<h Í & €,€¸˜˜€‚˙Present Conditionalé‘ Ţ ( €Ó€¸˜‚H€‚˙The conditional is formed (like the future) by adding a single set of personal endings to the infinitives of all three conjugations. The endings are identical to those of the imperfect tense of second and third conjugation verbs.)Í  & €€˜‚H€‚˙P÷Ţ W Y €€ď€ȂH€€€€€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙falar-ia (I would speak), comer-ia (I would eat), partir-ia (I would leave)falar-ias (you would speak)falar-ia (he, she, it would speak)falar-íamos (we would speak)falar-íes (you all would speak)falar-iam (they would speak)) € & €€˜‚H€‚˙yLW ů - *€˜€¨˜‚H€€€‚˙The conditional expresses the idea of 'would' (contingent possibility).)€ " & €€˜‚H€‚˙h>ů Š * $€|€ȂH€‚€‚˙Raquel disse que viria.(Rachel said that she would come.)“k" ( €Ö€˜‚H€‚‚‚˙It can also be used to express doubt in the past, just as the future tense can be used in the present.•hŠ ˛- *€Đ€ȂH€€€‚‚˙Que horas eram quando almocei ontem? (I wonder what time was it when I ate breakfast yesterday?).<î& €,€¸˜˜€‚˙Conditional Perfectůż˛ @: B€€¨˜‚H€€€€€€€‚˙The conditional perfect is a compound tense using the conditional of the auxiliary verb ter in the spoken form(haver in the literary form) with the past participle of the main verb.î @w)î5@& €€˜‚H€‚˙•g @Ę@. ,€Î€ȂH€‚€‚€‚˙Teria feito ontem, mas năo tive tempo. (I would have done it yesterday, but I didn't have time.)n&5@8AH#`€LŇŠ  €€Č€€‚˙€ €Č‚˙˙˙teria comido(I would have eaten)q)Ę@ŠAH#`€RŇŠ  €€Č€€‚˙€"€Č‚˙˙˙terias comido(you would have eaten)}58A&BH#`€jŇŠ  €€Č€€‚˙€ €Č‚˙˙˙teria comido(he, she, it, you would have eaten)r*ŠA˜BH#`€TŇŠ  €€Č€€‚˙€&€Č‚˙˙˙teríamos comido(we would have eaten)r*&B CH#`€TŇŠ  €€Č€€‚˙€$€Č‚˙˙˙teríeis comido(you would have eaten)€8˜BŠCH#`€pŇŠ  €€Č€€‚˙€"€Č‚˙˙˙teriam comido(they, you (plural) would have eaten)) CłC& €€ȂH€‚˙AŠCôC1I/>‹0ôC-D+Subjunctive Mood9łC-D& €&€¸˜˜€‚˙Subjunctive MoodܨôC E4 6€Q€¨˜‚H€€€€€‚˙The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses introduced by que (that) when the main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or an uncertainty.)-D2E& €€˜‚H€‚˙j@ EœE* $€€€ȂH€‚€‚˙Duvido que seja a verdade. (I doubt that it would be true.))2EĹE& €€R˜€‚˙xNœE=F* $€œ€ȂH€‚€‚˙Peço que repita a frase.(I am asking that you repeat the phrase, please.)ÄĹEBGA P€‰€˜‚H€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚˙The subjunctive is also used for formal commands, and after impersonal expressions like é necessário (it is necessary). (In Portugal only, it is used for negative informal commands.)Y/=F›G* $€^€ȂH€€‚‚˙Tome isto, senhor. (Here, take this, sir.))BGÄG& €€R˜€‚˙_5›G#H* $€j€ȂH€€‚‚˙Assine aqui, por favor. (Please sign here, sir.))ÄGLH& €€R˜€‚˙<#HˆH& €,€¸˜˜€‚˙Present Subjunctive߼LHgI: B€K€¸˜‚H€€€€€€€‚˙The present subjunctive is regularly formed by adding one set of personal endings to the stem of -ar verbs and a second set of endings to -er and -ir verbs.)ˆHI& €€˜‚H€‚˙xNgIJ* $€œ€ȂH€€‚‚˙Fico contente que ele fale portuguęs.(Im glad that he speaks Portuguese.))I1J& €€R˜€‚˙j@J›J* $€€€ȂH€€‚‚˙Sinto muito que esteja doente. (Im sorry that you are ill.))1JÄJ& €€R˜€‚˙U&›JK/ .€L€˜˜„Hů€€€‚˙1st Conjugation: falar (to speak)€4ÄJ™KL#h€h< B €€˜€€‚˙€0€˜€€‚˙˙˙fal-e (that I speak)fal-emos (that we speak)‡;K LL#h€v< B €€˜€€‚˙€6€˜€€‚˙˙˙fal-es (that you speak)fal-eis (that you all speak)˘S™KÂLO#n€Ś< B $€€˜€€€‚˙€X€˜€€‚˙˙˙ fal-e (that he, she, it, you speak)fal-em (that they, you (pl.) speak)+ LíL( €€˜„HA€‚˙S$ÂL@M/ .€H€˜˜„HA€€€‚˙2nd Conjugation: comer (to eat)}1íL˝ML#h€bE B €€˜€€‚˙€.€˜€€‚˙˙˙com-a (that I eat) com-amos (that we eat)„8@MANL#h€pE B €€˜€€‚˙€4€˜€€‚˙˙˙com-as (that you eat) com-ais (that you all eat)œM˝MÝNO#n€šE B $€€˜€€€‚˙€P€˜€€‚˙˙˙ com-a (that he, she, it, you eat) com-am (that they, you (pl.) eat)+ANO( €€˜„HA€‚˙V'ÝN^O/ .€N€˜˜„HA€€€‚˙3rd Conjugation: partir (to leave)‚6OŕOL#h€lE f €€˜€€‚˙€2€˜€€‚˙˙˙part-a (that I leave)part-amos (that we leave)‰=^Ou€L#h€zE fŕOu€łC €€˜€€‚˙€8€˜€€‚˙˙˙part-as (that you leave)part-ais (that you all leave)œPŕOL#h€ E f €€˜€€‚˙€P€˜€€‚˙˙˙part-a (that he, she, it, you leave)part-am (that they, you (pl.) leave))u€:& €€˜‚H€‚˙C}) "€4€¸˜˜€€‚˙ Imperfect Subjunctiver2:ď‚@ N€e€¨˜‚H€€€€€€€€€‚˙The imperfect subjunctive is formed by dropping the last syllable -ram in the 3rd person plural preterit indicative and adding the endings as shown below. There is one set of endings for first conjugation (-ar) verbs and another set of endings for the second (-er) and third (-ir) conjugations.)}ƒ& €€˜‚H€‚˙tJď‚Œƒ* $€”€ȂH€‚€‚˙Esperava que ele partisse tarde. (I was expecting him to leave late.))ƒľƒ& €€˜‚H€‚˙sIŒƒ(„* $€’€ȂH€‚€‚˙Eu lhe disse que falasse portuguęs.(I told him to speak Portuguese.))ľƒQ„& €€˜‚H€‚˙)(„z„& €€R˜€‚˙\Q„ …3 6€¸€˜˜‚H€€€€€‚˙1st Conjugation: falar (to speak). 3rd person plural preterit indicative - fala-ram:†.z„…X#€€\Ž´ % €€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€:€€‚˙˙˙1st person sing.falasse(that I spoke)‰1 …†X#€€bŽ´ % €€€‚˙€&€€‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙2nd person sing.falasses(that you spoke)•=…­†X#€€zŽ´ % €€€‚˙€&€€‚˙€:€€‚˙˙˙3rd person sing.falasse(that he, she, it, you spoke)ˆ0†5‡X#€€`Ž´ % €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€<€€‚˙˙˙1st person pl.falássemos(that we spoke)Œ4­†Á‡X#€€hŽ´ % €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€:€€‚˙˙˙2nd person pl.falásseis(that you all spoke)‘95‡RˆX#€€rŽ´ % €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€8€€‚˙˙˙3rd person pl.falassem(that they, you pl. spoke)/Á‡ˆ, (€€˜ˆHWŐ=€‚˙ŒSRˆ ‰9 B€Ś€˜˜ˆHWŐ=€€€€€‚˙2nd Conjugation: comer (to eat). 3rd person preterit indicative - come-ram:„,ˆ‘‰X#€€XŽ´ ř €€€€‚˙€(€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙1st person sing.comesse(that I ate)ˆ0 ‰ŠX#€€`Ž´ ř €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙2nd person sing.comesses (that you ate)“;‘‰ŹŠX#€€vŽ´ ř €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙3rd person sing.comesse(that he, she, it, you ate)†.Š2‹X#€€\Ž´ ř €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙1st person pl.com-ssemos(that we ate)Š2ŹŠź‹X#€€dŽ´ ř €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙2nd person pl.comęsseis(that you all ate)72‹KŒX#€€nŽ´ ř €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person pl.com-ssem(that they, you pl. ate)/ź‹zŒ, (€€˜ˆHWŐ=€‚˙VKŒ 9 B€Ź€˜˜ˆHWŐ=€€€€€‚˙3rd Conjugation: partir (to live). 3rd person preterit indicative - parti-ram:†.zŒX#€€\Ž˛ ú €€€€‚˙€(€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙1st person sing.partisse(that I left)‰1 ŽX#€€bŽ˛ ú €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙2nd person sing.partisses(that you left)•=­ŽX#€€zŽ˛ ú €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙3rd person sing.partisse(that he, she, it, you left)ˆ0Ž5X#€€`Ž˛ ú €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙1st person pl.partíssemos(that we left)Œ4­ŽÁX#€€hŽ˛ ú €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙2nd person pl.partísseis(that you all left)‘95^ŔX#€€rŽ˛ ú €€€‚˙€"€Á^ŔłC€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙3rd person pl.partíssem(that they, you pl. left))Á‡Ŕ& €€˜‚H€‚˙;^ŔÂŔ& €*€¸˜˜€‚˙Future Subjunctivež‡ŔŇÁR r€}€¨˜‚H€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙The future subjunctive is formed by dropping the ending -ram from the third person plural of the preterit indicative and adding the endings -r, -res, -r, -rmos, -rdes, -rem:)ÂŔűÁ& €€R˜€‚˙F ŇÁAÂ& €@€RȀ‚˙Irei embora assim que partir.I$űÁŠÂ% €H€RȀ‚˙(Ill leave as soon as he leaves.))AÂłÂ& €€R˜€‚˙\ŠÂBĂ3 6€¸€˜˜‚H€€€€€‚˙1st Conjugation: falar (to speak). 3rd person plural preterit indicative - fala-ram:…-łÂÇĂX#€€ZŽ´ % €€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€6€€‚˙˙˙1st person sing.falar(I would speak)‰1BĂPÄX#€€bŽ´ % €€€‚˙€&€€‚˙€:€€‚˙˙˙2nd person sing.falares(you would speak)”<ÇĂäÄX#€€xŽ´ % €€€‚˙€&€€‚˙€6€€‚˙˙˙3rd person sing.falar(he, she, it, you would speak)‡/PÄkĹX#€€^Ž´ % €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€8€€‚˙˙˙1st person pl.falarmos(we would speak)Œ4äÄ÷ĹX#€€hŽ´ % €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€8€€‚˙˙˙2nd person pl.falardes(you pl. would speak)‘9kĹˆĆX#€€rŽ´ % €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€6€€‚˙˙˙3rd person pl.falarem(they, you pl. would speak)/÷šĆ, (€€˜ˆHWŐ=€‚˙VˆĆFÇ9 B€Ź€˜˜ˆHWŐ=€€€€€‚˙2nd Conjugation: vender (to sell). 3rd person preterit indicative - vende-ram:…-ˇĆËÇX#€€ZŽ´ % €€€€‚˙€(€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙1st person sing.vender(I would sell)Š2FÇUČX#€€dŽ´ % €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙2nd person sing.venderes (you would sell)”<ËÇéČX#€€xŽ´ % €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person sing.vender(he, she, it, you would sell)‡/UČpÉX#€€^Ž´ % €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙1st person pl.vendermos(we would sell)Œ4éČüÉX#€€hŽ´ % €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙2nd person pl.venderdes(you pl. would sell)‘9pɍĘX#€€rŽ´ % €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person pl.venderem(they, you pl. would sell)/üÉźĘ, (€€˜ˆHWŐ=€‚˙VĘKË9 B€Ź€˜˜ˆHWŐ=€€€€€‚˙3rd Conjugation: partir (to live). 3rd person preterit indicative - parti-ram:†.źĘŃËX#€€\Ž˛ ' €€€€‚˙€(€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙1st person sing.partir(I would leave)Š2KË[ĚX#€€dŽ˛ ' €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙2nd person sing.partires(you would leave)•=ŃËđĚX#€€zŽ˛ ' €€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person sing.partir(he, she, it, you would leave)ˆ0[ĚxÍX#€€`Ž˛ ' €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙1st person pl.partírmos(we would leave)5đĚÎX#€€jŽ˛ ' €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙2nd person pl.partírdes(you pl. would leave)’:xÍ—ÎX#€€tŽ˛ ' €€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3rd person pl.partírem(they, you pl. would leave))ÎŔÎ& €€˜‚H€‚˙N(—ÎĎ& €P€¸˜˜€‚˙Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Subjunctive ÖŔÎ$4 6€­€¨˜‚H€€€€€‚˙The past perfect or pluperfect subjunctive is a compound tense formed with the imperfect subjunctive of ter for the spoken form, (or haver for the literary form) and and the past particĎ$łCiple of the main verb.t.Ď˜F#\€\ăJo €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙˙˙tivesse comido (that I would have eaten)w1$F#\€băJo €€€‚˙€$€€‚˙˙˙tivesses comido (that you would have eaten)ƒ=˜’F#\€zăJo €€€‚˙€"€€‚˙˙˙tivesse comido (that he, she, it, you would have eaten)x2 F#\€dăJo €€€‚˙€(€€‚˙˙˙tivéssemos comido (that we would have eaten)x2’‚F#\€dăJo €€€‚˙€&€€‚˙˙˙tivésseis comido (that you would have eaten); F#\€văJo €€€‚˙€$€€‚˙˙˙tivessem comido (that they, you pl. would have eaten)(‚+% €€˜€‚˙@k182ƒ }1kŁŞImperative Mood8+Ł& €$€¸˜˜€‚˙Imperative Mood™mk<, (€Ú€˜‚H€€€‚˙In Brazil, the present subjunctive is used for formal and familiar commands, both positive and negative.)Łe& €€R˜€‚˙1<ćP n€c€˜‚H€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ƒ€‚€ƒ‚˙In Portugal, familiar commands, when positive, are expressed by means of the imperative mood which is identical to the third person singular of the present tense. Negative familiar commands, both singular and plural, are expressed by the present subjunctive.Faz favor.(Do me a favor.))e& €€R˜€‚˙›`ćŞ; F€Ŕ€˜‚H€ƒ€€‚ƒ‚‚ƒ€€‚ƒ‚‚˙Venha aqui, por favor! (Come here, please!)Durma, por favor.(Please go to sleep)Dî1Ü[†{ 2î*’NStem-Changing Verbs<Ş*& €,€¸˜˜€‚˙Stem-Changing Verbs’dîź. *€É€¨˜‚H€€€‚˙Some verbs in Portuguese change the spelling of their stems in certain conjugated forms. These verbs are regular verbs, except that the vowel of their stem undergoes predictable changes. Fortunately, only the present tense of the indicative and subjunctive and the polite command forms are affected. These verbs can be divided into three major groups.s!*/ R r€C€’‚H€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙GROUP 1: Verbs in the first conjugation ending in -ear change the stem vowel from e to ei throughout the singular and in the third person plural. The verb passear (to walk,stroll), along with others like pentear, chatear, cear and recear, is thus conjugated as follows: Hźw * $€<€˜R˜€€‚˙Passear (to walk, stroll):”?/  U#z€~   €€˜€‚˙€*€˜‚˙€T€˜‚˙˙˙Present IndicativePresent SubjunctiveImperative (polite)—/w ˘ h# €^   €€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙€Z€‚˙˙˙passeio (I walk)passeie (I may walk)”6 6 ^#Œ€l   "€€€€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙€h€‚˙˙˙passeias (you walk) passeies (you may walk)Úv˘  d#˜€ě   "€€€€€‚˙€T€€€‚˙€˘€€€‚˙˙˙passeia (he, she, it walks, you walk)passeie (he, she, it, you may walk)passeie (Go for a walk, please!)şV6 Ę d#˜€Ź   "€€€€€‚˙€0€€€‚˙€f€€€‚˙˙˙passeamos (we walk)passeemos (we may walk)passeamos(Let's go for a walk!)Ÿ> ia#’€|   "€€€€€‚˙€8€€€‚˙€v€€‚˙˙˙passeais (you pl. walk)passeeis (you pl. may walk)ČdĘ 1d#˜€Č   "€€€€€‚˙€>€€‚˙"€~€€€€‚˙˙˙passeiam (they, you walk) passeiem (they, you may walk)passeiem(Go for a walk, please!)/i`( €€R˜‚H€‚˙ š1‹Af š€s€˜‚H€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙GROUP 2: Verbs in the third conjugation (ending in -ir)`‹AŞ with the stem vowels e or o change the e to i and the o to u in the first person singular of the present indicative and in the entire present subjunctive, as well as in the polite command forms. The verbs mentir (to lie) and dormir (to sleep), along with preferir, ferir, repetir, sentir, servir, sugerir, vestir, cobrir, tossir, are thus conjugated as follows:>`ÉA* $€(€˜R˜€€‚˙Mentir (to lie):”?‹A]BU#z€~&   €€€‚˙€*€‚˙€T€‚˙˙˙Present IndicativePresent SubjunctiveImperative (polite)‘)ÉAîBh# €R&   €€˙€€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙€N€‚˙˙˙minto (I lie)minta (I may lie)/]B{C^#Œ€^&   "€€€€€‚˙€*€€€‚˙€Z€‚˙˙˙mentes (you lie)mintas (you may lie)ÔsîBODa#’€ć&   "€€€€€‚˙€L€€€‚˙€–€€‚˙˙˙mente (he, she, it lies, you lie)minta (he, she, it, you may lie)mente (Don't tell the truth, please!)Ă_{CEd#˜€ž&   "€€€€€‚˙€,€€€‚˙€^€€€‚˙˙˙mentimos (we lie)mintamos (we may lie)mentimos (Let's not tell the truth, please!)˜:ODŞE^#Œ€t&   "€€€€€‚˙€4€€€‚˙€p€‚˙˙˙mentis (you lie, pl.)mintais (you may lie, pl.)ÇcEqFd#˜€Ć&   "€€€€€‚˙€6€€€‚˙€r€€€‚˙˙˙mentem (they, you lie)mintam (they, you may lie)mentem (Don't tell the truth, please!))ŞEšF& €€R˜€‚˙@qFÚF* $€,€˜R˜€€‚˙Dormir (to sleep):ˆ-šFbG[#†€Z&   €€€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙€V€‚˙˙˙durmo (I sleep)durma (I may sleep) ‘3ÚFóG^#Œ€f&   "€€€€€‚˙€.€€€‚˙€b€‚˙˙˙dormes (you sleep)durmas (you may sleep)ĐobGĂHa#’€Ţ&   "€€€€€‚˙€T€€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙dorme (he, she, it sleeps, you sleep)durma (he, she, it, you may sleep)durma (Please go to sleep!) ¸TóG{Id#˜€¨&   "€€€€€‚˙€0€€€‚˙€f€€€‚˙˙˙dormimos (we sleep)durmamos (we may sleep)dormimos (Let's go to sleep!)œ>ĂHJ^#Œ€|&   "€€€€€‚˙€8€€€‚˙€x€‚˙˙˙dormis (you sleep, pl.)durmais (you may sleep, pl.)Á]{IŘJd#˜€ş&   "€€€€€‚˙€:€€€‚˙€z€€€‚˙˙˙dormem (they, you sleep)durmam (they, you may sleep)durmam (Please go to sleep!))JK& €€˜‚H€‚˙)ŘJ*K& €€ȂH€‚˙\ K†LO l€€˜‚H€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚˙GROUP 3: Verbs in the third conjugation (ending in -ir) with the stem vowel u change the u to o in the second and third persons of the singular and the third person plural of the present indicative only. Thus subir (to climb) is conjugated as follows:-Ţ*KłMO l€˝€ȂH€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙subir (to climb)Present Indicative: subo (I climb), sobes (you climb, Portugal only), sobe (he, she, it climbs, you climb), subimos (we climb), subis (you climb, pl. Portugal only), sobem (they, you climb)L †L˙M, (€@€˜€‚€€‚˙Conjugated like subir are:“YłM’N: D€˛€Č€€€€€€€€‚˙consumir (to consume), fugir (to flee), sacudir (to shake) and sumir (to hide).P˙MâN1Ž/ T3âN*Oú‚Verbs with Orthographic ChangesH"’N*O& €D€¸˜˜€‚˙Verbs with Orthographic ChangesŸGâNՀX ~€€¨˜‚H€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙Since g and c have different sounds depending on the following vowel (soft before i and e, hard before a, o and u*OՀ’N) the addition of personal endings when conjugating a verb requires certain spelling changes to preserve their sound. This mostly affects the subjunctive forms, where a becomes e and vice versa.)*Oţ€& €€˜‚H€‚˙ÓTՀт ̀Š€ȂH€€€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚€€€‚€€€‚€€€‚€€€‚€€€€‚˙pagar (to pay), pague (let him pay)sacar (to take out), saque (let him take out)almoçar (to have lunch), almocei, almoce.eleger (to elect), elejo, eleja, dirigir (to guide), dirijo, dirija.erguer (to erect), ergo, erga, distinguir (to distinguish), distingo, distinga.pagar (to pay), pague (let him pay))ţ€ú‚& €€˜‚H€‚˙> т8ƒ1řšż48ƒoƒ6„Grammar Pages7ú‚oƒ' € €¸˜B˜€‚˙Grammar Pages6 8ƒĽƒ+ &€€¸˜ăĂt÷ś€‰‚˙Number‘Joƒ6„G ^€”€˜ă+† V€‰‚ă‹—4뉂ăĚś˛8‰‚ăö ‰‚ăÉG|׉‚˙PersonGender1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation7Ľƒm„1QZ 5m„„ÇĂNumber0 6„„' €€¸˜B˜€‚˙Numberq@m„…1 2€€€¸˜€€€€€‚˙There are two numbers in Portuguese: singular and plural._;„m…$ €v€˜€‚˙Most nouns in Portuguese have singular and plural forms:)…–…& €€RȀ‚˙—[m…-†< H€ś€ȂH€€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙a casa (the house) -- as casas (the houses)a lei (the law) -- as leis (the laws)6 –…c†- *€€R˜€‚€€‚˙SeeQ'-†´†* $€N€Čă´Ö…h€‰‚˙Singular and Plural Forms of Nouns)c†݆& €€R˜€‚˙T0´†1‡$ €`€˜€‚˙Pronouns also have singular and plural forms:)݆Z‡& €€R˜€‚˙X1‡˛‡E#Z€&A0 €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙SingularPluraldZ‡ˆN#l€,A0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙eu (I)nós (we)g˛‡}ˆN#l€2A0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙tu (you)vós (you)kˆčˆN#l€:A0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙ele (he)eles (they m)l}ˆT‰N#l€<A0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙ela (she)elas (they f)šLčˆî‰N#l€˜A0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €H€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙o senhor (you, masculine formal)os senhores (you, masc. pl., formal)OT‰‹ŠN#l€žA0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €H€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙a senhora (you, feminine formal)as senhoras (you, feminine pl., formal)ˆ:N#l€tA0  €€˜€€ ‚˙ €4€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙vocę (you, familiar. )vocęs (you, familiar plural)7 ‹ŠJ‹- *€€R˜€‚€€‚˙See A‹‹‹, (€*€RČăf0É󀉂˙Subject Pronouns—ZJ‹"Œ= J€´€RȂ!㚀‰‚ăpż<‰‚ăež‰‚˙Direct Object PronounsIndirect Object PronounsPrepositional (Stressed) Pronounsň”‹‹^ Š€)€RČăb:2€‰€‚ăĐ Š—€‰€‚ă‘ń€5€‰€‚ăÓëfՀ‰‚ăeô„Y‰€‚˙Reflexive PronounsPossessive PronounsInterrogatives and ExclamationsIndefinite Pronouns and AdjectivesDemonstrative Pronouns-"ŒA* $€€RȄ´!€‚˙qK˛& €–€R˜€‚˙Adjectives and articles agree with nouns in number (and also in gender)..Aŕ+ &€€ R†:ĺ퀂˙&˛pŽj#¤€Lţeń €€R˜˙€€R˜‚H€‚˙€*€R˜‚H˙€,€R€ €‚˙˙˙um livro vermelho(a red book)”+ŕi#˘€Vţeń €€R˙€€R˜‚H€‚˙€,€R˜‚H˙€.€R€ €‚˙˙˙as casas vermelhas(the red houses)2pŽ6* $€€ R„!€‚‚˙See `–A R€>€RȂĆă™ß€ ‰€€‚ă‘Ž6€ ‰€‚˙Adjectives Articlesœu6>Ŕ' €ę€R˜€‚‚˙Verbs and different verbal forms (present and past participles) a–>Ŕ6„gree with the subject of the sentence in number:)–gŔ& €€RȀ‚˙V>Ŕ˝ŔA#R€*+SÄ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEcgŔ ÁD#X€>+SÄ €€€€‚˙€"€‚˙˙˙ A estudanteestá pronta.e$˝Ŕ…ÁA#R€H+SÄ €€€ ‚˙€0€‚˙˙˙(The student (female)is ready.)a ÁćÁA#R€@+SÄ €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙Os estudantesestăo prontos.p/…ÁVÂA#R€^+SÄ €€€ ‚˙€D€‚˙˙˙(The students (male and female)are ready.))ćÁÂ& €€R˜€‚˙0VÂŻÂ) "€€ R„!€‚˙See 9 ÂčÂ. ,€€ČăGˇ.€‰€‚˙Verbsr8ŻÂZĂ: D€p€RČăĚś˛8€‰‚ăö ‰‚ăÉG|׉‚˙1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd ConjugationDčžĂ3 6€"€RȄ!ăĺÄś€‰€‚˙Participles)ZĂÇĂ& €€R˜€‚˙7žĂţĂ1ˇż€…6ţĂ.Ä´ĚPerson0 ÇĂ.Ä' €€¸˜B˜€‚˙PersonŽwţĂÜĹ7 <€ď€¸€€€ €€€ €‚˙Grammatical person indicates the relationship of speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group (eu ( I ), nós (we)). 2nd person refers to whomever is being spoken to. The 2nd person forms are commonly replaced with the following pronouns. These pronouns are used with 3rd person forms of conjugated verbsٕ.ÄľĆD V€+€˜Č€€€ €‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚˙vocę (you) o senhor (you - formal masculine)a senhora (you - formal feminine for a Mrs.)a senhorita (you - formal feminine for a Miss)šzÜĹnÇ? N€ô€¸€€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚˙The 3rd person refers to the entity being spoken about, ele (he), ela (she), eles (they, m.), elas (they, f.).)ľĆ—Ç& €€R˜€‚˙*nÇÁÇ$ € €¸€‚˙SeeŚ—ÇŘČq °€M€RČăf0É󀉀‚㚀‰€‚ăpż<€‰€‚ăež€‰€‚ăb:2€‰€‚ăĐ Š—€‰€‚˙Subject PronounsDirect Object PronounsIndirect Object PronounsPrepositional (Disjunctive) PronounsReflexive PronounsPossessive Pronouns(ÁÇÉ% €€R˜€‚˙‚[ŘČ‚É' €ś€R˜€‚‚˙Verbs are inflected (receive different endings) to agree with the person of the subjectvÉřÉ[#†€6ąJŠ — (€€€ €€ € ‚˙€.€‚˙€2€‚˙˙˙fal-ar (to speak)™'‚É‘Ęr#´€NąJŠ — €€€ ‚˙€€˙$€€˜€€ € ‚˙$€2€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙1st personfal-o fal-amos Ł'řÉ4Ë|#ȀNąJŠ — €€˜˙€€€ ‚˙€€˙€€˜€€ ‚˙$€4€˜€€ € ‚˙˙˙2nd personfal-as fal-áis  $‘ĘÔË|#ȀHąJŠ — €€˜˙€€€ ‚˙€€˙$€€˜€€ € ‚˙€4€˜€€ ‚˙˙˙3rd personfal-a fal-am24ËĚ* $€€ R„!€‚‚˙See …AÔË‹ĚD X€‚€RěăGˇ.€‰€‚ăĚś˛8‰‚ăö ‰‚ăÉG|׉‚˙Verbs1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation)Ě´Ě& €€R˜€‚˙7‹ĚëĚ1K ‡7ëĚÍ> Gender0 ´ĚÍ' €€¸˜B˜€‚˙GendertCë̏Í1 2€†€¸˜€€€€€‚˙There are two genders in Portuguese: masculine and feminine.b=ÍńÍ% €z€˜€‚‚˙All nouns in Portuguese are either masculine or feminine.g<ÍXĎ+ $€y€˜„´!€‚‚˙Although there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word.o#ńÍÇĎL#h€F­Ač €€€€‚˙€€€ €‚˙˙˙o touro(the bull) masculinel XĎ? L#h€@­Ač €€€€‚˙ÇĎ? ´Ě€€€ €‚˙˙˙a vaca(the cow) feminine2ÇĎq + &€€R˜„´!€‚‚˙SeeE? ś 1 2€(€R손´!ăŒ˙žo€‰‚˙Gender of NounsDq ú . *€-€R˜„´!€‚‚‚‚˙Knowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, past participles, and pronouns. They agree in the gender and in the number with the noun.SeeFś @ 4 8€$€RȂĆă™ß€ ‰€€‚˙Adjectives Fú † 7 >€€Čˆl´üEă‘Ž6€ ‰€€‚˙Article H@ Î 3 6€*€RȄ!ăÔit€‰€‚˙Past ParticipleH†  + &€:€ČăŃj耉‚˙Active and Passive Voice(Î > % €€RȀ‚˙@ ~ 1ő%€…ţ8~ ˇ –‰ 1st Conjugation9> ˇ ' €$€¸˜B˜€‚˙1st Conjugation)~ ŕ & €€R˜€!‚˙l)ˇ L C#V€RW“ €€R€‚˙€*€R‚˙˙˙Present InfinitivePresent Participlet"ŕ Ŕ R#t€DW“ *€€R€€"€€‚˙€.€R€€‚˙˙˙fal-ar (to speak)falandoWL  C#V€(W“ €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙Past ParticipleR Ŕ i F#\€W“ €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙˙˙falado) ’ & €€R˜€‚˙i " q#˛€>Í 0 €€R€‚˙€€R˙€€R~‚˙€€R~˙€€R‚˙˙˙PresentPresent Perfect¸#’ Ú •#ú€FÍ ˆ  €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€~€#‚˙€ €~˙€"€€‚˙€4€€‚˙˙˙eu fal-otenho faladoˇ#" ‘ ”#ř€FÍ ˆ  €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€~€#‚˙€"€~˙€$€€‚˙€4€€‚˙˙˙tu fal-astens faladoź+Ú M ‘#ň€VÍ ˆ  €€˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€~‚˙€4€~˙€6€€‚˙€D€€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocęfal-atem faladoş&‘  ”#ř€LÍ ˆ  €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€~€#‚˙€&€~˙€(€€‚˙€:€€‚˙˙˙nósfal-amostemos falado§$M Ž ƒ#րHÍ ˆ  €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€‚˙€"€€‚˙€6€€‚˙˙˙vósfal-áistendes falado°- ^ ƒ#րZÍ ˆ  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š#VÍ … ß €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€,€€‚˙€@€˙€B€R€€‚˙˙˙nósfalar-emosteremosfaladoĂ)ČB PD š#RÍ … ß €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€€‚˙€<€˙€>€R€€‚˙˙˙vósfalar-eistereisfaladoĎ5C E š#jÍ … ß €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€€‚˙€D€€‚˙€T€˙€V€R€€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęsfalar-ăoterăofalado(PD GE % €€R˜€‚˙P E —E C#V€Í €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙PreterityGE F e#š€(Í €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙"€€€€$€‚˙˙˙eu fal-ei q—E F ^#Œ€&Í €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙tu fal-astezF űF ^#Œ€8Í €€˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocęfal-ouqF lG ^#Œ€&Í €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙nósfal-ámosrűF ŢG ^#Œ€(Í €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙vósfal-astes!lG ]H ^#Œ€BÍ €€˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęsfal-aram(ŢG …H % €€R˜€‚˙,]H I U#z€Xč ß €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€0€R‚˙˙˙Present SubjunctiveFuture SubjunctiveŒ…H ’I s#ś€2č ß €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€ €€#‚˙˙˙eu fal-efa-larŽI J r#´€8č ß €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€"€€#‚˙˙˙tu fal-esfal-aresĽ%’I ĹJ €#ЀJč ß €€˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€‚˙€6€˙€8€Pl–€#‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocęfal-efa-lar“ J XK t#¸€>č ß €€Pl–˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€&€€#‚˙˙˙nósfal-emosfal-armosĹJ čK r#´€<č ß 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€€R€‚˙€ €R‚˙˙˙tucomeRŽ N C#V€ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙formalcomarü Ŕ `#€$ŠÍ €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€R€‚˙˙˙nóscomamospN <@ `#€ ŠÍ €€R˙€€˜€‚˙Ŕ <@ –‰ €€˜˙€€R€‚˙˙˙vóscomeiSŔ @ C#V€ ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙formalcomam(<@ ˇ@ % €€R˜€‚˙@@ ÷@ 1ś&ţ„:÷@ 0A ŞÇ 3rd Conjugation9ˇ@ 0A ' €$€¸˜B˜€‚˙3rd Conjugation)÷@ YA & €€¸R˜€‚˙l)0A ĹA C#V€R{B €€R€‚˙€*€R‚˙˙˙Present InfinitivePresent Participleo#YA 4B L#h€F{B $€€R€€€‚˙€0€R€‚˙˙˙part-ir (to depart)partindoWĹA ‹B C#V€({B €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙Past ParticipleW4B âB I#b€{B €€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙˙˙partido)‹B C & €€¸R˜€‚˙râB }C U#z€:ˆě > €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙PresentPresent Perfect˝& C :D —#ţ€Lˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€$€€‚˙€6€˙€8€R€‚˙˙˙eu part-otenho partido˝&}C ÷D —#ţ€Lˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€&€€‚˙€6€˙€8€R€‚˙˙˙tu part-estens partidoĆ/:D ˝E —#ţ€^ˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€€‚˙€:€€‚˙€H€˙€J€R€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępart-etem partidoŔ)÷D }F —#ţ€Rˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€€‚˙€<€˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙nóspart-imostemos partidoż(˝E  €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙ImperfectPluperfect (Past Perfect)Á'-H lI š#Nˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€&€€€$‚˙€8€˙€:€R€‚˙˙˙eu part-iatinhapartidoĂ)ŤH /J š#Rˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€(€€€$‚˙€<€˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙tu part-iastinhaspartidoĚ2lI űJ š#dˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€€‚˙€<€€€$‚˙€N€˙€P€R€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępart-iatinhapartidoÇ-/J ÂK š#Zˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€,€€€$‚˙€D€˙€F€R€‚˙˙˙nóspart-íamostínhamospartidoĹ+űJ ‡L š#Vˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€€€$‚˙€@€˙€B€R€‚˙˙˙vóspart-íeistínheispartidoŇ8ÂK YM š#pˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€€‚˙€D€€€$‚˙€Z€˙€\€R€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęspart-iamtinham partido(‡L M % €€R˜€‚˙pYM ńM U#z€6ˆě > €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙FutureFuture PerfectÎ)M żN Ľ#Rˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€˙€,€Œ€‚˙€<€Œ˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙eu partir-eitereipartidoÎ)ńM O Ľ#Rˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€˙€,€Œ€‚˙€<€Œ˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙tu partir-ásteráspartido×2żN p€ Ľ#dˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€€‚˙€>€O p€ ˇ@ ˙€@€Œ€‚˙€N€Œ˙€P€R€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępartir-áterápartidoŇ-O B Ľ#Zˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€.€˙€0€Œ€‚˙€D€Œ˙€F€R€‚˙˙˙nóspartir-emosteremospartidoĐ+p€ ‚ Ľ#Vˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€,€˙€.€Œ€‚˙€@€Œ˙€B€R€‚˙˙˙vóspartir-eistereispartidoÜ7B î‚ Ľ#nˆě Ž … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€€‚˙€F€˙€H€Œ€‚˙€X€Œ˙€Z€R€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęspartir-ăoterăopartido(‚ ƒ % €€R˜€‚˙Tî‚ jƒ F#\€ˆë €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙˙˙Preteritpƒ ڃ _#Ž€"ˆë €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙eu part-irjƒ L„ ^#Œ€(ˆë €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙tu part-iste{ڃ DŽ ^#Œ€:ˆë €€˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępart-iusL„ :… ^#Œ€*ˆë €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙nóspart-imos tDŽ Ž… ^#Œ€,ˆë €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙˙˙vóspart-istes ‰%:… 7† d#˜€Jˆë €€˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙"€,€€€$€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęspart-iram (Ž… _† % €€R˜€‚˙,7† ŕ† U#z€Xˆë î €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€0€R‚˙˙˙Present SubjunctiveFuture SubjunctiveŽ_† n‡ s#ś€6ˆë î €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€"€€#‚˙˙˙eu part-apart-irŕ† ţ‡ r#´€<ˆë î €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€$€€#‚˙˙˙tu part-aspart-ires¨(n‡ Śˆ €#ЀPˆë î €€˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€‚˙€:€˙€<€Pl–€#‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępart-a par-tir–"ţ‡ <‰ t#¸€Dˆë î €€Pl–˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€*€€#‚˙˙˙nóspart-amos par-tirmos“!Śˆ ω r#´€Bˆë î €€˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€(€€‚˙˙˙vóspart-ais part-irdesŸ-<‰ nŠ r#´€Zˆë î €€˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€‚˙€B€€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęspart-am part-irem)ω —Š & €€R˜€‚˙‰4nŠ ‹ U#z€hˆč B €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€4€R‚˙˙˙Imperfect SubjunctivePast Perfect Subjunctive˝)—Š ݋ ”#ř€Rˆč ˛ … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€(€€#‚˙€<€˙€>€R€‚˙˙˙eu part-issetivessepartidoż+ ‹ œŒ ”#ř€Vˆč ˛ … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€*€€#‚˙€@€˙€B€R€‚˙˙˙tu part-issestivessespartidoČ4݋ d ”#ř€hˆč ˛ … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€‚˙€>€€‚˙€R€˙€T€R€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępart-issetivessepartidoÔ0œŒ 8Ž ¤#`ˆč ˛ … €€R˙€€R˜€‚˙€€R˜˙€€R€‚˙€.€R˙€0€€‚˙€J€˙€L€R€‚˙˙˙nóspart-íssemostivéssemospartidoÁ-d ůŽ ”#ř€Zˆč ˛ … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€‚˙€,€€‚˙€D€˙€F€R€‚˙˙˙vóspart-ísseistivésseispartidoÍ98Ž Ə ”#ř€rˆč ˛ … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€‚˙€F€€‚˙€\€˙€^€R€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęspart-issemtivessempartido)ůŽ Ŕ & €€R˜€‚˙Ə Ŕ ˇ@ ‚-Ə ŽŔ U#z€Zˆë ? €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙€0€R‚˙˙˙Present ConditionalConditional Perfectż( Ŕ MÁ —#ţ€Pˆë Ż … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€*€€‚˙€:€˙€<€R€‚˙˙˙eu partir-iateriapartidoÁ*ŽŔ  —#ţ€Tˆë Ż … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€,€€‚˙€>€˙€@€R€‚˙˙˙tu partir-iasteriaspartidoĘ3MÁ Ř —#ţ€fˆë Ż … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€$€˜˙€&€€€‚˙€@€€‚˙€P€˙€R€R€‚˙˙˙ele, ela, vocępartir-iateriapartidoĹ. Ă —#ţ€\ˆë Ż … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€0€€‚˙€F€˙€H€R€‚˙˙˙nóspartir-íamosteríamospartidoÂ+Ř _Ä —#ţ€Vˆë Ż … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€€€‚˙€,€€‚˙€@€˙€B€R€‚˙˙˙vóspartir-íesteríeispartidoĎ8Ă .Ĺ —#ţ€pˆë Ż … €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€*€˜˙€,€€€‚˙€H€€‚˙€Z€˙€\€R€‚˙˙˙eles, elas, vocęspartir-iamteriampartido)_Ä WĹ & €€R˜€‚˙V.Ĺ ­Ĺ F#\€ ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R€‚˙˙˙ImperativeO WĹ üĹ C#V€ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€ €R‚˙˙˙tuparteS­Ĺ OĆ C#V€ ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙formalpartasüĹ ÂĆ `#€&ŠÍ €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€R€‚˙˙˙nóspartamospOĆ 2Ç `#€ ŠÍ €€R˙€€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€R€‚˙˙˙vóspartiTÂĆ †Ç C#V€"ŠÍ €€R€‚˙€€R‚˙˙˙formalpartam$2Ç ŞÇ " €€€˙1†Ç ŰÇ 1[˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;˙˙˙˙ŰÇ Č *ŞÇ Č ' €€¸˜B˜€‚˙FŰÇ KČ 1!˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙<˙˙˙˙KČ &Ę Absolute Construction?Č ŠČ ' €0€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Absolute ConstructionóKČ ¤É ' €ç€R˜€‚˙When a past participle phrase begins a sentence, and the participle has no direct connection with the main verb, the phrase is said to be absolute. This is a stylistic device associated with literary writing rather than with common speech.‚XŠČ &Ę * $€°€RȀ€‚‚˙Terminada a guerra, começaram a reconstruir. (The war over, they began to rebuild.)I¤É oĘ 1ľ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙=˙˙˙˙oĘ ŰĚ Active and Passive VoiceB&Ę ąĘ ' €6€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Active and Passive Voice—qoĘ HË & €â€R˜€‚˙If the subject of the sentence denotes the person or thing performing action, the verb is in the active voice.{NąĘ ĂË - *€œ€RȀ€€‚‚˙Sam Barroqueiro escreveu esta novela.(Sam Barroqueiro wrote this novel.)gHË PĚ & €Î€R˜€‚˙If the subject of the sentence denotes the receiver of the action, the verb is in the passive voice.‹^ĂË ŰĚ - *€ź€RȀ€€‚‚˙Esta novela foi escrita por Sam Barroqueiro.(This novel was written by Sam Barroqueiro.)BPĚ Í 1ź˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙>˙˙˙˙Í —Ď Adjective Clauses;ŰĚ XÍ ' €(€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Adjective ClausesœuÍ ôÍ ' €ę€R˜€‚‚˙An adjective clause contains a subject and verb but, like an adjective, it qualifies a preceding noun or pronoun.r$XÍ fÎ N#l€HPB  €€ R€€‚˙ € € R€€‚˙˙˙MAIN CLAUSEADJECTIVE CLAUSE‡9ôÍ íÎ N#l€rPB  €€ R€€‚˙ €B€ R€€‚˙˙˙Os Andes detęm o ar humido que vem do oriente.‚=fÎ oĎ E#Z€zPB €€ R€‚˙€B€ R‚˙˙˙(The Andes stop the humid airthat comes from the east.)(íÎ —Ď % €€R¤€'‚˙; oĎ ŇĎ 1š˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙ŇĎ + Adjectives4 —Ď  ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙AdjectŇĎ  —Ď iveslFŇĎ ~ & €Œ€R˜€‚˙Adjectives are words that qualify the meaning of a noun or pronoun.N ˙ 3 6€œ€RȀ€€‚€€‚˙um livro INTERESSANTE (an interesting book)uma casa NOVA (a new house)´~ ł 3 4€€R˜€€€€€‚˙Portuguese adjectives agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the nouns they qualify.xH˙ + 0 0€€RȀ€‚€€‚˙um livro vermelho (a red book)as casas vermelhas (the red houses)8ł c 1:˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙c e Adverbs1 + ” ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Adverbs[5c ď & €j€R˜€‚˙Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.b3” Q / .€f€RȀ€€€‚˙Ele escreve rapidamente. (He writes quickly.)“gď ä , (€Î€R˜€€€‚˙Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form.X/Q < ) "€^€RȀ€‚˙Escreve correctamente. (He writes clearly.))ä e & €€R˜€‚˙B< § 1¸˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙§  Adverbial Clauses;e â ' €(€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Adverbial Clausesˇ§ ™ ' €!€R˜€‚˙An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that qualifies a verb, indicating when, why or under what conditions an action or situation occurs.r$â  N#l€Húţ  €€ R€€‚˙ € € R€€‚˙˙˙MAIN CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSEy+™ „ N#l€Vúţ  €€ R€€‚˙ €,€ R€€‚˙˙˙Năo tinha dinheiroquando era jovem.p+  ô E#Z€Vúţ €€ R€‚˙€.€ R‚˙˙˙(I didn't have moneywhen I was young.))„  & €€R˜€‚˙Cô ` 1R˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙` o Appositive Phrases< œ ' €*€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Appositive Phrases1 ` Í ( €€R˜€‚‚˙An appositive phrase renames the noun or pronoun to which it is in apposition. Appositive phrases are set off by commas.Articles are not used in an appositive phrase unless it involves a superlative or is qualified by a following adjective or adjective clause.zLœ G . ,€˜€ZRȒ€€€‚‚˙Luis de Camőes, poeta de Portugal(Luis de Camoes, the Portuguese poet)(Í o % €€R¤€'‚˙@G Ż 1B˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙Ż ą Auxiliary Verbs9o č ' €$€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Auxiliary VerbsÉzŻ ą O l€ő€R˜€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙The verbs used to form compound tenses are called auxiliary verbs. They indicate the person and tense while the main verb keeps a fixed form. The auxiliary verbs are ter/haver (to have), estar (to be) and ser (to be).Ter/haver is used to form the perfect tenses.Estar is used to form the progressive (continuous) tenses.Ser is used to form the passive voice.Ač ň 15˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙D˙˙˙˙ň ć Basic Verb Forms:ą , ' €&€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Basic Verb FormsCň o & €:€B˜€‚‚˙The basic verb forms are:o#, Ţ L#h€FĹŮ €€B€€‚˙€€B€€‚˙˙˙Infinitive:falar (to speak)s'o Q L#h€NĹŮ €€B€€‚˙€(€B€€‚˙˙˙past participle:falado (spoken)q"Ţ Â O#n€DĹŮ €€B€€‚˙$€€B€€€(‚˙˙˙gerund:falando (speaking)$Q ć " €€€&˙D * 1G˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙E˙˙˙˙* KD Cardinal Adjectives=ć g ' €,€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Cardinal Adjectives(*  % €€R¤€'‚˙T+g ă ) "€V€R˜€€‚˙Cardinal numbers are used for counting. b g#ž€0˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€‚˙˙˙0 zero10 dez‚ă @ g#ž€6˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€"‚˙˙˙1 um/uma11 onzeb @ ć …b ‘@ g#ž€<˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€$€R˜€€€‚˙˙˙2 dois/duas12 doze @ A g#ž€4˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€"‚˙˙˙3 tręs13 treze…‘@ —A g#ž€<˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€‚˙˙˙4 quatro14 catorzeƒA B g#ž€8˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€‚˙˙˙5 cinco15 quinze…—A ŸB g#ž€<˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€"‚˙˙˙6 seis16 dezesseis…B $C g#ž€<˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€‚˙˙˙7 sete17 dezesseteŸB ŁC d#˜€6˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙"€€R˜€€‚˙˙˙8 oito18 dezoito„$C 'D g#ž€:˘ ń €€R˜€‚˙€€R˜€‚˙(€€R˜€€€‚˙˙˙9 nove19 dezenove$ŁC KD " €€€&˙6'D D 1ˆ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙D ÓF Comma/KD °D ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Comma(D ŘD % €€R¤€'‚˙g=°D ?E * $€z€˜€€€‚˙Commas (,) are the most commonly used punctuation marks.(ŘD gE % €€R¤€'‚˙I%?E °E $ €J€˜€‚˙Commas separate words in a series.oHgE F ' €€Ȁ€‚˙Julio Dinis, José Ramos, Alice Coelho, Carlos Fontes e Manuel Paiva.(°E GF % €€R¤€'‚˙ŒhF ÓF $ €Đ€˜€‚˙Commas are also used after an introductory phrase, an appositive phrase, or parenthetical expression.8GF G 1<˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙G˙˙˙˙ G I Command. ÓF 9G $ €€˜€&‚˙Commandş“ G óG ' €'€B˜€‚‚˙An imperative sentence expresses a command. The subject noun or pronoun is often omitted.2nd person positive commands use the imperative mood.>9G 1H ( €,€BȀ€‚˙Vai-te. (Go away!)–qóG ÇH % €â€B˜€‚˙2nd person negative commands (prohibitions) use the subjunctive, as do all commands in the 1st or 3rd persons.H 1H I ( €@€BȀ€‚˙Năo te vás. (Don't go away!)= ÇH LI 1v˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙LI …J Common Nouns6I ‚I ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Common Nouns§LI …J \ †€O€R˜€€€€€‚€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚€€€€€€€‚˙All nouns other than proper nouns are called common.casa (house)amizade (friendship).Common nouns are subdivided into count and noncount nouns.< ‚I ÁJ 1ý˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙ÁJ ‚N Comparative5…J öJ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Comparative_:ÁJ UK % €t€B˜€‚˙There are three degrees of comparison for an adjective.ˆ*öJ ÝK ^#Œ€TŞ 1 €€B€‚˙€€B€‚˙€6€B€€‚˙˙˙POSITIVE: alto (tall)alto (tall) ?UK }L a#’€~Ş 1 €€B€‚˙€€B€‚˙$€H€B€€€‚˙˙˙COMPARATIVE:mais alto (taller)menos alto (less tall)°RÝK -M ^#Œ€¤Ş 1 €€B€‚˙€€B€‚˙€\€B€€‚˙˙˙SUPERLATIVE:o... mais alto (the tallest)o... menos alto (the least tall)U }L ‚N L f€€B˜€‚€€€€€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€€€‚˙The absolute superlative indicates a high degree of some quality, rather than a comparison. It is formed by adding the suffix -ísimo (feminine -ísima) to the adjective.uma mulher linda (a pretty woman)uma mulher lindissima (an very pretty woman): -M źN 1t˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙źN € Compounds3 ‚N ďN ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙CompoundswRźN fO % €¤€˜€ ‚˙Compound words consist of two word elements that combine to form a single word.h5ďN ÎO 3 6€j€Rě€ƒ€ €€ €‚˙girasol (sunflower), matamoscas (flyswatter).(fO € % €€R¤€'‚˙ÎO € ‚N HÎO T€ 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙T€ ‚ Coordinate ConjunctionsL €   > J€€¸˜B˜€&€‚€€€€€€‚˙Coordinate ConjunctionsCoordinate conjunctions join two sentence elements of equal value (one is not dependent on the other). Those elements can be words, phrases or entire clauses. The most common coordinate conjunctions are e (and), ou (or) and mas (but).rDT€ ‚ . ,€ˆ€B˜€ƒ€€‚ƒ‚˙relatos sombríos e inquietantes(gloomy and disturbing tales)<   N‚ 1 ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙N‚ ˛„ Declarative5‚ ƒ‚ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Declarativeş”N‚ =ƒ & €)€B˜€‚˙In a declarative sentence, the subject and the predicate follow the normal word order, with the subject coming first and the predicate following.(ƒ‚ eƒ % €€R¤€'‚˙\=ƒ Áƒ F#\€,­/K €€B€‚˙€€B€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEheƒ )„ I#b€>­/K €€B€‚˙€€B€€‚˙˙˙Joăo năo fala portuguęs.e"Áƒ Ž„ C#V€D­/K €€B€‚˙€€B‚˙˙˙(Johndoesnt speak Portuguese.$)„ ˛„ " €€€&˙BŽ„ ô„ 1Ť˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙ô„ ]‰ Definite Articles;˛„ /… ' €(€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Definite Articlesˇ0ô„ ć… ‡#ހ`Aˆ ƒ  Ž €€ ˜R€‚˙ €€ ˜R€€‚˙€€ ˜R€‚˙€4€ ˜R‚˙€L€ ˜R‚˙˙˙DEFINITEARTICLESINDEFINITEARTICLESŠ+/… † ~#̀VAˆ ƒ  Ž €€ ˜R€‚˙€€ ˜R‚˙€€ ˜R‚˙€2€ ˜R‚˙€F€ ˜R‚˙˙˙SingularPlural SingularPluralÍ7ć… \‡ –#ü€nAˆ ƒ  Ž €€ ˜R€‚˙ €€ ˜R€€‚˙ €$€ ˜R€€‚˙ €>€ ˜R€€‚˙ €R€ ˜R€€‚˙˙˙Masco (the)os (the)um (a)uns (some)Ř9† 4ˆ Ÿ#rAˆ ƒ  Ž €€ ˜R˙€€R€‚˙€€R€€‚˙€&€R€€‚˙€>€R€€‚˙€T€R€€‚˙˙˙Fem.a (the)as (the)uma (a)umas (some))ć\‡ ]‰ C T€Í€R˜€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚˙Articles always agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.o homem (the man -- masculine sg.)a mulher (the woman -- feminine sg.)os homens (the men -- masculine pl.)as mulheres (the women -- feminine pl.)> 4ˆ ›‰ 1ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙›‰ [Œ Direct Speech7]‰ ҉ ' € €¸˜B˜€&‚˙Direct Speechíą›‰ żŠ < F€c€R˜€€€€€€€€‚‚˙Direct speech gives the words actually spoken by a person. Reported speech puts them into a clause introduced by que (that) for statements and se (if) for questions.j"҉ )‹ H#`€D@? €€ ˜R€‚˙€ € ˜R€‚˙˙˙DIRECT SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH:żŠ ¨‹ E#Z€t@? €€ ˜R€‚˙€:€ ˜R‚˙˙˙ŤÉs professor?ť perguntou.Perguntou se sou professor.>)‹ 7Œ Q#r€|@? €€ ˜R˙€€R€‚˙€D€R‚˙˙˙"Are you a teacher?" he asked.He asked if I'm a teacher.$¨‹ [Œ " €€€&˙67Œ ‘Œ 1Ŕ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙‘Œ  Estar/[Œ ŔŒ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Estar[˙‘Œ  \ †€˙€˜R˜€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚€€‚˙Ser and estar both mean 'to be.' Ser is used to express permanent being or a permanent characteristic, while estar expresses temporary being. For instance, ser would be used to describe a buildings location and estar would be used to describe a persons position at a particular time.Ser is also used for the passive voice, while estar indicates the result of an earlier action.Estar is used with the gerund (= English present participle) to form the progressive tenses, present and past.= ŔŒ X 1Q˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙P˙˙˙˙X mÁ Exclamations6 Ž ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙ExclamationsÓwX mÁ \ †€ď€R˜€€€€€€‚€ƒ‚ƒ‚€€€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€€€&‚˙Exclamations often beŽ mÁ  gin with an exclamatory que…! (what a...!). If an adjective follows, it is preceded by mais or tăo.Que pena! (What a pity!)Que dia tăo lindo! (What a lovely day!)Quanto…! (how...!) and Viva…! (Cheers! Long live...!) are also used for exclamations.Quanto me alegro! (How glad I am about it!)Viva Portugal! (Cheers to Portugal!)HŽ ľÁ 1=˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Q˙˙˙˙ľÁ ŞÇ Expressions of QuantityAmÁ öÁ ' €4€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Expressions of Quantityü_ľÁ ň # žŽ† § Ş €€RȀ ‚˙€2€RČ˙€4€RŽ‚˙€\€RŽ˙€^€RŒ‚‚˙€ˆ€RŒ˙€Š€R˘‚˙˙˙Expression of QuantityCount Noun (Sing.)Count Noun(Plural)Noncount Noun (Singular)ËöÁ ˝Ă ´#8.Ž† § Ş €€R˘˙"€€RȀ€ ‚˙€€RČ˙"€€RŽ€€ ‚˙€"€RŽ˙€$€RŒ‚˙€(€RŒ˙€*€R˘‚˙˙˙umlivro˝ň zÄ Ť#&$Ž† § Ş €€R˘˙€€RȀ ‚˙€ €RČ˙€ €RŽ‚˙€€RŽ˙€€RŒ‚˙€€RŒ˙€ €R˘‚˙˙˙abookƽà @Ĺ Ž#,0Ž… ¨ Ş €€R˘˙€€RȀ‚˙€€RČ˙€€RŽ‚˙€€RŽ˙€€RŒ€ ‚˙€*€RŒ˙€,€R˘‚˙˙˙doislivrosŔzÄ Ć Ť#&*Ž† § Ş €€R˘˙€€RȀ ‚˙€€RČ˙€€RŽ‚˙€€RŽ˙€€RŒ‚˙€$€RŒ˙€&€R˘‚˙˙˙twobooksÂ@Ĺ ÂĆ Ť#&.Ž† § Ş €€R˘˙€€RȀ‚˙€€RČ˙€€RŽ‚˙€€RŽ˙€€RŒ‚˙€€RŒ˙€ €R˘‚˙˙˙muitachuvaÄĆ †Ç Ť#&2Ž† § Ş €€R˘˙€€RȀ ‚˙€€RČ˙€€RŽ‚˙€€RŽ˙€ €RŒ‚˙€$€RŒ˙€&€R˘‚˙˙˙a lot ofrain$ÂĆ ŞÇ " €€€&˙B†Ç ěÇ 12˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙ěÇ ÜÎ Future Indicative;ŞÇ 'Č ' €(€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Future Indicative­‡ěÇ ÔČ & €€˜˜€ ‚˙The future tense of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings to the entire infinitive form (rather than to the verb stem).Q$'Č %É - *€H€˜Ś„ůŃ€€ ‚˙1st Conjugation: falar (to talk)…7ÔČ ŞÉ N#l€ns D  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €4€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙falar-ei (I will talk)falar-emos (we will talk)?%É :Ę Q#r€~s D &€€˜¤€ €€ ‚˙ €<€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙ falar-ás (you will talk)falar-eis (you all will talk)Ž@ŞÉ ČĘ N#l€€s D  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €F€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙falar-á (he, she, it will talk)falar-ăo (they will talk)O#:Ę Ë , (€F€¤„ůŃ€€ ‚˙2nd Conjugation: comer (to eat)„6ČĘ ›Ë N#l€lu B  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €4€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙comer-ei (I will eat) comer-emos (we will eat)Š<Ë %Ě N#l€xu B  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €8€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙comer-ás (you will eat) comer-eis (you all will eat)?›Ë ˛Ě N#l€~u B  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €F€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙comer-á (he, she, it will eat) comer-ăo (they will eat)S'%Ě Í , (€N€¤„ůŃ€€ ‚˙3rd Conjugation: partir (to depart)Œ>˛Ě ‘Í N#l€|y ;  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €<€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙partir-ei (I will depart) partir-emos (we will depart)’DÍ #Î N#l€ˆy ;  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €@€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙partir-ás (you will depart) partir-eis (you all will depart)•G‘Í ¸Î N#l€Žy ;  €€˜¤€€ ‚˙ €N€˜¤€€ ‚˙˙˙partir-á (he, she, it will depart) partir-ăo (they will depart)$#Î ÜÎ " €€€&˙?¸Î Ď 19˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙Ď ű Future Perfect8ÜÎ SĎ ' €"€¸˜B˜€!‚˙Future PerfectĄpĎ 1 2€ŕ€¨˜€€ €€ €‚˙The future perfect uses the future tense (indicative and subjunctive) of the auxiliary verb ter or haver.SĎ ÜÎ ”ISĎ   K#f€’‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙tereifalado, comido, partido (I will have spoken, eaten, departed)ˆ= ( K#f€z‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙terásfalado, comido, partido (you will have spoken...)D  ˇ K#f€ˆ‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙teráfalado, comido, partido (he, she, it will have spoken...)‰>( @ K#f€|‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙teremosfalado, comido, partido (we will have spoken...)‰>ˇ É K#f€|‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙tereisfalado, comido, partido (you will have spoken...)@@ f ]#Š€€‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙€€˜¤˙(€€˜R¤€€€‚˙˙˙terăofalado, comido, partido (you will have spoken...) ˜>É ţ Z#„€|‘ G €€˜R¤˙€€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙havereifalado, comido, partido (I will have spoken...)Š?f ˆ K#f€~‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙haverásfalado, comido, partido (you will have spoken...)‘Fţ  K#f€Œ‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙haveráfalado, comido, partido (he, she, it will have spoken...)Š?ˆ Ł K#f€~‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙haveremosfalado, comido, partido (we will have spoken...‹@ . K#f€€‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙ €€˜¤€ €‚˙˙˙havereisfalado, comido, partido (you will have spoken...)ŠEŁ × d#˜€Š‘ G €€˜¤€‚˙€€˜¤˙6€€˜R˜€€€€€‚˙˙˙haverăo falado, comido, partido(they will have spoken...) $. ű " €€€˙7× 2 1Ź˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙2 § Gender0 ű b ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙GenderU2 ń : D€Ş€¨R’‚H€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙Nouns and adjectives have two genders in Portuguese: masculine and feminine.ŝb ś ( €;€’€ €'‚˙The ending of a noun often indicates its gender. Nouns and adjectives ending in -o are usually masculine, while nouns ending in -a are usually feminine:Z*ń  0 0€T€˜Č‚˘€€ €€ ‚˙o touro (the bull) a vaca (the cow)o=ś  2 4€z€Ȃ˘€€ €€ €‚˙o médico (male physician) a médica (female physician)( § % €€R¤€‚˙@ ç 1™˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙U˙˙˙˙ç @ Imperative Mood9§ ' €$€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Imperative MoodçÁç  & €ƒ€˜˜€ ‚˙Familiar commands, when positive, are expressed by means of the imperative mood. The second person singular imperative forms are identical to the third person singular of the present tense.9ô @ E X€é€¤€ ƒ€€ ‚ƒ€€ ‚‚ƒ€€ ‚ƒ€€ ‚˙O menino dorme. (The child is sleeping.)Dorme. (Go to sleep!)The second person plural vós forms are based on the second person plural of the present tense without the final -s.dormis (you sleep)Dormi. (Go to sleep! - plural)D „ 1’˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙V˙˙˙˙„ Ň Indefinite Pronouns=@ Á ' €,€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Indefinite Pronouns|V„ = & €Ź€¨˜˜€ ‚˙Indefinite pronouns and adjectives refer to people or things that are not specific.mÁ Ş g œ€ €Ȁ€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚˙algum (some), certo (a certain), demasiado (too much, too many), muito (much, many), nenhum (not any), outro (another), pouco (a little, few), tanto (much, many), todo (all), qualquer (any), PLURAL quaisquer, tal (such), PLURAL tais. (= Ň % €€˜€‚˙CŞ  1§˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙ 6B Infinitive Phrases<Ň Q ' €*€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Infinitive Phrasesb; ł ' €v€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙An infinitive phrase may function in the following ways.6Q @ & € €¤‚H€ ‚˙As an adverb.ł @ Ň Øł Ď@ + $€1€ȂH€‚€ ‚˙Ao casar-se com Maria Todd, Abraăo Lincoln começou a sua carreira política. (Upon marrying Mary Todd, Abraham Lincoln began his political career.)A @ A & €6€¤‚H€ ‚˙As the object of a verb.uLĎ@ …A ) "€˜€ȂH€€ ‚˙Quero ver os quadros de Malhôa. (I want to see the paintings of Malhôa.)F A ËA & €@€¤‚H€ ‚˙As the subject of a sentence.kA…A 6B * $€‚€Ȁ€ €)‚˙É difícil aprender portuguęs. (Learning Portuguese is hard.)< ËA rB 1j˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙rB  F Infinitives56B §B ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙InfinitivesŸyrB FC & €ň€˜˜˜€ ‚˙The infinitive is the basic form of a verb. Portuguese/English dictionaries always identify a verb by its infinitive.o;§B ľC 4 8€v€˜Č€€ €€ €€ ‚˙falar (to speak), comer (to eat), partir (to leave)xSFC -D % €Ś€˜¤€ ‚˙A complementary infinitive completes the meaning of a preceding conjugated verb.d<ľC ‘D ( €x€˜Č€€ ‚˙Ela quere viver com eles. (She wants to live with them.)Ɲ-D WE ) €;€˜¤€ €‚˙Infinitives can be used as verbal nouns, in which case they are considered to be masculine singular and are sometimes preceded by the definite article o.b:‘D šE ( €t€˜Č€€ ‚˙(O) escrever bem é uma arte. (Writing well is an art.)oJWE (F % €”€˜¤€ ‚˙After a preposition, the infinitive form of a verb must always be used.xOšE  F ) "€ž€˜Č€‚€ ‚˙(Eu) gosto de ler antes de dormir.(I like to read before going to sleep.) > (F ŢF 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙ŢF źI Interjections7 F G ' € €¸˜B˜€&‚˙InterjectionsáşŢF öG ' €u€¨˜˜€ ‚˙Interjections are words or expressions stuck in at random to express the speaker's emotions. They are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation mark or a comma.t0G jH D#X€`Ń8f €€€€ ‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙Ah! (oh! Ouch!)Admiration, pain, happinessböG ĚH D#X€<Ń8f €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ai! ui! Pain , surprise [jH 'I D#X€.Ń8f €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Bem! Bravo!Cheersq-ĚH ˜I D#X€ZŃ8f €€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙oh! Surprise, happiness, pain, aversion$'I źI " €€€&˙F˜I J 1Ń˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙J K Interrogative Adverbs?źI AJ ' €0€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Interrogative AdverbsN(J J & €P€’‚H€ ‚˙Interrogative adverbs ask a question.ţłAJ K K d€g€ȂH€€ €€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙Quando chegará? (When will he arrive?)Aonde está ele? (Where is he?)Como está ela? (How is she?)Porque fizeste estas perguntas? (Why did you ask these questions?)GJ ÔK 1Ó˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙ÔK `N Interrogative Pronouns@K L ' €2€¸˜B˜€!‚˙Interrogative PronounsœvÔK °L & €ě€¨˜˜€ ‚˙Interrogatives ask a question, and are distinguished by their written accents. The most common interrogatives are:i#L M F#\€F­\č €€€‚‚˙€"€€ ‚‚˙˙˙Quem?De quem?(Who?)(Whose?)k%°L „M F#\€J­\č €€€‚‚˙€€€ ‚‚˙˙˙Que?Quę?(What? Which?)(What?)WM ŰM D#X€&­\č €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Qual?(Which?)^„M 9N D#X€4­\č €€€‚˙€€€ ‚˙˙˙Para quę?(What for?)'ŰM `N $ €€¤€‚˙L9N ŹN 1d˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙ŹN ˇ Interrogative-Word QuestionE`N ńN ' €<€¸˜B˜€!‚˙Interrogative-Word QuestionxSŹN iO % €Ś€¨˜€ ‚˙Many questions begin with either interrogative pronouns or interrogative adverbs'ńN O $ €€¤€ ‚˙‡\iO #€ + &€¸€˜Ś€ €€ ‚˙The most common interrogative pronoun is que? (what). It is also O #€ `N used as an adjective.U-O x€ ( €Z€Ȁ‚€ ‚˙Que é isto? (What is this?) (Pronominal)U/#€ ̀ & €^€˜˜Ś€ ‚˙Interrogative adverbs include the following:ę•x€ ˇ U x€+€Ȁ€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚˙como? (how?), quando? (when?), quanto? (how much?), cujo? (whose?, aonde? (whereto?), donde? (wherefrom?), porque? por que? (why?)> ̀ ő 1„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙ő ;ƒ Linking Verbs7ˇ ,‚ ' € €¸˜B˜€!‚˙Linking VerbsŁwő ς , (€î€¨˜˜€ €€ ‚˙A linking verb connects a subject with a predicate adjective or noun. The most usual linking verb is ser (to be).lA,‚ ;ƒ + &€‚€Ȁ‚€ €'‚˙Daniela é muito inteligente.(Daniella is very intelligent.); ς vƒ 1–˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙vƒ ф Mass Nouns4 ;ƒ ރ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Mass Nounsşvƒ d„ * "€!€¨˜R’‚H€ ‚˙Mass nouns refer to things that cannot be counted. In English, they do not usually take a definite article, but in Portuguese they often do:m6ރ ф 7 >€l€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚˙o leite (milk)a farinha (flour)o aço (steel)< d„ … 1˛˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙ … ƒ† Modal Verbsv/ф ƒ† G \€_€¸˜B˜€&‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚˙Modal VerbsModal verbs express ability, obligation or possibility. They are followed by a complementary infinitive (another verb that completes their meaning). Commonly used modals include poder (to be able to), dever (to be obligated to), querer (to want to) and saber (to know how to).5 … ¸† 1ş˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙¸† =ˆ Mood.ƒ† ć† ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Mood^8¸† D‡ & €p€¨˜˜€ ‚˙There are four moods (or modes) that a verb can take:ůźć† =ˆ = H€y€Ȁ€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚€€ ‚˙Indicative (expressing an objective factuality)Subjunctive (expressing a subjective attitude)Conditional (expressing a contingent possibility)Imperative (expressing a command); D‡ xˆ 1Á˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙a˙˙˙˙xˆ ţˆ Morphology†[=ˆ ţˆ + &€ś€¸˜B˜€&‚€ ‚˙MorphologyMorphology is the study of the rules governing word formation in a language.= xˆ ;‰ 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙;‰ ý Noun Clauses6ţˆ q‰ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Noun ClausesƗ;‰ 7Š / ,€/€¨˜’‚H€ €€ ‚˙Noun clauses are dependent clauses used as the objects of verbs of saying or thinking. They are usually introduced by the conjunction que (that).ˆaq‰ żŠ ' €Â€˜’‚H€ ‚˙The verb in the noun clause is indicative mood when the main verb expresses what someone says.k7Š *‹ O#n€8Ë/~ €€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€‚˙˙˙MAIN CLAUSENOUN CLAUSEażŠ ‹‹ J#d€.Ë/~ €€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙˙˙Dizque năo vęm.v'*‹ Œ O#n€NË/~ €€˙€€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙(He saysthat they aren't coming.)¸Ž‹‹ šŒ * "€€˜’„HŐ€ ‚˙When the main verb expresses what someone feels (a wish, an emotion, a doubt), then the verb in the noun clause takes the subjunctive mood.kŒ $ O#n€8ě/B €€˜€‚˙€€˜˙€€‚˙˙˙MAIN CLAUSENOUN CLAUSEYšŒ } A#R€0ě/B €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Queremosque venham.\$ ٍ A#R€6ě/B €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(We wantthem to come.)$} ý " €€€&˙?ٍ <Ž 1Î˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙<Ž ›Ŕ Noun Formation8ý tŽ ' €"€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Noun FormationŔ<Ž ›Ŕ [ „€€˜€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚˙A special feature of Portuguese nouns is that their meaning may be modified by addition of prefixes and suffixes, thus forming new nouns. The noun homem (man) can become homenzinho (little man) or homenzarrăo (big man). Mullher (woman) can easily become mulherinha (little woman), mulherăo (tŽ ›Ŕ ý big woman). Conceito (concept) gives birth to a new noun preconceito (prejudice) by attaching the prefix pre- to the front of the noun.= tŽ ŘŔ 1Ą˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙d˙˙˙˙ŘŔ < Noun Phrases6›Ŕ Á ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Noun PhrasesŁ|ŘŔ ąÁ ' €ř€¨˜‚H€ ‚˙Nouns are qualified by articles and adjectives. A noun phrase consists of a noun and the words that serve to qualify it.‹SÁ < 8 @€Ś€ȄH€ €€ ‚€€ €'‚˙NOUN: livro (book)NOUN PHRASE: um livro interessante (an interesting book)6ąÁ r 1a˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙e˙˙˙˙r Ă Nouns/< ĄÂ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Nounsf>r Ă ( €|€¨R’‚H€ ‚˙A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.–OĄÂ Ă G ^€ž€ȂH€€ ‚€€ € ‚€€ ‚€€ € € ‚˙Joăo (John)Portugal (Portugal)casa (house)amizade (friendship).7Ă ÔĂ 1F˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙f˙˙˙˙ÔĂ ăĹ Number0 Ă Ä ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙NumberHÔĂ LĹ @ N€€¨’‚H€ € € € € € € €€ ‚˙There are two grammatical forms to show number: singular and plural. The singular for count nouns indicates that there is one, the plural that there are two or more. The plural of nouns and adjectives is regularly formed by adding -s to a words ending.—[Ä ăĹ < H€ś€ȂH€€ €€ ‚€€ €€ ‚˙a casa (the house) -- as casas (the houses)a lei (the law) -- as leis (the laws)1LĹ Ć 1]˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙g˙˙˙˙Ć @Ë EăĹ YĆ ) "€8€¸˜˜€!€‚˙Indirect Object PronounsĎŁĆ (Ç , &€G€¤€ €‚€ ‚˙Indirect object pronouns stand for persons or things indirectly affected by the action of the verb. The forms of the indirect object pronouns are as follows.,YĆ TÇ ) "€€¤„iŃ€‚˙j(Ç žÇ U#z€*‰/Ä  €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙SINGULARPLURAL¨-TÇ fČ {#ƀZ‰/Ä  €€˜˙€€€ ‚˙€€€ € ‚˙€:€˙$€<€PŻ€U€ € ‚˙˙˙1st person me (to me)nos (to us).žÇ öČ b#”€\‰/Ä  €€PŻ€U˙€€€ ‚˙€$€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙2nd familiarte (to you)vos (to you)~,fČ tÉ R#t€X‰/Ä  €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙2nd (polite)lhe (to you)lhes (to you)‘?öČ Ę R#t€~‰/Ä  €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙3rd (polite)ao senhor (to him)aos senhores (to you - m.)>tÉ •Ę R#t€|‰/Ä  €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙3rd (polite)ŕ senhora (to her)ŕs senhoras (to you - f.)‡5Ę Ë R#t€j‰/Ä  €€€ ‚˙€"€‚˙€D€‚˙˙˙3rd (familiar)a vocę (to you)a vocęs (to you)$•Ę @Ë " €€€&˙CË ƒË 1t˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙h˙˙˙˙ƒË ´Í Ordinal Adjectives<@Ë żË ' €*€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Ordinal AdjectivesnGƒË -Ě ' €Ž€˜’‚H€ ‚˙Ordinal numbers identify the position a noun occupies in a sequence.P&żË }Ě * $€L€ȂW€€ ‚˙a página primeira (the first page)X--Ě ŐĚ + &€Z€˜Č‚W€€ ‚˙o segundo casamento (the second marriage)X}Ě TÍ ' €°€˜’‚H€ ‚˙The definite article is not used with the ordinal numbers after the names of royalty.`1ŐĚ ´Í / .€b€Ȃ´€€€ €'‚˙D. Afonso Quarto (King Alphonse the Fourth)DTÍ řÍ 1‡˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙řÍ L Participial Phrases=´Í 5Î ' €,€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Participial Phrases׎řÍ Ď ) €]€¨˜˜‚H€ ‚˙Phrases with a gerund (which is equivalent to the English present participle) function adverbially. They indicate an action simultaneous with the action of the main verb.lC5Î xĎ ) "€†€ȂH€€ ‚˙Andando pelo Vale da Morte, é possível ouvir-se a voz de Deus. yR Ď ' €¤€˜Č‚H€ ‚˙(Walking through the Valley of Death, it is possible to hear the voice of God.)xĎ ´Í `9xĎ l ' €r€˜¤‚H€ ‚˙Phrases with a past participle function adjectivally. tK ŕ ) "€–€ȂH€€ ‚˙Luís Váz de Camőes, nacido em 1524, é o imorredouro poeta de Portugal. lHl L $ €€Ȁ ‚˙(Luís Váz de Camőes, born in 1524, is the immortal poet of Portugal.)?ŕ ‹ 1˝˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙‹  Perfect Tenses8L Ă ' €"€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Perfect Tenses;ű‹ ţ @ N€÷€R˜€€€€€‚€€€€‚˙The perfect tenses are compound tenses formed with the auxiliary verb haver (to have) and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle in perfect tenses is invariable in form.The present perfect uses the present tense of ter.I Ă G ) "€@€RȀ€‚˙tenho falado (I have spoken)zBţ Á 8 @€„€R˜€€€€€€€‚˙The future perfect uses the future tense of ter or haver._6G  ) "€l€RȀ€‚˙haverei falado / terei falado (I will have spoken)’TÁ ˛ > L€¨€R˜€€€€€€€€€‚˙The pluperfect or past perfect uses the imperfect tense of ter or haver.W.   ) "€\€RȀ€‚˙tinha falado / havia falado (I had spoken)7˛ @ 1Ü˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙@ ĺ Period0  p ' €€˜R˜€&‚˙Periodh<@ Ř , (€x€˜R˜€€€‚˙Periods (.) are used at the end of a complete sentence.}Op U . ,€ž€R˜€ƒ€€‚ƒ‚˙Os pessimistas dizen que é impossível.(Pessimists say it's impossible.)P*Ř Ľ & €T€˜B˜€‚˙Periods are also used in abbreviations.@U ĺ ) "€.€B˜€ƒ€‚˙Sr. (Senhor) (Sir)BĽ ' 1Ž ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙' gA Personal Pronouns;ĺ b ' €(€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Personal PronounsÂD' $ ~#̀ˆ´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€2€˜‚˙€T€˜‚˙€r€˜‚˙˙˙SubjectDirect ObjectIndirect ObjectPrepositionalReflexive˜b ź ~#̀4´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€€˜‚˙€"€˜‚˙€,€˜‚˙˙˙eu (I)mememimme™$ U ~#̀6´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€€˜‚˙€&€˜‚˙€.€˜‚˙˙˙tu (you)tetetitež ź ó ~#̀@´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€€˜‚˙€&€˜‚˙€8€˜‚˙˙˙ele (he)olheele, siseŸ!U ’ ~#̀B´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€€˜‚˙€(€˜‚˙€:€˜‚˙˙˙ela (she)alheela, sise˛4ó D ~#̀h´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€,€˜‚˙€D€˜‚˙€N€˜‚˙€`€˜‚˙˙˙o senhor (you, pol)o (senhor)lheele, siseŻ1’ ó ~#̀b´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€$€˜‚˙€>€˜‚˙€H€˜‚˙€Z€˜‚˙˙˙a senhora (you)a (senhora)lheela, sise´6D § ~#̀l´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€(€˜‚˙€4€˜‚˙€>€˜‚˙€d€˜‚˙˙˙vocę (you, fam. )vocęlheele/ela, si, vocęseó D ~#̀>´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€ €˜‚˙€*€˜‚˙€4€˜‚˙˙˙nós (we)nosnosnósnosž § â ~#̀@´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€"€˜‚˙€,€˜‚˙€6€˜‚˙˙˙vós (you)vosvosvósvosŚ(D ˆ ~#̀P´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€ €˜‚˙€(€˜‚˙€4€˜‚˙€H€˜‚˙˙˙eles (they m)oslheseles, siseŚ(â . ~#̀P´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€ €˜‚˙€(€˜‚˙€4€˜‚˙€H€˜‚˙˙˙elas (they f)aslheselas, siseŤ-ˆ Ů ~#̀Z´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€(€˜‚˙€2€˜‚˙€>€˜‚˙€R€˜‚˙˙˙os senhores (you)os lheseles, siseŞ,. @ ~#̀X´… a —Ů @ ĺ … €€˜€‚˙€(€˜‚˙€0€˜‚˙€<€˜‚˙€P€˜‚˙˙˙as senhoras (you)aslheselas, sise´6Ů CA ~#̀l´… a — … €€˜€‚˙€€˜‚˙€,€˜‚˙€8€˜‚˙€d€˜‚˙˙˙vocęs (you)vocęs,lheseles/elas, si, vocęsse$@ gA " €€€&˙: CA ĄA 1Ö˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙m˙˙˙˙ĄA =B PhonologyœqgA =B + &€â€¸˜B˜€&‚€‚˙PhonologyPhonology describes the sound system of a language: consonants, vowels, word stress and intonation.@ĄA }B 1I˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙n˙˙˙˙}B †D Phrases with De9=B śB ' €$€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Phrases with DewP}B -C ' € €¨˜‚H€ ‚˙English can use one noun to qualify another, in the function of an adjective.3 śB `C & €€ȂH€‚˙music book7-C —C ' € €˜Č‚H€ ‚˙country housevN`C D ( €œ€¤„H!€ ‚˙In Portuguese, a construction must be used with de and the qualifying noun.yJ—C †D / .€”€ȄH!€‚€ €‚˙um livro de música (a music book)uma casa de campo (a country house)1 D ˇD 1b˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙ˇD čF @†D ÷D ' €2€¸˜B˜€&‚˙ Possessive Adjectives\5ˇD SE ' €j€˜’‚H€ ‚˙Possessive adjectives answer the question 'Whose?'a1÷D ´E 0 0€b€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚˙meu coraçăo (my heart)tua casa (your home)T*SE F * $€T€˜Č‚H€€ ‚˙sua amizade (his/her/their friendship){T´E ƒF ' €¨€˜’‚H€ ‚˙They agree in gender and number with the thing possessed, NOT with the possessor.e5F čF 0 0€j€ȂH€€ ‚€€ ‚˙meus livros (my books)sua classe (their class)DƒF ,G 1Đ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙,G ¸K Possessive Pronouns=čF iG ' €,€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Possessive Pronouns˘|,G H & €ř€¨˜˜€ ‚˙The possessive pronouns are formed by adding the appropriate definite article to the long forms of possessive adjectives.XiG cH C#V€* /č €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ADJECTIVEPRONOUNA H óH O#n€‚ /č $€€€€ €‚˙€Z€€ €‚˙˙˙umas coisas minhas (some things of mine)as minhas (mine)‚3cH uI O#n€f /č $€€€€ €‚˙€D€€ €‚˙˙˙um carro teu (a car of yours)o teu (yours)Œ=óH J O#n€z /č $€€€€ €‚˙€V€€ €‚˙˙˙uns amigos seus (some friends of hers)os seus (hers)‡8uI ˆJ O#n€p /č $€€€€ €‚˙€L€€ €‚˙˙˙um amigo nosso (a friend of ours)o nosso (ours)†=J K I#b€z /č $€€€€ €‚˙€X€‚˙˙˙uma amiga vossa (a girlfriend of yours)a vossa (yours)†7ˆJ ”K O#n€n /č $€€€€ €‚˙€J€€ €‚˙˙˙uma casa sua (a house of theirs)a sua (theirs)$K ¸K " €€€&˙: ”K ňK 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙ňK € Predicate3 ¸K %L ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙PredicateÚňK &M ' €ľ€˜¤€ ‚‚˙The predicate of the sentence states something about the subject. The predicate always contains a verb. The most basic forms of the predicate are:1) a verb with or without a direct or indirect object following it.V%L |M A#R€*ĄS] €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEW&M ÓM A#R€,ĄS] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Ana está enferma.c|M 6N O#n€(ĄS] €€˙€€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙(Ann is sick.)d?ÓM šN % €~€˜¤€ ‚˙2) a linking verb followed by a predicate adjective or noun.e6N ˙N O#n€,}So €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜˙€€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATESšN RO A#R€$}So €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Ana é médica.X˙N ŞO A#R€.}So €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(Ann is a doctor.)$RO € " €€€&˙ŞO € ¸K FŞO R€ 1Š˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙r˙˙˙˙R€ ‚ƒ Prefixes and Suffixes? € ‘€ ' €0€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Prefixes and Suffixes]5R€ î€ ( €j€¸˜€€‚˙Prefixes are added at the beginning of the word: š<‘€ ˆ ^#Œ€x  f €€R€€ ‚˙€€R‚˙€(€R€€ ‚˙˙˙Ante- (before)anteontem (the day before yesterday)Ł5î€ +‚ n#Ź€j  f €€R˙ €€ ˜R€€ ‚˙€€ ˜R‚˙ €.€ ˜R€€ ‚˙˙˙contra-(against)contrapeso (counterweight)V.ˆ ‚ ( €\€˜€€‚˙Suffixes are added at the end of the word:q%+‚ ň‚ L#h€Jd' €€R€€ ‚˙€€R€€ ‚˙˙˙-ancia abundância (abundance)l ‚ ^ƒ L#h€@d' €€R€€ ‚˙€€R€€ ‚˙˙˙-çăooperaçăo (operation)$ň‚ ‚ƒ " €€€&˙= ^ƒ żƒ 1C˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙s˙˙˙˙żƒ Ņ Prepositions6‚ƒ őƒ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Prepositions𿃠… ) €á€¨˜˜‚H€ ‚˙Prepositions are placed before pronouns and nouns (or infinitives used as nouns) in order to form a prepositional phrase qualifying another word in the sentence. The noun or pronoun in the phrase is called the object of the preposition.ˇŒőƒ Ņ + $€€ȂH€€ ‚‚˙As ilhas dos Açores, no Atlântico, săo relativamente inacessíveis. (The Açores Islands, in the Atlantic, are relatively inaccessible.)@… † 1‚˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙t˙˙˙˙† G‹ Present Perfect9Ņ >† ' €$€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Present Perfectj%† ¨‡ E X€K€¨˜˜€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚˙The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the present tense (indicative and subjunctive) of the auxiliary verb ter (or sometimes haver) and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle is invariable; it does not agree in gender and number with the subject.’F>† :ˆ L#h€Œn8k €€€‚˙$€€€ € €‚˙˙˙tenho falado, comido, partido (I have spoken, eaten, departed)“G¨‡ ͈ L#h€Žn8k €€€‚˙$€€€€ €‚˙˙˙tens falado, comido, partido (you have spoken, eaten, departed)˜L:ˆ e‰ L#h€˜n8k €€€‚˙$€€€€ €‚˙˙˙tem falado, comido, partido (he,she, it has spoken, eaten, departed)“G͈ ř‰ L#h€Žn8k €€€‚˙$€€€€ €‚˙˙˙temos falado, comido, partido (we have spoken, eaten, departed)™Me‰ ‘Š L#h€šn8k €€€‚˙$€€€ € €‚˙˙˙tendes falado, comido, partido (you all have spoken, eaten, departed)’Fř‰ #‹ L#h€Œn8k €€€‚˙$€ €€ € €‚˙˙˙tęmfalado, comido, partido (they have spoken, eaten, departed)$‘Š G‹ " €€€&˙= #‹ „‹ 1q˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙„‹ ¸Œ Proper Nouns6G‹ ş‹ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Proper NounsnE„‹ (Œ ) "€Š€¨˜R’‚H€ ‚˙A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or entity.[ş‹ ¸Œ 5 :€ś€ȂH€‚‚€ €‚€ €‚˙Afonso ILuís Váz de Camőes o Rio Amazonas (the Amazon River) a Páscoa (Easter) @(Œ řŒ 1O˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙řŒ 0Ŕ Real Conditions9¸Œ 1 ' €$€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Real ConditionswOřŒ ¨ ( €ž€¨˜’‚H€ ‚˙Statements with real conditions express possibilities which may be realized.f1 5Ž ' €Ě€˜’‚H€ ‚˙Such conditions are expressed by a present-tense conditional clause and a future-tense main clause.e"¨ šŽ C#V€Dâ8¸ €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙Main ClauseConditional Clausee5Ž ˙Ž N#l€.â8¸ €€˜˙€€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(FUTURE)(PRESENT)m,šŽ l A#R€Xâ8¸ €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Comprá-lo-eise tenho bastante dinheiro.w6˙Ž Ŕ A#R€lâ8¸ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(I'll buy itif I have enough money -- and I may.)l Ŕ ¸Œ $l 0Ŕ " €€€&˙C Ŕ sŔ 1y˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙sŔ ”Ă Reflexive Pronouns<0Ŕ ŻŔ ' €*€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Reflexive PronounsgsŔ Á R#t€*˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SINGULARPLURAL0ŻŔ łÁ m#Ş€`˛/ż ń €€˙€€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€:€€€ ‚˙˙˙1st personme (myself)nos (ourselves)˜7Á K a#’€n˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€$€€€ ‚˙€F€€€ ‚˙˙˙2nd (familiar) te (yourself)vos (yourselves)”3łÁ ß a#’€f˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€€€€ ‚˙€@€€€ ‚˙˙˙2nd (polite)se (yourself)se (yourselves)‘0K pĂ a#’€`˛/ż ń €€€ ‚˙€ €€€ ‚˙€:€€€ ‚˙˙˙3rdse (him/her/itself)se (themselves)$ß ”Ă " €€€&˙KpĂ ßĂ 1ý˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙ßĂ ‘Ć Reported and Direct SpeechD”Ă #Ä ' €:€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Reported and Direct Speech׍ßĂ úÄ , &€W€˜¤€ €€ ‚˙Direct speech gives the words actually spoken by a person. Reported speech puts them into a clause introduced by que (that) for statements and se (if) for questions.d!#Ä ^Ĺ C#V€BF] €€˜€ ‚˙€ €˜‚˙˙˙DIRECT SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH‘=úÄ ďĹ T#x€zF] €€˜˙€€€€ ‚˙€>€€‚˙˙˙ŤÉs professor?ť perguntou.Perguntou se sou professor.~=^Ĺ mĆ A#R€zF] €€€ ‚˙€B€‚˙˙˙"Are you a teacher?" he asked.He asked if I'm a teacher.$ďĹ ‘Ć " €€€&˙: mĆ ËĆ 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙ËĆ “Ç Semantics3 ‘Ć ţĆ ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Semantics•pËĆ “Ç % €ŕ€R¤€ ‚˙Semantics is the study of the relationship between signs (such as the words in a language) and their meaning.GţĆ ÚÇ 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙ÚÇ “Ę Sequence of Adjectives@“Ç Č ' €2€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Sequence of Adjectivese?ÚÇ Č & €~€˜R˜€ ‚˙Descriptive adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify.GČ ĆČ ) "€<€˜RȀ€ ‚˙cabelo branco (white hair)c=Č )É & €z€˜R˜€ ‚˙Limiting adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify.GĆČ pÉ ) "€<€˜RȀ€ ‚˙muito pelo (a lot of hair)…_)É őÉ & €ž€˜R˜€ ‚˙Some descriptive adjectives have a different meaning when they precede the noun they modify.S*pÉ HĘ ) "€T€˜RȀ€ ‚˙um pobre homem (an unfortunate fellow)K#őÉ “Ę ( €F€RȀ€ ‚˙várias pessoas (several people)CHĘ ÖĘ 1 ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙ÖĘ Í Sequence of Tenses<“Ę Ë ' €*€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Sequence of TensesŘŽÖĘ ęË * "€]€˜’„HŐ€ ‚˙Noun clauses requiring the subjunctive follow a special set of rules. A main verb in the present or future requires a dependent verb in the present or perfect subjunctive.^Ë HĚ C#V€6đ €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙MAIN CLAUSENOUN CLAUSEn ęË śĚ N#l€@đ €€˜˙€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Duvidamosque venham hoje. [HĚ Í A#R€4đ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(Present Subjunctive)h'śĚ yÍ A#R€Nđ €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(We doubtthat they'll come today.)$Í Í " €€€&˙4yÍ ŃÍ 1<˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙ŃÍ ÍSer7Í Î ' € €¸˜B˜€&‚˙Ser and EstarăŽŃÍ U x€€˜R˜€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚˙Ser and estar both mean 'to be.' Ser is used to express permanent being or a permanent characteristic, while estar expresses temporary being. For instance, ser would be used to describe a buildings location and estar would be used to describe a persons position at a particular time.Ser is also used for the passive voice, while estar indicates the result of an earlier action.Î Í (Î 4% €€R¤€‚˙™r Í' €ä€˜€€‚˙Estar is used with the gerund (= English present participle) to form the progressive tenses, present and past.L41Á˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙ŽSubject-Predicate AgreementEÍ^' €<€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Subject-Predicate Agreement9—' €%€˜¤€ ‚‚˙The subject and the predicate must agree.The verb must agree in number (singular or plural) and person (1st, 2nd or 3rd) with the noun or pronoun that is its subject. Any predicate nouns or adjectives must agree in gender and number with the subject that they refer to.V^íA#R€*ÍS €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATE]—JA#R€8ÍS €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙A estudanteestá pronta.\íŚA#R€6ÍS €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙˙˙(The studentis ready.)a JA#R€@ÍS €€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙Os estudantesestăo prontos.^ŚeA#R€:ÍS €€€ ‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙(The studentsare ready.))Ž& €€R˜€‚˙AeĎ1K˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙ĎŮSubject Pronouns:Ž ' €&€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Subject Pronouns†%Ϗa#’€J‹&ş  €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€2€€€‚˙˙˙1st person: eu (I)nós (we){&  U#z€L‹&ş  €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€6€‚˙˙˙2nd (familiar)tu (you)vós (you)Ÿ(Šw#ž€P‹&ş  €€€‚˙€€˙€€ R€*‚˙€(€ R˙€*€€‚˙˙˙3nd ele (he) eles (they - m) w"  U#z€D‹&ş  €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€"€‚˙˙˙3ndela (she)elas (they - f)‹6ŠŤU#z€l‹&ş  €€€‚˙€€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙3nd (polite)o senhor (you)os senhores (you - m)‹6 6U#z€l‹&ş  €€€‚˙€€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙3nd (polite)a senhora (you)as sehoras (you - f)*ŤľU#z€T‹&ş  €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙3nd (familiar)vocę (you)vocęs (you)$6Ů" €€€(˙8ľ 1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ í Subject1 ŮB ' €€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Subject„^ Ć & €ź€¨˜˜€ ‚˙The subject is the topic of the sentence. The predicate is what is said about the subject.XB  C#V€*Ô/ú €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEiĆ ‡ N#l€6Ô/ú €€˜˙€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙As vielasserpenteiam.u& ü O#n€LÔ/ú €€˙€€˜€ ‚˙€(€˜‚˙˙˙(The back alleystwist and turn.)]8‡ Y % €p€˜¤€ ‚˙The most common subject forms are nouns and pronouns.Xü ą C#V€*Ô/ú €€˜€ ‚˙€€˜‚˙˙˙SUBJECTPREDICATEo!Y  N#l€BÔ/ú €€˜˙€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙Năo todoseram aristócratas.w(ą — O#n€PÔ/ú €€˙€€˜€ ‚˙€(€˜‚˙˙˙(Not all of themwere aristocrats.)c> ú % €|€˜¤€ ‚˙Infinitives may also function as the subjects of sentences.d#— ^ A#R€FÔ/ú €€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙Trabalhar juntosé mais eficaz.k*ú É A#R€TÔ/ú €€€ ‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙(Working together is more efficient.)$^ í " €€€&˙AÉ .1 ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙.ASubjunctive Mood:í h' €&€¸˜B˜€&‚˙Subjunctive MoodÓŚ.;- (€M€¨˜˜€ €€ ‚˙The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses introduced by que (that) when the main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or an uncertainty.I%h„$ €J€Ȁ‚˙Te rogo que escrevas em portuguęs.K&;Ď% €L€˜Č€ ‚˙(I beg you to write in Portuguese.)ÖŞ„ą@, &€U€˜¤€ €€ ‚˙The Ďą@í subjunctive is also used for formal commands, for the negative (only) of informal commands, and after impersonal expressions like é necessário (it is necessary).W/ĎA( €^€Ȁ‚€ ‚˙Tome isto, senhor. 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