?_c˙˙˙˙$ŹSJlí­ü4Norwegian Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4LL[[[˙˙ ‚ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXTěž|CTXOMAP݀|FONTMz|KWBTREEŽŽ|KWDATA Ž|KWMAP}Ž|SYSTEM|TOPIC’|TTLBTREE˝–|bm0§.] General-Bar3BarIDčXPosţ˙˙˙YPosţ˙˙˙]/] C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc6BarIDčXPosţ˙˙˙YPosţ˙˙˙7+7General-SummaryBarsń)ń Text ShowTextTool PointSize PositionX PositionY :JŸC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7eC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7iPen€Œ˜ ˘ — — eNameÖ(ÖView,WindowPlacement,˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ShowThumbnailThumbnailDockedBMPWidth BM÷ŔŘüŔ EC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7÷ŔŘüŔč’Ä°LůŔŠŔüLůŔ KůŔ÷ŔŘüŔč’Ä÷Ŕ.XLč’ÄÔLůŔ+ƒŔôLůŔŢKůŔ÷ŔŘüŔč’ÄC:\surviv~1\norwegian\Surv25.errťu˛u˙˙˙˙ 9˙˙˙˙E1¤˙˙˙˙’EučContents0 u% €€Œ˜€‚˙ContentsšE’ ň€€€‚‚ă=Ž˜‰‚㡟\7‰€‚ăvK%€‰‚ă2wr‰€€‚ăĂt÷ś‰‚ăěę\U‰€‚ă)^R/€‰‚ăúłŽŐ‰‚ăĽfź‰‚ăνމ‚㣡ü‰‚ă§óľ˙‰‚ă…O‰‰‚˙The following Help Topics are available: Overview of NorwegianAlphabet and PronunciationNounsGender and Agreement Number and AgreementPronounsArticles AdjectivesAdverbsVerbs Verb Inflection Prepositions Conjunctionsł{uÂ8 @€ř€¤„H~€‚‚€†"€€‚˙For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&č# €€€‚˙< Â$16Y$bgOverview of>čb% €2€Œ˜€‚˙ Overview of Norwegian=$Ÿ/ ,€€€‚€‚€‚‚‚‚˙The purpose of Norwegian Grammar Basics is to provide the user with very basic information on Norwegian Grammar. To this end, the topics are limited to the alphabet, pronunciation and basic parts of speech. Norwegian is spoken by the approximately four million inhabitants of Norway. It is related to Danish and Swedish and is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian has two official variants, Bokmĺl and Nynorsk. The Norwegian presented by Transparent Language is Bokmĺl. Bokmĺl is the standard for urban areas as well as being the standard for radio and television broadcasts and newspapers. Nynorsk is generally used in rural, western Norway and is based on the spoken dialects of Norway. In learning Bokmĺl, one will be able to understand Nynorsk.Č bg( €A€€‚€‚˙Transparent Language has chosen to present the polite form of address in Norwegian. The polite form employs the pronouns De/Dem instead of the familiar pronouns du/deg/dere. The polite form is used less frequently in modern Norwegian, but may be seen in the written language. As a language learner and possible visitor to Norway, using the polite form is guaranteed not to offend anyone when you first meet!9Ÿ 1ŕ’r Ň™Alphabet2 gŇ% €€Œ˜€‚˙ Alphabet xT J $ €¨€€‚‚˙The Norwegian Alphabet is similar to English, with the addition of a few vowels.JŇ” B#T€#] €€€‚˙€€ƒ‚˙˙˙AaJJ Ţ B#T€#] €€€‚˙€€ƒ‚˙˙˙BbH” & A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙CcHŢ n A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙DdJ& ¸ B#T€#] €€€‚˙€€ƒ‚˙˙˙EeHn A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙FfH¸ H A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙GgH  A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙HhHH Ř A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙IiH A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙JjHŘ h A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙KkH ° A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙LlHh ř A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙MmH° @ A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙NnHř ˆ A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙OoH@ Đ A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙PpHˆ A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙QqHĐ `A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙RrH¨A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙SsH`đA#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙TtH¨8A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙UuHđ€A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙VvH8ČA#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙WwH€@A#R€#] €€€‚˙€Č@g€‚˙˙˙XxHČd@A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙YyH@Ź@A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ZzHd@ô@A#R€#] €€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ĆćHŹ@€‚˙˙˙more open than in "car"hattpĐCŔDX#€€0Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙eas in "fan"penqPD1EX#€€2Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€$€‚˙˙˙as in "jet"sitte„,ŔDľEX#€€XTú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙as in "glad" (only before 'r')verdtn1E#FX#€€,Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€$€‚˙˙˙as in "see"DepľE“FX#€€0Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙ias in "see"milo#FGX#€€.Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€$€‚˙˙˙as in "fit"sit H“F˘GX#€€Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€†€‚˙˙˙oas in "pool" but rounder lips and further back in the mouthbok-G!HR#t€ZTú s €€€‚˙€€‚˙€P€‚˙˙˙mouth a little more open than aboverom‚*˘GŁHX#€€TTú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€H€‚˙˙˙as in "saw" (only before 'v')sovet!HIX#€€8Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€.€‚˙˙˙uas in "through"gul‡/ŁHžIX#€€^Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€T€‚˙˙˙yas in "see", but with rounded lipslysrIJX#€€4Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€(€‚˙˙˙ćas in "glad"vćreƒ+žI“JX#€€VTú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€L€‚˙˙˙řas in "serve", but more closedsnřvJ KX#€€<Tú s €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€2€‚˙˙˙ĺsimilar to "mall"bĺrœr“JĽK* $€ä€€‚‚‚€‚‚˙ConsonantsConsonants are pronounced much the same as they are in English. A few special instances follow:œJ KALR#t€”Tú f €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙dsilentafter a vowel; after 'r', 'l', 'n'; or at the end of a word‡/ĽKČLX#€€^Tú f €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙glike in "yes"before 'ei', 'I' and 'y'ƒ1ALKMR#t€bTú f €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙silentbefore 'j' and words ending in '-ig'r ČL˝MR#t€@Tú f €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙hsilentbefore 'j' and 'v'oKM,NX#€€.Tú f €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙jlike in "yes"–>˝MÂNX#€€|Tú f €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙kaspirated as in "huge"before 'j', 'y', 'ei', and 'I'i,N+OR#t€.Tú f €€€‚˙€€‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙rslightly rolledEÂNČOX#€€ŠTú f €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙sas in "short"before 'j', 'kj', 'ki', 'kei', 'ky', and 'křy'‚*+OV€X#€€TTú f €€€‚˙ČOV€g€€€€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙taspirated as in "huge"before 'j'–>ČOě€X#€€|Tú f €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙silentin det and other definite singular neuter nouns/V€mR#t€^Tú f €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙vsilentat the end of a word or after 'l',쀙' € €€‚€‚˙6mĎ1Ť YŔρ ‚†Nouns=™ ‚/ .€€Œ˜€€ƒƒƒƒ€ ‚˙Nounsc>ρo‚% €|€Œ˜€‚˙A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.; ‚î‚D X€v€@‘€€€ƒƒ‚€€ƒƒ‚€€ƒƒ‚€€ƒ‚˙KariKariOsloOslo togtrainkjćrlighetlovek7o‚Y„4 6€o€’„H!€‚‚‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚‚‚‚˙In Norwegian, nouns decline. The form of a noun will change to express its grammatical function. This change in form depends on whether a noun is:Masculine, Feminine or Neuter (Gender)Singular or Plural (Number)Definite or Indefinite Main Pattern of Declension of Masculine Nouns: gutt (boy)éUî‚B…”#ř€ŞÍŇ Ň Ó €€˙$€€„H!€€‚˙$€0€„H!€€‚˙$€Z€„H!€€‚˙$€„€„H!€€‚˙˙˙Singular IndefiniteSingular DefinitePlural IndefinitePlural Definite–#Y„Ř…s#ś€FÍŇ Ň Ó €€„H!€‚˙€€„H!‚˙€$€„H!‚˙€4€„H!‚˙˙˙en guttguttengutterguttenej@B…B†* $€€€’„H!€‚‚‚˙Main Pattern of Declension of Feminine Nouns: jente (girl)éU؅+‡”#ř€ŞÍŇ Ň Ó €€˙$€€„H!€€‚˙$€0€„H!€€‚˙$€Z€„H!€€‚˙$€„€„H!€€‚˙˙˙Singular IndefiniteSingular DefinitePlural IndefinitePlural Definite–#B†Á‡s#ś€FÍŇ Ň Ó €€„H!€‚˙€€„H!‚˙€$€„H!‚˙€4€„H!‚˙˙˙ei jentejentajenterjenteneŐ¤+‡–ˆ1 0€I€’„H!€‚‚ƒƒƒƒƒ‚‚˙Main Pattern of Declension of Neuter Nouns: hus (house) representative of one syllable nouns vindu (window) representative of two syllable nounséUÁ‡‰”#ř€ŞÍŇ Ň Ó €€˙$€€„H!€€‚˙$€0€„H!€€‚˙$€Z€„H!€€‚˙$€„€„H!€€‚˙˙˙Singular IndefiniteSingular DefinitePlural IndefinitePlural Definite–ˆŠs#ś€:ÍŇ Ň Ó €€„H!€‚˙€€„H!‚˙€ €„H!‚˙€*€„H!‚˙˙˙et hushusethushuseneš'‰ŠŠs#ś€NÍŇ Ň Ó €€„H!€‚˙€€„H!‚˙€(€„H!‚˙€:€„H!‚˙˙˙et vinduvinduetvinduervindueneÔŠÁŒD V€Š€’„H!€‚‚‚€‚‚€€€‚€€€‚˙Nouns also have case. The Nominative Case denotes the noun is being used as the subject. There are no special endings to express the Nominative Case. The Genitive Case expresses possession. The Genitive Case adds an "s" to the nominative form. (Note: if the nominative form already ends in a "s", then an apostrophe represents the genitive. Min kjole og min manns dress trenger ĺ bli presset.(My dress and my husband's suit need to be pressed.)+ŠŠěŒ( €€’„H!€‚˙šLÁŒ†N l€˜€’‚H€‚ă2wr€‰€ ‚ăĂt÷ś€‰€ ‚ă)^R/€‰‚€ ‚˙See Also:Gender and AgreementNumber and AgreementArticlesEěŒË1Ýr?€ˍŽżŔGender and Agreement<†Ž% €.€Œ˜€‚˙Gender and AgreementŃˍ+ŔG \€Ł€€ ‚€€€€€€€‚‚ƒƒ‚ƒƒ‚ƒ‚‚‚‚‚˙The GENDER of a Norwegian noun, pronoun, adjective and article can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. kjole (dress)masculinenatt (night)feminineenkeltrom (room)neuterGender should be learned with each noun as there are few guidelines to determine a noun's gender. Pronouns, adjectives and articles generally agree with a noun's gender. Having learned the gender of a noun, one can easily use the appropriate pŽ+Ŕ†ronoun, adjective or article.”?ŽżŔU z€~€€‚‚ăvK%‰€‚ăúłŽŐ€‰€‚ă)^R/€‰€‚ăěę\U€‰€‚˙See also:NounsAdjectivesArticlesPronouns7+ŔöŔ1Ŕľ‚öŔ2ÁĆNumber<żŔ2Á% €.€Œ˜€‚˙Number and Agreement˛yöŔäÁ9 B€ň€¸¨˜€€€€€‚€€‚˙There are two numbers in Norwegian: singular and plural.Most nouns in Norwegian have singular and plural forms:lC2ÁPÂ) "€†€Z¸¨˜ú€ƒƒ‚˙reisesjekk (traveler's check)reisesjekker (traveler's checks)[3äÁŤÂ( €f€ ¸¨€€‚˙ Pronouns also have singular and plural forms:JPÂőÂ0 0€4€Z¸¨˜ú€ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ‚˙jeg (I)vi (we)uIŤÂjĂ, (€’€¨˜€‚€€‚˙Adjectives and articles agree with nouns in both number and gender:)ő“Ă% €€¨€ƒ‚˙}KjĂÄ2 4€–€¨‘€€€€€€‚˙Vi har et veldig fint enkeltrom. (We have a very nice single room.)'“Ă7Ä$ €€¨€‚˙c;ĚÄ( €v€¨’€€‚˙Verbs agree with the subject of the sentence in number:'7ÄÁÄ$ €€¨€‚˙Z)šÄĹ1 2€R€H¨‘€€€ƒ€€‚‚˙Jeg heter Kari.(My name is Kari.)2 ÁÄMĹ' €€„!€‚˙See AlsoŠ4Ĺ×ĹV |€h€ȂĆăvK%€‰€‚ăěę\U€‰€‚ăúłŽŐ€‰€‚ă)^R/€‰€‚˙NounsPronounsAdjectivesArticles@MĹĆ+ &€*€Č㣡ü€‰‚‚˙Verb Inflection9×ĹPĆ1 ?€fPƀĆjPronouns0 ƀĆ% €€Œ˜€‚˙Pronounsş`PĆ:ČZ ‚€Á€€‚€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚€‚€‚˙A pronoun is a word that stands for a previously mentioned (or understood) noun. The house was badly damaged when it was hit by the hurricane.The pronoun it refers back to the noun house.Pronouns can be used in various ways: as the subject of a verb, as the object of a verb, or they can refer back to the subject (reflexive).ž=€ĆŘČa#’€z#] ń €€€€‚˙€(€€€‚˙€N€€€‚˙˙˙Subject PronounsObject PronounsReflexive Pronounst":ČLÉR#t€D#] ń €€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙˙˙jeg (I)meg (me)meg (myself)†4ŘČŇÉR#t€h#] ń €€€‚˙€ €‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙du/De* (you) deg/Dem*(you)deg/Dem* (yourself)˝kLɏĘR#t€Ö#] ń €€€‚˙€H€‚˙€ž€‚˙˙˙han (he), hun (she), den/det (it)han/ham* (him), henne (her), den/det (it)seg (him/her/it/one -self)YŇÉčĘR#t€#] ń €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙v$Ę^ËR#t€H#] ń €€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€‚˙˙˙vi (we)oss(us)oss (ourselves)Œ:čĘęËR#t€t#] ń €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€D€‚˙˙˙dere/De* (you)dere/Dem* (you)dere/Dem* (yourselves)|*^ËfĚR#t€T#] ń €€€‚˙€€‚˙€0€‚˙˙˙de (they)dem (them)seg (themselves)›jęËÍ1 2€Ô€€‚€€‚€€‚˙Possessive Pronouns decline according to number and gender: When referring to Singular Nouns:›&f̜Íu#ş€Lě ń ú €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙€8€€€‚˙˙˙MasculineFeminineNeuter~ÍÎc#–€6ě ń ú €€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€‚˙€*€‚˙˙˙(my/mine)minmimitt•2œÍŻÎc#–€dě ń ú €€€‚˙€€‚˙€4€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙(you.yours)din/Deres*di/Deres*ditt/Deres*ÉfÎxĎc#–€Ěě ń ú €€€‚˙€6€‚˙€h€‚˙€š€‚˙˙˙(his), (her/hers), (its)hans, hennes, dens/detshans, hennes, dens/detshans, hennes, dens/detsl ŻÎ c#–€ě ń ú €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙€€‚˙˙˙xĎ ƀxόc#–€:ě ń ú €€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€‚˙€.€‚˙˙˙(our/ours)vĺrvĺrvĺrtœ9 (c#–€rě ń ú €€€‚˙€€‚˙€:€‚˙€V€‚˙˙˙(your/yours)deres/Deres*deres/Deres*deres/Deres*‰&Œąc#–€Lě ń ú €€€‚˙€"€‚˙€0€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙(their/theirs)deresderesderesT*(* $€T€€‚€€‚˙ When referring to Plural Nouns:3ą80#0€˜€€€‚˙˙˙Ay0#0€"˜€€€‚˙˙˙mine (my/mine)J8Ă0#0€4˜€€€‚˙˙˙dine/Deres* (you.yours)`0y#0#0€`˜€€€‚˙˙˙hans (his), hennes (her/hers), dens/dets(its)3ĂV0#0€˜€€€‚˙˙˙B#˜0#0€$˜€€€‚˙˙˙vĺre (our/ours)LVä0#0€8˜€€€‚˙˙˙deres/Deres* (your/yours)F˜*0#0€,˜€€€‚˙˙˙deres(their/theirs)@äj% €6€€‚‚‚˙* indicates the formal9*Ł1uľ‚^ŁÓ Articles0 jÓ% €€Œ˜€‚˙Articles#ŰŁöH ^€ˇ€€ ‚€€€€€‚‚‚‚‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒƒƒ‚‚‚˙Norwegian uses two types of articles: definite and indefinite.Articles agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.The indefinite article (a, an) functions in Norwegian as it does in English. It is used only in reference to singular nouns, and is placed before the noun.Masculineenen gutt (a boy)Feminineei/enei/en by (a town)Neuteretet hus (a house)The Norwegian definite article (the) is always attached to the end of the noun.šÓůJ b€s€€‚ƒƒƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒƒƒƒ‚‚‚€‚€‚˙SingularPluralMasculine-en-ene/-negutten (the boy)guttene(the boys)Feminine-a-ene/-nejenta (the girl)jentene (the girls)Neuter-et-ene/-ne/-ahuset (the house)husene (the houses)**Definite Articles in relation to adjectivesIf a definite noun is preceded by an adjective, an additional definite article is placed before the adjective. The definite article in relation to the adjective has a different form.>˝ö7  Ѐ{€€‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒ‚ƒƒƒƒ‚‚€€ƒ€€ƒ€€‚ƒƒƒ‚‚€€ƒƒ€€ƒ€€‚ƒƒ‚‚€€ƒƒ€€ƒƒ€€‚˙SingularPluralMasculinedendeFemininedendeNeuterdetdeHunden er stor. Den store hunden lřper. De store hundene lřper.(The dog is big.)(The big dog is running.)(The big dogs are running.)Jakka er brun.Den brune jakka er varm.De brune jakkene er varme.(The coat is brown.)(The brown coat is warm.)(The brown coats are warm.)Huset er stort.Det store huset er gult.De store husene er gule.ŕœů D V€9€€ƒƒ‚‚‚ăvK%‰‚ă2wr‰‚ăĂt÷ś‰‚ăúłŽŐ‰‚˙(The house is big.)(The big house is yellow.)(The big houses are yellow.)See Also:NounsGender and AgreementNumber and AgreementAdjectives; 7 R 1ËfgR „ DAdjectives2  „ % €€Œ˜€‚˙Adjectives™qR  ( €â€€ ‚€‚‚˙An ADJECTIVE agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Norwegian adjectives are also declined.}K„ š 2 4€–€¨‘€€€€€€‚˙Vi har et veldig fint enkeltrom. (We have a very nice single room.)b< ü & €x€€‚‚‚‚˙Main pattern of Declension for adjectives: stor (big)ĂOš żt#¸€žo ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€0€‚˙€V€‚˙€|€‚˙˙˙Singular IndefiniteSingular DefinitePlural IndefinitePlural Definite›'ü Zt#¸€No ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€‚˙€2€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙Masculinestorstorestorestoreš&ż @t#¸€Lo ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€‚˙€0€‚˙€>€‚˙˙˙FemininestorstorestorestoreZ @ ™%ZĽ@t#¸€Jo ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙€.€‚˙€<€‚˙˙˙NeuterstortstorestorestoremH @A% €€€‚‚‚˙There are some irregular adjectives whose forms need to be learned.ĂOĽ@ŐAt#¸€žo ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€0€‚˙€V€‚˙€|€‚˙˙˙Singular IndefiniteSingular DefinitePlural IndefinitePlural Definite–"AkBt#¸€Do ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€&€‚˙€0€‚˙€:€‚˙˙˙Masculinelitensmĺsmĺsmĺ” ŐA˙Bt#¸€@o ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€"€‚˙€,€‚˙€6€‚˙˙˙Femininelitasmĺsmĺsmĺ’kB‘Ct#¸€<o ˘ — — €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€‚˙€(€‚˙€2€‚˙˙˙Neuterlitesmĺsmĺsmĺ‰K˙BD> L€–€€‚‚‚‚ƒă2wr‰‚ƒăĂt÷ś‰‚ƒă)^R/‰‚˙See Also:Gender and AgreementNumber and AgreementArticles8‘CRD1đ^œ‚ RDD@FAdverbs/ DD% €€Œ˜€‚˙AdverbsfRDE' €Ě€€ ‚€‚˙Many ADVERBS are formed from adjectives. The form of the adverb is that of the neuter adjective.]&DkE7 >€L€P‘€s€ƒ‚ƒ€€ƒ€€‚˙god (good)godt (good/well)՟E@F6 :€?€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ƒăúłŽŐ‰‚˙Adverbs that are not derived from adjectives include:her (here)hvor (where)aldri (never)alltid (always)overalt (everywhere)See Also:Adjectives6kEvF1dg‰ vFŁFÖNVerbs-@FŁF% €€Œ˜€‚˙VerbsBvFĺG- (€+€€‚‚€€‚‚˙A verb expresses action or a state of being. In the dictionary, you will find a verb listed in its INFINITIVE form. The infinitive is the basic form of the verb without inflection. Sometimes the infinitive may be preceded by ĺ, this is equivalent to the English "to".9ŁFH' €$€‘€€ƒ‚‚˙ĺ bli (to be)űÁĺGJ: B€ƒ€€‚‚€‚€‚‚‚‚‚€ƒ‚€‚˙The infinitive can be inflected to show mood and tense.Moods:Imperative: expressess a commandIndicative: expresses objective statements and questions.*Subjunctive: once used to express a wish or request, now the subjunctive is used only in certain idioms.To form the IMPERATIVE:infinitives ending in "-e", drop the "-e": komme (infinitive)kom (imperative)infinitives not ending in "-e", use the the same form as the infinitive I"HbJ' €D€@‘€€ƒƒ‚˙gĺ (infinitive)gĺ(imperative)]JżLW |€ €€‚€‚€€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚˙The INDICATIVE mood has a variety of tenses. Present: expresses something happening presently.Past (imperfect): expresses an event that occurred at a particular time in the past. Perfect: expresses and event that occurred in the past, without a fixed time to it.Pluperfect: expresses a past event that preceded another event, also in the past.Future: expresses an event that will happen.Future Perfect: expresses an action in the future that will end by the time another event occurs.ŮbJÖN> J€ł€€‚€‚€‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚㣡ü‰‚˙Conditional: expresses a future event from an orientation in the pastConditional Perfect: expresses something that should have been done, but hasn't yet.PARTICIPLES:Present Participle: The present participle is not used very often in modern Norwegian. However, you will see it used as an adjective, adverb or noun.Past Participle: The past participle is used in the formation of the indicative perfect tenses mentioned above.See Also:Verb Inflection@żLO1( œ‚Ĺ OMON‰Verb Inflection7ÖNMO% €$€Œ˜€‚˙Verb InflectioníÉOF€$ €“€€‚˙Inflection is a change in the form of a verb to show grammatical function. A verb is inflected when it is changed from the infinitive to the MOF€ÖNimperative, participles or any of the indicative tenses.L&MO’€& €L€@‘€€ƒ‚˙komme (infinitive)kom (imperative)óżF€…4 6€€€‚€‚€ƒ‚€€‚˙To form the IMPERATIVE:infinitives ending in "-e", drop the "-e" komme (infinitive) kom (imperative)infinitives not ending in "-e", use the the same form as the infinitive I"’€΁' €D€@‘€€ƒƒ‚˙gĺ (infinitive)gĺ(imperative)ľb…ƒ„S t€Ĺ€€‚‚ƒ€‚€‚‚‚‚€ƒ€‚‚‚‚€€ƒƒ€€‚€‚€‚˙To form the PRESENT PARTICIPLE:add "-ende" to the verb stem kostende (costing)To form the PAST PARTICIPLE:use the indicative past tense, minus the final "-e", for regular verbs. For irregular verbs, consult your dictionary.kostet(cost)To form the INDICATIVE:Present: infinitive + rkoster (costs)Past: Whether a verb is regular or irregular in conjugation, defines how it is inflected in these tenses. As a language learner it may be helpful to consult a dictionary to determine if a verb is regular or irregular. For regular verbs you can generally use the following rules:oB΁ň„- *€„€€‚ƒƒƒ€€‚˙1. The infinitive ends in a stressed vowel:bodde (lived)M(ƒ„?…% €P€@‘€€‚˙past tense is formed by adding "-dde"ę°ň„)†: B€a€PČ:€ƒƒ€€‚ƒ‚ƒƒƒ€€‚˙2. The verb stem ends in a diphthong, "-g" or "-v":prřvde (tried)past tense is formed by adding "-de"3. The verb stem ends in a single consonant:lekte (played)›l?…Ć/ .€Ř€PČ:€ƒ‚ƒƒ€€‚˙past tense is formed by adding "-te"4. The verb stem ends in more than one consonant:kostet (cost)dÓ)†(‰‘ đ€§€€ƒ‚‚€€‚‚€€€€‚€‚€€€€€€€‚€‚€€€€€‚€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚˙past tense is formed by adding "-et"Perfect: auxiliary verb (har) + past participlePluperfect: auxiliary verb --hadde-- + past participleFuture: auxiliary verb --skal, vil, or kommer til ĺ-- + infinitiveFuture Perfect: auxiliary verb --skal or vil-- + ha + past participleConditional: Auxilliary verb --skulle or ville-- + infinitiveConditional Perfect: auxiliary verb --skulle or ville-- + (ha) + past participle&ĆN‰# €€€‚˙= (‰‹‰1Z‰€ ‹‰ż‰,ÁPrepositions4N‰ż‰% €€Œ˜€‚˙Prepositions#ý‹‰âŠ& €ű€€‚‚‚˙PREPOSITIONS are the connecting words that show the relationships between words in the sentence. Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun clauses can be the complement of the prepositions:Simple prepositions in Nowegian include the following:Rż‰4‹D#X€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙avof, byT⊈‹D#X€ #Ę €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙blantamongX4‹ŕ‹G#^€"#Ę €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙etterafterT ˆ‹4ŒG#^€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙forforWŕ‹‹ŒG#^€ #Ę €€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙fřrbeforeU4ŒŕŒG#^€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙frafromQ ‹Œ1D#X€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙hoswithQ ŕŒ‚G#^€#Ę €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙iinU1׍G#^€#Ę €€€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙medwith[‚2ŽG#^€(#Ę €€€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙mellombetweenX׍ŠŽG#^€"#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙motagainstU2ŽߎG#^€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙omaboutVŠŽ5G#^€#Ę €€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙overoverVߎ‹G#^€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙pĺat, onO 5ڏD#X€#Ę €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙tiltoF‹,Á7 <€€€‚€ڏ,ÁN‰€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚˙Jeg vil gjerne veksle noen amerikanske dollar til norske kroner.(I would like to exchange some American dollars to Norwegian Krona.)The rules of using prepositions are not consistent. However there are many prepositional phrases that can easily be learned.= ڏiÁ1Ĺ˙˙˙˙ iÁÁĹConjunctions4,ÁÁ% €€Œ˜€‚˙Conjunctions_:iÁüÁ% €t€R¤€‚˙CONJUNCTIONS join words, phrases and clauses together. 1öÁ-Ă; D€í€¤€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚˙The most commonly used conjunction in Norwegian is og (and).Jeg beklager, det er ingen vindusplasser igjen, men jeg kan gi deg et sete ved midtgangen.(I'm sorry, there are no window seats available, but I can give you an aisle seat.)G$üÁtĂ# €H€€‚˙Other commonly used conjunctions:Q -ĂĹĂD#X€OS› €€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙ellerorP tĂÄD#X€OS› €€€€‚˙€€‚˙˙˙menbutP ĹĂeÄD#X€OS› €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙forforP ÄľÄD#X€OS› €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙atthatVeÄ ĹD#X€$OS› €€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙fordibecauseN ľÄYĹD#X€OS› €€€‚˙€ €€‚˙˙˙sĺso( ŁĹ% €€‚H€ ‚˙1YĹ˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‡L řHelvDlgX€˙˙Tms RmnionDlgY€˙˙Symbol How to SeCourierTimes New RomanArialWhen to SeMS SerifyÂMS Sans Serif ShowTimes$8Helveticas SystemiewPages'Courier NewSNew YorkFile URL Geneva2PaLinePrinter MarlCG TimesUniversal Univers Condensedr Antique OliveGaramonds New RomanCG OmegalaybillAlbertus Medium MSAlbertus Extra BoldClarendon CondensedCoronet.R€KůŔLetter Gothic÷ŔMarigoldWingdingsůŔ KůŔ÷ŔMarlett÷Ŕ.XLč’ÄArial Rounded MT BoBook Antiqua:\surviCentury GothicorgraCentury SchoolbookAlgerianBraggadocioBritannic BoldBrush Script MTColonna MTŔ>(ŔDesdemona’ÄźLůŔ’ŔFootlight MT LightŔKino MTXźLůŔü{ŔWide Latin÷ŔMatura MT Script CaPlaybillýŔč’ÄMS LineDraw÷ŔTL SS Cyrillic StreTL SS Cyrillic UnstTL Help CyrillicMS Reference 1 CMS Reference 2Ŕ(ýŔNews Gothic MTŔ÷ŔLucida HandwritingŔLucida Sansč’ÄLucida Sans UnicodeOCR A ExtendedCalisto MTAbadi MT CondensedCopperplate GothicLucida ConsoleL?MT ExtraMap SymbolsTL NaskhArial NarrowArial BlackBookman Old StyleMonotype SortsHaettenschweilerčŔImpactŔ(ýŔč’ÄşNůŔBookshelf Symbol 1Bookshelf Symbol 2ŔBookshelf Symbol 3ŔComic Sans MSŔč’ÄTahomaŔŚéŔË&ţŔ÷ŔMS OutlookˆModernÁTOůŔqÖŔ˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙D^E˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙G˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙PgQ˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙Uľ‚V˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙a˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙d˙˙˙˙e˙˙˙˙fĹg˙˙˙˙h˙˙˙˙i˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙m˙˙˙˙n˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙r˙˙˙˙s€t˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‚˙˙˙˙ƒ˙˙˙˙„˙˙˙˙…˙˙˙˙†˙˙˙˙‡˙˙˙˙ˆ˙˙˙˙‰˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙‹˙˙˙˙Œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‘˙˙˙˙’˙˙˙˙“˙˙˙˙”˙˙˙˙•˙˙˙˙–˙˙˙˙—˙˙˙˙˜˙˙˙˙™˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙›˙˙˙˙œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙Ÿ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˘˙˙˙˙Ł˙˙˙˙¤˙˙˙˙Ľ˙˙˙˙Ś˙˙˙˙§˙˙˙˙¨˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙ŞfŤfŹf­˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙Ż˙˙˙˙°˙˙˙˙ą˙˙˙˙˛˙˙˙˙ł˙˙˙˙´˙˙˙˙ľ˙˙˙˙ś˙˙˙˙ˇ˙˙˙˙¸˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙ş˙˙˙˙ť˙˙˙˙ź˙˙˙˙˝˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙ż˙˙˙˙Ŕ˙˙˙˙Á˙˙˙˙Â˙˙˙˙Ă˙˙˙˙Ä˙˙˙˙Ĺ˙˙˙˙Ć˙˙˙˙Ç˙˙˙˙Č˙˙˙˙É˙˙˙˙Ę˙˙˙˙Ë˙˙˙˙Ě˙˙˙˙Í˙˙˙˙Î˙˙˙˙Ď˙˙˙˙Đ˙˙˙˙Ń˙˙˙˙Ň˙˙˙˙Ó˙˙˙˙Ô˙˙˙˙Ő˙˙˙˙Ö˙˙˙˙×˙˙˙˙Ř˙˙˙˙Ů˙˙˙˙Ú˙˙˙˙Ű˙˙˙˙Ü˙˙˙˙Ý˙˙˙˙Ţ˙˙˙˙ß˙˙˙˙ŕ˙˙˙˙á˙˙˙˙â˙˙˙˙ă˙˙˙˙ä˙˙˙˙ĺ˙˙˙˙ć˙˙˙˙ç˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙é˙˙˙˙ę˙˙˙˙ë˙˙˙˙ě˙˙˙˙í˙˙˙˙î˙˙˙˙ď˙˙˙˙đ˙˙˙˙ń˙˙˙˙ň˙˙˙˙ó˙˙˙˙ô˙˙˙˙ő˙˙˙˙ö˙˙˙˙÷˙˙˙˙ř˙˙˙˙ů˙˙˙˙ú˙˙˙˙ű˙˙˙˙ü˙˙˙˙ý˙˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙!˙˙˙˙"˙˙˙˙#˙˙˙˙$˙˙˙˙%˙˙˙˙&˙˙˙˙'˙˙˙˙(˙˙˙˙)˙˙˙˙*˙˙˙˙+˙˙˙˙,˙˙˙˙-˙˙˙˙.˙˙˙˙/˙˙˙˙0˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙2˙˙˙˙3˙˙˙˙4˙˙˙˙5˙˙˙˙6˙˙˙˙7˙˙˙˙8˙˙˙˙9˙˙˙˙:˙˙˙˙;˙˙˙˙<˙˙˙˙=˙˙˙˙>˙˙˙˙?˙˙˙˙@˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙B˙˙˙˙C˙˙˙˙D˙˙˙˙E˙˙˙˙F˙˙˙˙G˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙I˙˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙K˙˙˙˙L˙˙˙˙M˙˙˙˙N˙˙˙˙O˙˙˙˙P˙˙˙˙Q˙˙˙˙R˙˙˙˙S˙˙˙˙T˙˙˙˙U˙˙˙˙V˙˙˙˙W˙˙˙˙X˙˙˙˙Y˙˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙[˙˙˙˙\˙˙˙˙]˙˙˙˙^˙˙˙˙_˙˙˙˙`Ŕa˙˙˙˙b˙˙˙˙c˙˙˙˙dŔe˙˙˙˙f˙˙˙˙g˙˙˙˙hŔi˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙k˙˙˙˙l˙˙˙˙m?€n˙˙˙˙o˙˙˙˙p˙˙˙˙q˙˙˙˙r?€s˙˙˙˙t˙˙˙˙u˙˙˙˙v˙˙˙˙w˙˙˙˙x˙˙˙˙y˙˙˙˙z˙˙˙˙{˙˙˙˙|˙˙˙˙}˙˙˙˙~˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‚˙˙˙˙ƒ˙˙˙˙„˙˙˙˙…˙˙˙˙†˙˙˙˙‡˙˙˙˙ˆ˙˙˙˙‰˙˙˙˙Š˙˙˙˙‹˙˙˙˙Œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Ž˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙‘˙˙˙˙’˙˙˙˙“˙˙˙˙”˙˙˙˙•˙˙˙˙–˙˙˙˙—˙˙˙˙˜˙˙˙˙™˙˙˙˙š˙˙˙˙›˙˙˙˙œ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ž˙˙˙˙Ÿ˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙Ą˙˙˙˙˘˙˙˙˙Ł˙˙˙˙¤˙˙˙˙Ľ˙˙˙˙Ś˙˙˙˙]T^gYf‰€œ‚Ŕ‰r?€’œ‚Ĺœ‚ľ‚œ‚œ‚œ‚‰/&;)i24 KůŔ÷Ŕ(ýŔ˙˙‰˙˙˙˙AdjectivesAdverbsalphabetArticles conjugationConjunctionsContentsfuture tenseGender and Agreement inflection$nouns(Number & Agreement,Overview0past tense4Prepositions8present tense<Pronoun@subjunctive tenseDtenseHverbLverb inflectionP_#Ŕ Ŕä#ŔŕüŔ(ýŔ|ß Á˛&#ŔŕüŔ€ß Á€Ŕ€ß ÁěOůŔ¸ÔŔ€ß Á÷Ŕ(ýŔč’Äź÷ŔčëŔíëŔůŔ÷Ŕe. v /B Indicates a binary file. destination Specifies the directory and/or filename for the new file(s). ? /V Verifies that new files are written correctly. t /Y Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing destination file. r /-Y Causes prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing destination file. yThe switch /Y may be preset in the COPYCMD environment variable. This may be overridden with /-Y on the command line ‡To append files, specify a single file for destination, but multiple files for source (using wildcards or file1+file2+file3 format). ŠChanges the terminal device used to control your system. CTTY device device The terminal device you want to use, such as COM1. -Displays or sets the date. DATE [date] ƒType DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date. dDeletes one or more files. DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P] ƒ [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple files by using wildcards. ; /P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file. §Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory. DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/P] [/W] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/S] [/B] [/L] [/V] Ş [drive:][path][filename] Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list. (Could be enhanced/&;)LzýŔč’Ä4O˙˙&˙˙˙˙Contents’Overview ofYAlphabetrNounsŔGender and Agreement?€Numberľ‚PronounsfArticles^AdjectivesgAdverbsœ‚Verbs‰Verb InflectionĹPrepositions€ConjunctionsłAFiles of typePSize˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙`RR Any Text MRUValueMaximum Entries ááViewšData(A File name˙˙˙˙D˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙H˙˙˙˙DCreation dateDLast modifiedAFiles of typePSize˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙A˙˙˙˙`˙˙˙˙`( WordPadistcabŤ ŤOptionsWordSelUnits Maximized FrameRect?› PageMargin  OOTextöLayoutčţ˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙čţ˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ččč˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙č˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ LayoutAuxWrap]"]IPLayout LayoutAuxWrap&%PaintoutAux)'SettingsNDOWS\TEMP\~MW*8ColorsNumberOfColorsGeneral-Summary55 /&;)L4BarID˙˙˙˙˙˙Ü;݊fĺôm–f=Ž˜’Ăt÷ś?€ĽfźgúłŽŐ^gmހœŔzŢrż@}ŢĹkB}Ţľ‚mB}Ţrm,„Ţœ‚Î˝Ţœ‚M“|ő?€Łˇü‰§óľ˙ĹvK%r…O‰€[”!f AÁ?€…8đŔ)^R/fˇź\7YWŸ8FŔěę\Uľ‚Ąľ_Ŕą¤md^˝¤mdgî 1h2wrŔt ActiveX Plugin&ř8&FLAGS0"ů80Aú8Awin32C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\PLUGIN.OCX8ű88HELPDIRC:\WINDOWS\SYSTEMTü8T&{06DD38D1-D187-11CF-A80D-00C04FD74AD8}IActiveXPluginTý8TProxyStubClsid&{00020424-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}Vţ8VProxyStubClsid32&{00020424-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ drJĂ°rJĂsJĂ*sJĂqsJĂľsJĂŰsJĂýsJĂ@tJĂxtJĂČtJĂuJĂruJĂŐuJĂ-vJÁvJĂ×vJĂ:wJÇwJĂŰwJĂ1xJÔxJĂčxJĂ