?_d˙˙˙˙đTKlŮoč6Lithuanian Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4˙˙ ‚ ˙˙˙˙|CONTEXTĺâ|CTXOMAPRĂ|FONT œ|KWBTREE‡Ň|KWDATA%Ň|KWMAPvŇ|SYSTEM|TOPIC“|TTLBTREEśÚ|bm0ë C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc6 ŽIŸC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7o€@‘€ Ň Ó Ś „ } C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7ńŔŘüŔč’Ĺ.E€űüŔü{ŔůüüŔ űüŔńŔŘüŔč’Ĺz—q—˙˙˙˙ 9˙˙˙˙E1˙˙˙˙QEw^Contents2 w& €€€€‚˙Contents6ĘE­l Ś€•€€‚‚ă=Ž˜‰‚㡟\7‰‚ă)^R/‰‚ăőŹC‰‚ăúłŽŐ‰‚ăěę\U‰€‚ăνހ‰‚ă§óľ˙‰‚ă…O‰‰‚‚‚˙The following Help Topics are available: Overview of LithuanianAlphabet and PronunciationArticlesNouns: Gender and CaseAdjectivesPronounsVerbsPrepositions Conjunctionsązw^7 >€ö€¤„H~€‚€†"€€‚˙For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .< ­š1Ě”šÚuOverview of@^Ú& €4€€€‚˙Overview of Lithuanianőšů* "€ë€€‚€‚‚‚˙Congratulations on your choice to learn Lithuanian! This grammar guide will get you started with some basic grammar rules to supplement the annotations within the text. This overview serves to acquaint you better with characteristics of Lithuanian. Lithuanian is spoken by over 3 million people, primarily in the Republic of Lithuania.It is a minority language in Byelorus, Poland, Latvia, and Russia. It is one of the two Baltic languages (the other is Latvian), which make up a branch of the Indo-European family. Within Lithuania many regional dialects exist, which may present a linguistic challenge to travelers to remote areas of the country. Standard Lithuanian, which we present in this package, is spoken in Vilnius or Kaunas, for example. U0ÚN% €a€€‚‚˙Lithuania is a small country (approximately 25,000 square miles), with 3,750,000 inhabitants. Lithuania is bordered by Latvia to the North, Byelorus to the East, and Poland and the Kaliningrad Region of Russia to the South. In 1990, Lithuania became the first of the three Baltic States to regain its independence from the Soviet Union after more than 50 years of forced allegiance. Subsequently, there is considerable Russian influence on the language, and in recent years some English words have become increasingly incorporated into Lithuanian as well. 'ůu# €€€‚˙ 9NŽ1qQ߁Žň>JAlphabetDuň& €<€€€ ‚˙Alphabet and PronunciationsŽ * "€ç€€‚€‚‚‚˙The Lithuanian alphabet is made up of 32 characters, including some identical letters (especially vowels) with diacritic marks to differentiate between their sounds. Please see the list below for further clarification. Q, W, and X do not exist in the Lithuanian alphabet.Pronunciation in Lithuanian is straightforward. Each letter corresponds to a specific sound. There are also numerous dipthongs, or vowel combinations. Some of the most commonly used dipthongs include: ai, ei, ui, au, uo, and ie. All of the vowels and dipthongs have both short and long sounds (i.e. a can be pronounced as in about or as in father). &ňľ # €€€‚˙…3 : R#t€fbÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €‚˙˙˙Letter NameApproximate English Pronunciationkľ Ľ X#€€&bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙A, aaAboutz:  ^#Œ€8bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙Ş, şnasal aFatherkĽ Š X#€€&bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙B, bbeBathg ń U#z€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙C, ccePitsxŠ ia#’€.bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€€ €‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙ƒ, “ “eChatkń ÔX#€€&bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙D, ddeDeepoiCX#€€.bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙E, ebroad eAdd}ÔŔa#’€8bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€€€‚˙€&€€€‚˙˙˙­, ˝nasal eAmberyCE@^#Œ€6bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€ŔE@u€‚˙€&€€€‚˙˙˙Ţ, ţnarrow eFatemŔ˛@X#€€*bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙F, fefFicklejE@AX#€€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙G, ggeGetl˛@ˆAX#€€(bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙H, hhaHouseoA÷AX#€€.bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙I, ishort iSit{ˆArB^#Œ€:bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€€‚˙€$€€€‚˙˙˙Đ, đnasal iMachinej÷AÜBU#z€*bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙Y, ylong iSeemrBICX#€€*bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙J, jjotYachtkÜB´CX#€€&bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙K, kkaKeenkICDX#€€&bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙L, lelLookm´CŒDX#€€*bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙M, memMotherkD÷DX#€€&bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙N, nenNeardŒD[EU#z€bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙O, ooSoj÷DĹEX#€€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙P, ppePetl[E1FX#€€(bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙R. rerReal jĹE›FX#€€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙S, sesSapn1F GX#€€,bÍ ü €€€ ‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙„, ” e” Sheetj›FsGX#€€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙T, tteTenp GăGX#€€0bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙U, ushort uPulltsGWH[#†€2bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙€"€€€‚˙˙˙Ý, ýnasal uHootrăGÉH[#†€.bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€‚˙€ €€€‚˙˙˙Š, šlong uRuejWH3IX#€€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙V, vveVatjÉHIX#€€$bÍ ü €€€‚˙€€‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙Z, zzeZoo{3IJa#’€4bÍ ü €€€ €‚˙€€€ €‚˙€€€€‚˙˙˙…, • •eleisure&I>J# €€€‚˙9JwJ1”€‚wJŠJzKArticles2 >JŠJ& €€€€‚˙ArticlesѕwJzK< F€+€€‚€€‚€‚‚‚ăőŹC‰‚€‚˙There are no definite or indefinite articles in Lithuanian. Thus, studentas can mean student, a student, or the student.See Also:Nouns6ŠJ°K1¤0߁_°KđK‡ Nouns@zKđK& €4€€€ ‚˙Nouns: Gender and CaseX°KT€E X€'€€‚€€ €‚€‚€€€€€€‚˙Nouns in Lithuanian are either masculine or feminine. There are five declension types, and thus there are many possible endings for nouns. Still, it is often possible to determine the gender of a noun by examining the ending. For example, -as,-us, and ys are generally masculine endings, while a or ţ tend to indicate feminine nouns. Note that -is may indicate either a masculine or feminine noun. Cases are forms of a word that show the function of the word in a sentence. Declensions are sets of case endings, and in Lithuanian there are five classes or categories of declensions determined by the stem of the noun. There are seven cases in Lithuanian, and these apply to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Within a given phrase, there must be agreement in case endings between these parts of speech. Learning cases may prove challenging for English speakers learning Lithuanian, but their uses become increasingly apparent as one learns more abođKT€zKut the language. Below is a brief outline of the cases and their uses.vđKʂs ´€€€‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚‚€€‚˙NominativeAnswers the question who/what?GenitiveAnswers the question of whom/of what?DativeAnswers the question to whom/to what?AccusativeAnswers the question whom/what?InstrumentalAnswers the question with whom/with what?`LocativeAnswers the question where/in what?VocativeUsed for addressing a person The nominative case is the basic form of a noun found in the dictionary. It is the form of the subject of the sentence. This form is not used with a preposition. >T€K…C T€}€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚˙The genitive case is most importantly used to convey possession. It is also used to demonstrate purpose and when expressing part of an uncountable amount. The dative case illustrates to whom something is given. It can also demonstrate purpose. The accusative case can show the direction in which someone is going. It is also used with expressions of time. This case occurs often, both with and without prepositions.The instrumental case shows how one moves (i.e. by bus, by car, etc.) and is often used with verbs of motion. It is also used to show cause.'ěʂr‡; D€Ů€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚‚˙The locative case is most often used to indicate location. It does not imply any sense of motion or travel. This case is always used without a preposition.The vocative case is used for addressing someone. The different endings can express different degrees of formality or affection. As mentioned previously, there are five declension types (across cases) in Lithuanian. The declension type is determined by the stem of the word. Examples from each category are outlined below.v8K…čˆ> J€q€€‚€‚€‚‚€ƒƒƒ€ ƒƒƒƒ€‚˙First Declension of NounsAll nouns ending in -as, -ias, -is, and -ys belong to this declension group. These are all masculine nouns. The declension table below illustrates the singular and plural forms of the following nouns: namas (house), brolis (brother), and arklys (horse). SINGULARPLURALŘ?r‡Ŕ‰™#~› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€,€‚˙€<€‚˙€L€‚˙€Z€‚˙€l€‚˙˙˙Nominative namasbrolisarklysnamaibroliaiarkliaié>舊ŠŤ#&|› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€$€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€T€€ €‚˙€h€€ €‚˙˙˙GenitivenamobrolioarklionamýbroliýarkliýŘ?Ŕ‰‹™#~› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€"€‚˙€4€‚˙€F€‚˙€V€‚˙€j€‚˙˙˙DativenamuibroliuiarkliuinamamsbroliamsarkliamsěAŠŠmŒŤ#&‚› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€>€€ €‚˙€P€‚˙€^€‚˙€p€‚˙˙˙AccusativenamşbrolđarklđnamusbroliusarkliusŰB‹H™#„› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€,€‚˙€<€‚˙€L€‚˙€\€‚˙€p€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalnamubroliuarkliunamaisbroliaisarkliaisÜCmŒ$Ž™#†› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€$€‚˙€6€‚˙€H€‚˙€Z€‚˙€p€‚˙˙˙LocativenamebrolyjearklyjenamuosebroliuosearkliuoseŇ9HöŽ™#r› T W W { „ } €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€$€‚˙€2€‚˙€@€‚˙€N€‚˙€`€‚˙˙˙Vocativenamebroliarklynamaibroliaiarkliai+ř$Ž-Ŕ3 4€ń€€‚€‚€€ €‚‚˙Second Declension of NounsAll masculine nouns ending in -us or -ius make up the second declension group. The declension table below illustrates the singular and plural forms of the following nouns: sšnus (sonöŽ-ŔzK) and profesorius (professor).DöŽqŔ. ,€,€P!‘€€ ƒƒƒƒ€‚˙SINGULARPLURALĆ=-Ŕ7Á‰#â€z– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€0€‚˙(€J€€ €€ €‚˙€`€‚˙˙˙Nominative sšnusprofesoriussšnšsprofesoriaiË<qŔ#î€x– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€,€‚˙(€H€€ €€ €‚˙€\€€ €‚˙˙˙Genitivesšnausprofesoriaussšnýprofesoriýť87Á˝Âƒ#րp– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€&€‚˙€@€€ €‚˙€T€‚˙˙˙DativesšnuiprofesoriuisšnumsprofesoriamsË<ˆÏ#î€x– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙.€€€€ €€ €‚˙€0€€ €‚˙€L€€ €‚˙€^€‚˙˙˙AccusativesšnýprofesoriýsšnusprofesoriusÄA˝ÂLă#ր‚– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€4€‚˙€P€€ €‚˙€f€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalsšnumiprofesoriumisšnumisprofesoriaisÁ>ˆĂ Ń#ր|– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€,€‚˙€H€€ €‚˙€^€‚˙˙˙LocativesšnujeprofesoriujesšnuoseprofesoriuoseĂ:LÄĐʼn#â€t– œ ť   Š €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€*€‚˙(€D€€ €€ €‚˙€Z€‚˙˙˙VocativesšnauprofesoriausšnšsprofesoriaiX Ĺ(ÇB R€-€€‚€‚€€ €€ €€ €‚€ ‚˙Third Declension of NounsFeminine nouns ending in -a, -ţ (gen. -ţs), and i belong to the third declension group. The declension table below illustrates the singular and plural forms of the following nouns: diena (day), gatvţ (street), and marti (daughter in law).DĐĹlÇ. ,€,€P!‘€€ ƒƒƒƒ€‚˙SINGULARPLURALîC(ÇZČŤ#&†– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€>€‚˙€L€‚˙€\€€ €‚˙€p€€ €‚˙˙˙Nominative dienagatvţmartidienosgatvţsmar“iosHlÇ_É˝#J– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€(€€ €‚˙€<€€ €‚˙€R€€ €‚˙€d€€ €‚˙(€x€€ €€ €‚˙˙˙Genitivedienosgatvţsmar“iosdienýgatviýmar“iýđEZČOĘŤ#&Š– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€$€‚˙€4€€ €‚˙€J€‚˙€\€€ €‚˙€r€€ €‚˙˙˙Dativedienaigatveimar“iaidienomsgatvţmsmar“iomsţG_ÉMˡ#>Ž– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€.€€ €‚˙(€@€€ €€ €‚˙€X€‚˙€h€‚˙€x€€ €‚˙˙˙Accusativedienşgatv˝mar“iđdienasgatvesmar“iasöKOĘCĚŤ#&–– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€‚˙€<€€ €‚˙€P€‚˙€d€€ €‚˙€|€€ €‚˙˙˙Instrumentaldienagatvemar“iadienomisgatvţmismar“iomisýLMË@Íą#2˜– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€*€€ €‚˙€@€€ €‚˙€X€‚˙€j€€ €‚˙€€€€ €‚˙˙˙Locativedienojegatvţjemar“iojedienosegatvţsemar“ioseă>CĚ#ÎĽ#|– p ` j s s … €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€‚˙€4€‚˙€B€‚˙€R€€ €‚˙€f€€ €‚˙˙˙Vocativedienagatvemartidienosgatvţsmar“iosé@Í9Ď- (€Ó€€‚€‚€‚‚˙Fourth Declension of NounsMasculine and feminine nouns ending in -is belong to this declension group. The declension table below illustrates the singular and plural forms of the following nouns: akis (eye) and dantis (tooth).D#Î}Ď. ,€,€P!‘€€ ƒƒƒƒ€‚˙SINGULARPLURAL˘+9Ď+w#ž€V– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€*€‚˙€:€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙Nominative }Ď+zKakisdantisakysdantys°-}ĎŰƒ#րZ– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€‚˙€8€€ €‚˙€H€€ €‚˙˙˙GenitiveakiesdantiesakiýdantýŠ,+„}#ʀX– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€"€€ €‚˙€8€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙Dativeakiaidan“iuiakimsdantimsŻ,Ű3ƒ#րX– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€*€€ €‚˙€<€‚˙€H€‚˙˙˙AccusativeakđdantđakisdantisŠ2„Üw#ž€d– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€‚˙€@€‚˙€P€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalakimidantimiakimisdantimisŁ,3w#ž€X– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€‚˙€8€‚˙€F€‚˙˙˙LocativeakyjedantyjeakysedantyseŸ(Üw#ž€P– Ľ ˛ ¨ ˜ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€$€‚˙€4€‚˙€@€‚˙˙˙Vocativeakiedantieakysdantysf-„9 @€[€€‚€‚€€ €€ €‚‚˙Fifth Declension of NounsThis declension group is made up of feminine nouns ending in -uo or -ţ (gen. -ers) and masculine nouns ending in -uo. The declension table below illustrates the singular and plural forms of the following nouns: sesuo (sister), duktţ (daughter), and akmuo (stone). DČ. ,€,€P!‘€€ ƒƒƒƒ€‚˙SINGULARPLURALâC„ŞŸ#†› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€€ €‚˙€@€‚˙€N€‚˙€`€‚˙€t€‚˙˙˙Nominative sesuo duktţakmuoseserysdukterysakmenysďDČ™Ť#&ˆ› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€:€‚˙€J€€ €‚˙€^€€ €‚˙€t€€ €‚˙˙˙GenitivesesersduktersakmensseserýdukterýakmenýáHŞz™#› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€>€‚˙€R€‚˙€f€‚˙€|€‚˙˙˙DativeseseriaidukteriaiakmeniuiseserimsdukterimsakmenimsôI™n Ť#&’› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€0€€ €‚˙€F€€ €‚˙€Z€‚˙€l€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙AccusativeseserđdukterđakmenđseserisdukterisakmenisçNzU ™#œ› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€2€‚˙€F€‚˙€X€‚˙€n€‚˙€†€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalseseriadukteriaakmeniuseserimisdukterimisakmenimisăJn 8 ™#”› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€,€‚˙€B€‚˙€V€‚˙€j€‚˙€€€‚˙˙˙LocativeseseryjedukteryjeakmenyjeseserysedukteryseakmenyseÝDU  ™#ˆ› i q r z { ƒ €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€*€‚˙€>€‚˙€P€‚˙€b€‚˙€v€‚˙˙˙VocativeseseriedukterieakmenieseserysdukterysakmenysL8 a 2 4€4€’‚H€‚‚‚ă)^R/€‰‚˙See Also:Articles& ‡ # €€€‚˙; a  1Ń€‚š ö l†Adjectives4‡ ö & €€€€‚˙Adjectives/ %* "€ €€‚€‚‚‚˙An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. In Lithuanian, adjectives must agree in gender, case, and number with the nouns or pronouns they modify. Adjectives generally precede nouns, though this order can be inverted to show emphasis. Unlike nouns, which have five declension groups, adjectives are divided into three categories of declension. The declension group is determined by the ending of the adjective. The following tables demonstrate the differences in declension between these three adjective groups.đĂö !@- (€‡€€‚€‚€‚‚˙First Declension of AdjectivesAdjectives ending in -as and -a belong to this declension group. The declension table below illustrates the different forms for the adjecti%!@‡ ve baltas (white).ÇO%č@x#Ŕ€ž Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€0€‚˙€T€‚˙€z€‚‚˙˙˙Masculine SingularMasculine PluralFeminine SingularFeminine Plural¤-!@ŒAw#ž€Z Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€‚˙€<€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙Nominative baltasbaltibaltabaltos°-č@€€ €‚˙€P€‚˙˙˙Accusativebaltşbaltusbaltşbaltes¨1ŕB;Dw#ž€b Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€‚˙€@€‚˙€N€‚˙˙˙Instrumentalbaltubaltaisbaltabaltomis¨1“CăDw#ž€b Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€*€‚˙€>€‚˙€P€‚˙˙˙LocativebaltamebaltuosebaltojibaltoseĄ*;D„Ew#ž€T Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€6€‚˙€D€‚˙˙˙Vocativebaltasbaltibaltabaltos÷ĘăD{F- (€•€€‚€‚€‚‚˙Second Declension of AdjectivesAdjectives ending in -us and -i belong to the second declension group. The declension table below illustrates the different forms for the adjective sunkus (heavy).ĂN„E>Gu#ş€œ Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€‚˙€.€‚˙€R€‚˙€x€‚‚˙˙˙Masculine SingularMasculine PluralFeminine SingularFeminine PluralŽ1{FěG}#ʀb Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€€ €‚˙€B€‚˙€P€‚˙˙˙Nominative sunkussunkšssunkisunkiosľ2>GĄHƒ#րd Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€*€€ €‚˙€>€‚˙€P€€ €‚˙˙˙Genitivesunkaussunkiýsunkiossunkiý§0ěGHIw#ž€` Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€&€‚˙€:€‚˙€L€‚˙˙˙Dativesunkiamsunkiemssunkiaisunkiomsś3ĄHţIƒ#րf Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€.€‚˙€@€€ €‚˙€T€‚˙˙˙AccusativesunkýsunkiussunkişsunkiasŹ5HIŞJw#ž€j Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€0€‚˙€D€‚˙€T€‚˙˙˙InstrumentalsunkiusunkiaissunkiasunkiomisŹ5ţIVKw#ž€j Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€,€‚˙€B€‚˙€V€‚˙˙˙LocativesunkiamesunkiuosesunkiojesunkioseŤ.ŞJL}#ʀ\ Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€(€€ €‚˙€<€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙Vocativesunkussunkšssunkisunkios˙ĚVKM3 4€™€€‚€‚€€ €‚‚˙Third Declension of AdjectivesAdjectives ending in -is and -ţ belong to the third declension group. The declension table below illustrates the different forms for the adjective medinis (wooden).ĂNLĂMu#ş€œ Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€‚˙€.€‚˙€R€‚˙€x€‚‚˙˙˙Masculine SingularMasculine PluralFeminine SingularFeminine Pluralş7M}Nƒ#րn Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€0€‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€X€€ €‚˙˙˙Nominative medinismediniaimedinţmedinţsŔ7ĂM=O‰#â€n Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€,€€ €‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€X€€ €‚˙˙˙Genitivemedinio mediniýmedinţsmediniýą4}N €}#ʀh Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€(€‚˙€>€‚˙€P€€ €‚˙˙˙Dativemediniammediniamsmedineimedinţms=O €‡ ¸5=OĀƒ#րj Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙"€€€€ €‚˙€0€‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€X€‚˙˙˙Accusativemedinđmediniusmedin˝medinesś9 €z}#ʀr Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€2€‚˙€H€‚˙€X€€ €‚˙˙˙Instrumentalmediniumediniaismedinemedinţmisž;Ā8‚ƒ#րv Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€.€‚˙€F€€ €‚˙€^€€ €‚˙˙˙Locativemediniamemediniuosemedinţjemedinţseˇ4zď‚ƒ#րh Ś § Ś Ś €€€‚˙€€€‚˙€*€‚˙€>€€ €‚˙€R€€ €‚˙˙˙Vocativemedinismediniaimedinţmedinţsœ%8‚‹…w ź€K€€‚€‚€‚€€ €‚€‚€ƒƒ€€ €€ €€‚ƒƒ€€ €€ €€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚˙ComparativesComparative constructions are easy to form in Lithuanian. One must simply drop the case ending of the nominative singular form of the adjective and then add the ending esnis (m) or esnţ (f). For example:I am an old man.A” esu senas •mogus.I am an an older man.A” esu senesnis •mogus. SuperlativesLike comparatives, superlatives are formed in a straightforward manner. Again, just drop the case ending of the nominative singular form of the adjective and add iausias (m) or iausia (f). For example:á˜ď‚l†I `€1€€‚ƒƒ€€‚ƒ€€ €‚€‚‚ăőŹC‰‚‚€‚˙That is a fast horse.Tai yra greitas arklys.That is the fastest horse. Tai yra grei“iausias arklys.See Also:Nouns: Gender and Case9‹…Ľ†1_‚Ľ†׆ÔĂPronouns2 l†׆& €€€€‚˙PronounsÁĽ†˜‰4 6€€€‚€‚‚€€ ‚€‚˙Pronouns must agree in gender, case, and number with the adjectives that modify them and with the nouns they replace.Personal PronounsThese pronouns (corresponding to I, you, he/she, we, they) are not as commonly used in Lithuanian as in English. In English we almost always use pronouns before verbs because present tense conjugations do not necessarily change for each person. For example, if I say, Can make breakfast, it is not clear if I, you, we or they is the pronoun. In Lithuanian, on the other hand, there is generally little need for a pronoun to precede a verb because the verb form usually provides clues about who is the actor. `Ŕ׆řŒ  €€‚‚€‚ƒ€€ €ƒƒ‚ƒ€ƒƒ€‚ƒ€€ €ƒƒ€‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€ƒƒ€‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ €€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€ƒƒ€‚‚€ €€ €‚˙The following is a list of personal pronouns in the nominative case.a”Ituyou (singular informal)jšsyou (singular formal)jishe/itjishe/itmeswejšsyou (plural)jiethey (masculine)josthey (feminine)Note that there are two words to express you in Lithuanian: jšs and tu. The former, when used in the singular, conveys formality, and must be used when addressing someone in a position of authority, a person you do not know well, or an older person. Tu is more informal and is used to address friends, family members, and children. Tu becomes jšs in its plural form, and can be used to address any group of people (formally or informally). .­˜‰& Ѐ[€€‚€€ ‚€‚€‚ƒ€ƒƒ€‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚€ƒ€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ €€ €ƒƒ‚ƒ€€ €€ €ƒƒ‚˙Possessive PronounsWe have already seen that the genitive case can demonstrate possession. In Lithuanian, certain pronouns can also show possession. In modern usage, these pronouns are not declined. The following is a list of the possessive pronouns and their corresponding English meanings:ManomyTavoyour (singular)Johis, its (masc.)Joshers, its (fem.)MšsýourJšsýyour (plural)ľřŒCÁ\ †€k€€ƒ€€ €ƒƒ‚€‚€€€‚‚€€‚‚€‚€ €€ €€ƒ‚˙JýtheirAdditionally, there is the pronoun savo, which has no corresponding English equivalent. It indicate posses&CÁl†sion by the subject in the sentence. Demonstrative pronounsIn Lithuanian, demonstrative pronouns function as they do in English. The pronoun varies according to the relative nearness of the object. These pronouns all decline. „itas/”ita (this; near me) indicates something close to the speaker. ź&KĂL f€y€€ƒ€‚€ƒ€‚‚€‚€‚‚€€ƒƒ‚€€ƒƒ‚˙Tas/ta (that; near you) points to something farther away. Anas/ana indicates something even farther away. Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are simply question words. In Lithuanian, the interrogative pronoun is the same for animate and innanimate things. In other words, who and what are expressed by the same word. Following is a list of some of the most common interrogative pronouns. kaip howkaswho; what‰ECÁÔĂD X€Š€€ €ƒƒ‚€€ƒƒ‚€ƒƒ€‚€€ƒƒ‚‚˙kodţlwhykadawhenkurwherekiekhow much; how many R!KĂ&Ä1lš_€&ÄUÄ´AVerb Conjugations: Tense and Mood/ ÔĂUÄ& €€€€‚˙Verbs`3&ÄľÇ- (€g€€‚€‚‚€‚˙A note about word order: In general, Lithuanian sentences have the basic word order of subject-verb-object. Every verb in infinitive form in Lithuanian ends with the letters ti. In order to conjugate a verb in the present, past, or future tenses, one must simply know the third person singular present tense conjugation. This should be listed in the dictionary along with the infinitive. There are three possible endings for verbs conjugated in the third person singular present tense: a, -i, or o. These three endings correspond to three categories of suffixes for verbs in the present, past, and future tenses. There are some exceptions to this rule, though generally verbs can be easily conjugated in the aforementioned way. The following tables list sample conjugations of verbs from each ending category. ’jUÄGČ( €Ô€€‚€‚‚˙1st conjugation group (third person singular present tense ending in a)Sample verb: dirbti (to work)-ľÇ×Čc#–€ZÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙Present tenseSimple past tenseFuture•2GČlÉc#–€dÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€4€‚˙€B€‚˙€R€‚˙˙˙1st person singular (I)dirbudirbaudirbsiu–3×ČĘc#–€fÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€8€‚˙€F€‚˙€V€‚˙˙˙2nd person singular (you)dirbidirbaidirbsiš7lÉœĘc#–€nÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€D€‚˙€R€‚˙€`€‚˙˙˙3rd person singular (he/she/it)dirbadirbodirbs˜5Ę4Ëc#–€jÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€2€‚˙€D€‚˙€V€‚˙˙˙1st person plural (we)dirbamedirbomedirbsime™6œĘÍËc#–€lÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€4€‚˙€F€‚˙€X€‚˙˙˙2nd person plural (you)dirbatedirbotedirbsite“04Ë`Ěc#–€`ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€6€‚˙€D€‚˙€R€‚˙˙˙3rd person plural (they)dirbadirbodirbsšlÍËúĚ. ,€Ř€€‚€‚€ €‚˙2nd conjugation group (third person singular present tense ending in i)Sample verb: mylţti (to love)-`ĚŠÍc#–€ZÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙Present tenseSimple past tenseFutureŚ7úĚ0Îo#Ž€nÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€4€‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€X€€ €‚˙˙˙1st person singular (I)myliumylţjaumylţsiuŚ7ŠÍÖÎo#Ž€nÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€8€‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€Z€€ €‚˙˙˙2nd person singular (you)mylimylţjaimylţsiŞ;0΀Ďo#Ž€vÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€D€‚˙€P€€ €‚˙€d€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd person singular (he/she/it)mylimylţjomylţs¨9ÖÎ4o#Ž€rÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€2€‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€Z€€ €‚˙˙˙1st person plura€Ď4ÔĂl (we)mylimemylţjomemylţsimeŠ:€ĎÝo#Ž€tÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€\€€ €‚˙˙˙2nd person plural (you)mylitemylţjotemylţsiteŁ44€o#Ž€hÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€6€‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€V€€ €‚˙˙˙3rd person plural (they)mylimylţjomylţs“kÝ( €Ö€€‚€‚‚˙3rd conjugation group (third person singular present tense ending in o)Sample verb: mokyti (to teach)-€Łc#–€ZÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€€‚˙€$€‚˙€J€‚˙˙˙Present tenseSimple past tenseFuture•28c#–€dÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€4€‚˙€B€‚˙€R€‚˙˙˙1st person singular (I)mokaumokiaumokysiu•2ŁÍc#–€dÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€8€‚˙€F€‚˙€T€‚˙˙˙2nd person singular (you)mokaimokeimokysi 78mi#˘€nÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€D€‚˙€P€€ €‚˙€`€‚˙˙˙3rd person singular (he/she/it)mokomokţmokysž5Í i#˘€jÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€2€‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€V€‚˙˙˙1st person plural (we)mokomemokţmemokysimeŸ6mŞi#˘€lÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€4€‚˙€D€€ €‚˙€X€‚˙˙˙2nd person plural (you)mokotemokţtemokysite™0 Ci#˘€`ÍŇ Ň Ó €€€‚˙€6€‚˙€B€€ €‚˙€R€‚˙˙˙3rd person plural (they)mokomokţmokys~đŞÁ Ž ę€á€€‚‚‚ƒƒ€€ €ƒƒ€ƒƒ€€‚ƒƒ€ƒƒƒ€ƒƒ€€ €‚€ƒƒ€ƒƒƒ€ƒ€€‚ƒ€ƒƒƒ€ƒ€€‚€‚‚€€ ‚€‚˙The verb buti (to be) is irregular. Below is its present tense conjugation. I am a” esuwe aremes esameYou aretu esiyou arejšs esateHe/it isjis yrathey are (m)jie yraShe/it is ji yrathey are (f)jos yraPresent TenseThe present tense in Lithuanian corresponds to several English tenses. For example, for the verb to study, the present tense in Lithuanian can convey the English meanings: I study, I am studying, or I do study. For this reason, it is important to try not to translate too literally or preclude possible English meanings just because the verb forms in the two languages may have different numbers of words. The meaning of the sentence can generally be deducted from the context. pKC1 % €—€€‚‚˙Remember that to conjugate a verb in the present tense, you must know what the last letter of the third person singular conjugation is. That letter, -a, -i, or o, will correspond to one of three sets of endings for the full conjugation. Please refer to the charts above to see the different endings for each conjugation group. (Á Y % €€@‘€€‚˙.÷1 ‡7 <€ď€€€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚˙Simple Past TenseThe simple past is the most commonly used past tense in Lithuanian. It can translate to: I studied, or I was studying in English. It is not used to express habitual actions in the past. Again, the appropriate endings for past tense verbs depends on the ending of the third person singular conjugation. The tables show the different endings for each group. Past Habitual TenseThis tense is used to convey actions that happened frequently or habitual actions in the past. The English equivalent would be, I did something every day of the week when I was younger. This tense is formed by adding the suffix dav to the infinitive stem (the stem is the verb without the it ending) and then adding the endings of the past simple tense. .Y  A_ Œ€]€€ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ€€ €€ €€ €€ €€‚€ ‚€‚€‚€‚€‚€‚˙Example: I studied every day of the week when I was a student. A” mokydavausi kiekvienş dienş kai a” buvau studentas.Future TenseThe future tense in Lithuanian corresponds very closely to the future tense in English. It is formed by adding the suffix s to the ‡ AÔĂinfinitive stem and then adding the appropriate personal endings. These endings are outlined in the tables above. NegationsNegative forms of verbs are created in the same straightforward way in all tenses. You must simply add on the prefix ne to the form of the verb. ”_‡´A5 :€ž€€ƒƒ€€‚ƒƒƒ€€‚˙For example (present tense): nedirba (dont work)(past tense): nedirbo (didnt work)= AńA1w‚܂ńA#BiEPrepositions2´A#B# €€€‚˙Prepositions ŤńA.D` Ž€W€€‚€‚€‚€‚€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚˙Certain noun cases, specifically the genitive, accusative, and instrumental, take prepositions. Other cases, such as the locative and nominative cases, never take prepositions. Below is a brief list of common Lithuanian prepositions and the case they are generally associated with. Used with the genitive casei”from; since; out ofantonikiuntil; up tobe withoutpoafter; pastprienear; next to; at;Ă#BiEx ž€‡€€€ € ƒ€‚€‚€‚€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚‚€‚€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚˙u•behindUsed with the accusative caseđinpasto; atapieaboutperthrough; across; duringUsed with the instrumental casepoundersuwithsuligup totiesby; over= .DŚE1•_€˙˙˙˙ ŚEÜE@GConjunctions6iEÜE& € €€€‚˙ConjunctionsděŚE@Gx ž€Ů€€‚€€‚‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€‚˙Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. Common conjunctions in Lithuanian include:irand betbutaror; whetherta“iauhowever; neverthelessjeiifnesbecausekadthatkoluntilarbaor1ÜE˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙E'<'íŒ&HelvTms RmnSymbolCourierTimes New RomanArialMS SerifMS Sans SerifTimesHelveticaSystemCourier NewNew YorkGenevaLinePrinterCG TimesUniversUnivers CondensedAntique OliveGaramondCG OmegaAlbertus MediumAlbertus Extra BoldClarendon CondensedCoronetńŔŘüŔLetter GothicüŔü{ŔMarigoldńŔŘüŔWingdings°üüŔMarlett űüŔńŔŘüŔArial Greekč’ĹÔüüŔArial TurüŔńŔŘüŔArial BalticNDOWS\TArial CEArial CyrCourier New GreekCourier New TurCourier New BalticCourier New CECourier New CyrńŔTimes New Roman GreTimes New Roman TurTimes New Roman BalTimes New Roman CEĹTimes New Roman CyrTahomaŔč’Ĺ˙üŔHaettenschweilerüŔMT ExtraHC8AR.HMFArial NarrowArial BlackBookman Old StyleMonotype SortsŔč’ĹMap SymbolsńŔŘüŔImpactŔ+ƒŔ¸ţüŔ˜ýüŔMS OutlookĹC:\WComic Sans MSc8VerdanaTLAfricanLatinArial Rounded MT BoBook AntiquaBrush Script MTCentury GothicCentury 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conjugationsconjunctioncontentsfemininegender masculine$mood(noun,overview0preposition4Pronoun8pronunciation<tense@verbDC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc6 ŽIŸC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7o€@‘€ Ň Ó Ś „ } C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\~hc7ńŔŘüŔ e withoutpoafter; pastprienear; next to; at;Ă#BiEx ž€‡€€€ € ƒ€‚€‚€‚€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚‚€‚€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚˙u•behindUsed with the accusative caseđinpasto; atapieaboutperthrough; across; duringUsed with the instrumental casepoundersuwithsuligup totiesby; over= .DŚE1•_€˙˙˙˙ ŚEÜE@GConjunctions6iEÜE& € €€€‚˙ConjunctionsděŚE@Gx ž€Ů€€‚€€‚‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€ €ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€€ƒ‚€‚˙Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. Common conjunctions in Lithuanian include:irand betbutaror; whetherta“iauhowever; neverthelessjeiifnesbecausekadthatkoluntilarbaor1ÜE˙˙˙˙1˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙d the case they are generally associated with. 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