?_aÿÿÿÿMŽQHlK¶Î3Italian Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4ÿÿ ‚ ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXTq|CTXOMAPªR|FONT=C|KWBTREE·`|KWDATAí_|KWMAPŠ`|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREEæh|bm0D‰;Äns-#on_NHÿÿ®n¯BÿÿÿÿpJ¯ -#¯„ŒPÿÿhp¯„ÿÿÿÿôk¯ Rß – ª þÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÀè…«ÀContractions-#<DHÿÿÜn¯Cÿÿÿÿˆúm¯ùÀ-#’ÄPXHÿÿNo¯Cÿÿÿÿ®n¯4¯ ­À‹nÁùÀÒÀè’Ä-#ö þKÿÿhr¯ ÿÿ-#æl¯ Kÿÿ¶s¯ûÿÿÿÿôk¯ÿÿ-#Ün¯“›Gÿÿ@t¯³ÿÿÿÿPl¯ÿÿ-#žJ¯  Jÿÿäs¯~ÿÿÿÿôk¯ÿÿ-#ÌJ¯ Sÿÿ²u¯ÿÿÿÿ6m¯ÿÿ-#úJ¯3 ;Kÿÿt¯¢ÿÿÿÿ"l¯-#-#ÃËSÿÿč/-#-#"*PÿÿÚr¯Õÿÿÿÿ¬l¯ œÁR   Éns >K€R˜ÿÿÿÿ"l¯-#ø .6Rÿÿw¯­ÿÿÿÿPl¯-#s_Ge" *KÿÿŸw¯œÿÿÿÿ~l¯_A-#r_Pr Sÿÿy¯Íÿÿÿÿ¬l¯io-#odÝ åJÿÿ2­>€>ÿÿÿÿ 9ÿÿÿÿE1ðÿÿÿÿìÿÿÿÿEüContents0 u% €€Œ˜€‚ÿContentsEEˆÎ j‹€€‚‚ã*ˆ•e€‰€‚ã)^R/€‰€‚ã’jۀ‰€‚ãÕ©º€‰€‚ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ã¥fŒ€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ãfƒÊ€‰€‚ãEΌ€‰€‚ãìê\U€‰€‚ãœä›€‰€‚ãÕë(W€‰€‚ã}aËT€‰€‚ÿThe following Help Topics are available:Italian Alphabet and Pronunciation Articles Nouns: Gender and Agreement Contractions Adjectives Adverbs Comparison Possessives Demonstratives Pronouns Relative Pronouns Negation Conjugation: Tense, Person, Number 0gužÉ `Ï€ãnž€‰€‚ãi"{€‰€‚ãëä~€‰€‚ã×é]€‰€‚ã\‰€‰€‚ãÁ?° €‰€‚ã ˆÓ“€‰€‚ãUºš€‰€‚ã”εU€‰€‚ã:_W‘€‰€‚ã„×q€‰€‚ã‘ô倉€‚ãx8šŸ€‰€‚ÿPresent Tense Future Tense Imperfect Tense Simple Past Tense Compound (Perfect) Tenses Present Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Pluperfect (Past Perfect) Tense Past Anterior (Preterite Perfect) Tense Conditional Mood Subjunctive Mood Commands (Imperative) Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns <Žˆôˆ ހi€ã-Ò=þ€‰€‚㚊”€‰€‚ãì׶«€‰€‚ã©Œö®€‰€‚ãé5™€‰€‚ã«Zãŀ‰€‚ãàFîo€‰€‚ãL“ƒ€‰€‚ÿPassive and Impersonal Constructions Participles Infinitives Auxiliary Verbs "Lei" and "Tu" "Ne", "Ci" and "Vi" Sentences Grammar Pages2ž&/ .€€Œ!±AÑa€‚ÿ°zôÖ6 <€ö€„H~€‚€†"€€‚ÿFor Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&&ü# €€€‚ÿS"ÖO1Z{ƒOšÏEItalian Alphabet and PronunciationK&üš% €L€Œ˜€‚ÿItalian Alphabet and Pronunciation &OÀ# €€€‚ÿQšA#R€ T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿaas in mamaPÀaA#R€T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿbas in bedz9ÛA#R€rT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿcas in cap before a consonant or the vowels A, O, U.j)aE A#R€RT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿcas in chip before the vowels I or ESÛ˜ A#R€$T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿdas in dollarYE ñ A#R€0T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿe(open) as in elbowZ˜ K A#R€2T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿe(closed) as in egg Qñ œ A#R€ T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿfas in feet}<K  A#R€xT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿgas in gorilla before consonants and the vowels A, O, Um,œ † A#R€XT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿgas in giraffe before the vowels I or EP Ö A#R€T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhis silentp/† F A#R€^T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿias in the e is pronounced in the word egod#Ö ª A#R€FT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿjis only used in foreign wordsd#F  A#R€FT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿkis only used in foreign wordsSª a A#R€$T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlas in letterR ³ A#R€"T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿmas in melonSa A#R€$T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnas in nickel\³ bA#R€6T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿo(open) as in oleander[œA#R€4T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿo(closed) as in olivePb A#R€T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿpas in potRœ_A#R€"T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿqas in queenr1 ÑA#R€bT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿras in the t-o combination of "pot of water"R_/@A#R€"T, €€€Ñ/@ü‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿsas in zebraRс@A#R€"T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿtas in tableQ/@Ò@A#R€ T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿuas in loopQ@#AA#R€ T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvas in vined#Ò@‡AA#R€FT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿwis only used in foreign wordsP#A×AA#R€T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿxas in loxd#‡A;BA#R€FT, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿyis only used in foreign words@×AŒBA#R€€T, €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿzas in TS combination in pits or the DZ combination in pads$ð;BàD4 6€á€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿConsonant ClustersCH before I or E is pronounced as a k sound as in clickGH before I or E is pronounced as a hard g sound as in gallopGLI is pronounced like the -LLI- in millionRR is "trilled" more than a single R. Listening to audio cassettes will give you the correct pronunciationSS is pronounced more like the S in English as in summerZZ as in the TS combination in pits. The exception is the DZ combination in padsS before CI or CE is pronounced as an SH sound as in sheetïÅŒBÏE* "€‹€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿS before CA, CU, CHI or CHE is pronounced as an S sound as in soulGN almost always has the pronunciation of the NY combination as in vineyardGU is pronounced like a GW sound as in language9àDF1ó ìF8F„Articles0 ÏE8F% €€Œ˜€‚ÿArticlesR*FŠG( €U€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ In Italian, the DEFINITE ARTICLE ("articolo determinativo") has a number of different forms, depending on whether the noun it accompanies is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. It also changes its form according to the initial letters of the word that follows it.MASCULINE SINGULAR::8F'Hc#–€tÉO Ž © €€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€V€‚ÿÿÿbefore most consonants:il"il teatro"§DŠGÎHc#–€ˆÉO Ž © €€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿ€l€‚ÿÿÿbefore s + consonant, z, gn, ps:lo"lo specchio"Ž+'H\Ic#–€VÉO Ž © €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿbefore vowels:l'"l'orso"9ÎH•I$ €*€€‚‚ÿMASCULINE PLURAL:˜5\I-Jc#–€jÉO Ž © €€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿbefore most consonants:i"i denti"§D•IÔJc#–€ˆÉO Ž © €€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿ€n€‚ÿÿÿbefore s + consonant, z, gn, ps:gli"gli stivali"—4-JkKc#–€hÉO Ž © €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿbefore vowels:gli"gli alberghi":ÔJ¥K$ €,€€‚‚ÿFEMININE SINGULAR:”1kK9Lc#–€bÍK Ž © €€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿbefore consonants:la"la casa",¥KÈLc#–€XÍK Ž © €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿbefore vowels:l'"l'anima"89LM$ €(€€‚‚ÿFEMININE PLURAL:,ÈLMc#–€XÍK Ž © €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿinvariably:le"le regole"5 MÄO* "€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ Definite articles are used with nouns which are abstract, general or collective: "la vita" ; "l'oro" ; "la gente" . They are often used with parts of the body and articles of clothing, where English would use a possessive adjective: "le mani" ; "le scarpe" .Definite articles are also used with titles preceding a last name, except in direct address: "Il signor Bianchi è di Firenze" BUT "Buon giorno, signor Bianchi" .íÏMœ€* "€‡€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ Another importaÄOœ€ÏEnt use of the definite article is with possessive adjectives: "Ho perso il mio libro" .The INDEFINITE ARTICLES ("articoli indeterminativi") are:MASCULINE:›8ÄOXc#–€pÍK » Ž €€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€V€‚ÿÿÿbefore most consonants:un"un teatro"§Dœ€ÿc#–€ˆÍK » Ž €€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿ€p€‚ÿÿÿbefore s + consonant, z, gn, ps:uno"uno specchio"*XŒ‚c#–€TÍK » Ž €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿbefore vowels:un"un orso"1 ÿœ‚$ €€€‚‚ÿFEMININE:”1Œ‚Qƒc#–€bÍK »   €€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿbefore consonants:una"una casa",œ‚àƒc#–€XÍK »   €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿbefore vowels:un'"un'anima"&Qƒ„# €€€‚ÿ= àƒC„1ˆ{ƒ}C„w„΋Contractions4„w„% €€Œ˜€‚ÿContractionsÝžC„T…% €q€€‚‚ÿThe definite articles form CONTRACTIONS ("contrazioni") with the prepositions "a" , "di" , "da" , "in" , and "su" .®w„†–#ü€0BO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿADIDAINSUµT…·†–#ü€>BO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿILaldeldalnelsul¿)†v‡–#ü€RBO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿLOallodellodallonellosullo¿)·†5ˆ–#ü€RBO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿL'all'dell'dall'nell'sull'¿)v‡ôˆ–#ü€RBO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿLAalladelladallanellasullaŽ5ˆš‰–#ü€<BO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿIaideidaineisuiÀ*ôˆhŠ–#ü€TBO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿGLIaglideglidaglineglisugli¿)š‰'‹–#ü€RBO a j j X j €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿLEalledelledallenellesulle§€hŠÎ‹' €€€‚‚‚‚ÿN.B. Italians sometimes contract con il to col and con i to coi. Modern Italian normally uses separate words.M'‹Œ1h =†Œ_Œ¢ÇNouns: Gender and AgreementD΋_Œ% €>€Œ˜€‚ÿNouns: Gender and AgreementpJŒÏŽ& €•€€‚‚‚ÿNOUNS ("sostantivi") can have two GENDERS ("generi"), masculine and feminine, and two NUMBERS, singular and plural. Generally speaking, masculine nouns end in "-o" (plural "-i") and feminine nouns end in "-a" (plural "-e"): "il libro" , "i libri" ; "la casa" , "le case" .There are exceptions, though. Some feminine nouns end in "-o"; they form the plural in "-i", "la mano" , "le mani" ; some masculine nouns end in "-a"; they form their plural in "-i": "il problema" , "i problemi" . ì_ŒðÀ) €Ù€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿNouns that are abbreviated forms retain the gender of the long form. They do not change in the plural: la foto (fotografia) , le foto ; il cinema (cinematografo) , i cinema .Some masculinώðÀ΋e nouns change their gender to feminine in the plural, with a singular-type "-a" ending rather than the usual plural form "-e": "l'uovo" BUT "le uova" ; "il dito" BUT "le dita" .çώþÂ' €Ï€€‚‚‚‚ÿThere are also a number of nouns which do not end in "-o" or "-a." Nouns ending in "-e," whether masculine or feminine, invariably form the plural in "-i": "il fiore" , "I fiori" ; "la lezione" ; "le lezioni". Nouns ending in "-i" or an accented vowel do not change in the plural: "la crisi" , "le crisi" ; "la virtù" , "le virtù" ; "la città" , "le città" . Á›ðÀ¿Å& €7€€‚‚‚ÿ The same is true of one-syllable nouns, and of foreign loanwords ending in a consonant: "il re" , "i re" ; "il film" , "i film" .Some nouns ending in "-a" or "-e" can be either masculine or feminine, depending on the gender of the person being named by the noun: "il pianista" ; "la pianista" ; "il cantante" , "la cantante" . Other nouns change their ending according to gender: "l'attore" , "l'attrice" ; "il gallo" , "la gallina" ; "il cameriere" , "la cameriera" . ã»þ¢Ç( €w€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿThere are also nouns that have both genders, but with a different meaning for each:"il fine" , "la fine" ; "il tema" , "la tema" .A noun and its modifiers have the same gender and number; this is called AGREEMENT. If a noun is feminine, its modifiers will be feminine: "un antica chiesa" . If a noun is plural, its modifiers will be plural: "i capelli grigi" .; ¿ÅÝÇ1©}ÝÇȇÏAdjectives2 ¢ÇÈ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdjectivesT(ÝÇcÊ, &€Q€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿADJECTIVES ("aggettivi") agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.Regular adjectives with separate masculine and feminine forms end in -o (m.) and -a (f.) in the singular, -i (m.) and -e (f.) in the plural: "Il battello è bianco" ; "La colomba ha un'ala bianca" ; "I miei denti sono bianchi" ; "Le mie scarpe sono bianche" .Regular adjectives with identical masculine and feminine forms have a singular ending "-e" and a plural ending "-i": ÞÈlÌ+ $€œ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"un vestito verde" , "una mela verde" ; "degli alberi verdi" , "delle tartarughe verdi" .N.B. Adjectives describing colors by means of nouns do not change form to show gender or number: "la rosa" , "rosa" , "dei fiori rosa" ; "la viola" , "viola" , "un vestito viola" .Other adjectives describing colors that are invariable are: :cÊŠÎ+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"arancione" , "marrone" , "blu" ,The POSITION of adjectives follows certain rules. Generally speaking, adjectives which describe or differentiate FOLLOW the nouns they modify: "una fontana magnifica" ; "la mano destra" . Adjectives PRECEDE the nouns they modify when they express an essential or characteristic quality, and when they limit or quantify: "un piccolo asino" ; "le poche case" ; "alcuni romanzi" .á¹l̇Ï( €s€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿSome adjectives change meaning when they precede the noun, taking on a figurative sense: "un uomo povero" BUT "un pover' uomo" .8ŠÎ¿Ï1ó=†Ó¿Ï Adverbs/ ‡Ï % €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdverbs¿Ï ‡ÏÓ¿Ï/ ,€§€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿADVERBS ("avverbi") of manner are usually formed by adding the suffix "-mente" to adjectives in their feminine singular form: "esatta" , "esattamente" ."Buono" and "cattivo" have special adverbial forms: "bene" and "male" .Some singular masculine adjectives are used adverbially:"Parlo piano" ; "Abitano vicino" ; "Sempre risponde giusto" .; I1§¯I{ñ Comparison2 {% €€Œ˜€‚ÿComparison#ùIž* "€ó€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe COMPARATIVE form of adjectives and adverbs is expressed by preceding them with "più" or "meno" : "alto" , "più alto" ; "diligentemente" , "meno diligentemente" .The complete comparison is usually expressed with "di" before nouns or pronouns and "che" before modifiers: "Giovanni è più vecchio di te" ; "La lezione è più istruttiva che divertente" .qE{, &€‹€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe RELATIVE SUPERLATIVE of adjectives is expressed by preceding the comparative form with the definite article: "il più giovane" ; "la meno veloce" ; "I meno intelligenti" ; "le più attive" . The definite article is not repeated if it already precedes the noun: "la ragazza più intelligente" .The ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE of an adjective (indicating degree rather than comparison) is regularly formed by adding the suffix "issimo," which is then inflected like a regular adjective: JžY + $€?€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"un libro utilissimo" ; "una donna bellissima" .ADVERBS form the superlative by adding "issimamente" to the stem of adverbs ending in "-mente" and "-issimo" to the stems of other adverbs: "lentamente" , "lentissimamente" ; "spesso" , "spessissimo" .Some commonly used adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms: "bene" , "meglio" , "ottimamente" ; "male" , "peggio" , "pessimamente" .˜rñ & €ä€€‚‚‚‚ÿAdjectives and adverbs are sometimes doubled to express an absolute superlative: "pian piano" .< Y - 1« Ó¶„- ` ²EPossessives3ñ ` % €€Œ˜€‚ÿPossessivesñ- x ' €ã€€‚‚‚‚ÿPOSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ("aggettivi possessivi") and POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ("pronomi possessivi") are usually compound forms which include a definite article that cannot be translated into English.The forms of the possessive adjective are:¡-`  t#ž€ZŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿ€V€‚ÿÿÿMASCULINEFEMININEFEMININEMASCULINE›'x Ž t#ž€NŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARPLURALSINGULARPLURAL›' O t#ž€NŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿil mioi mieila miale mieš4Ž ÷ t#ž€hŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿil tuoi tuoila tuale tue (familiar)±=O št#ž€zŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿil suoi suoila suale sue (polite)§3÷ Ot#ž€fŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿil nostroi nostrila nostrale nostre³?š@t#ž€~Š… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿil vostroi vostrila vostrale vostre (familiar)O@ñ ¹EOÇ@t#ž€ŠŠ… …  ) €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿil loroi lorola lorole loro (polite))@ð@& €€‚]€‚ÿ»’Ç@«C) €%€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿPossessive pronouns are identical in form to possessive adjectives; the difference is in meaning. Where the possessive adjective "il mio" means "my," for example, the possessive pronoun "il mio" means "mine": "le tue scarpe e le mie" .It is important to note that possessives agree in gender and number with the thing possessed, rather than with the possessor:"i miei amici" ; "la loro automobile" .If ambiguity results from the use of possessives, possession may be expressed by means of "di" with a disjunctive pronoun: "la sua valigia" ; "la valigia di lui" .Üð@²E+ $€¹€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿIf the possessor is also the subject of the sentence, "proprio" may be used."Giovanni porta la propria valigia" . "Proprio" MUST be used after impersonal expressions: "Bisogna portare le proprie valige" .When referring to articles of clothing and parts of the body, the definite article is regularly used instead of the possessive adjective: "le scarpe" ; "la testa" .?«CñE1¯2‰ ñE'FƒMDemonstratives6²E'F% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿDemonstrativesd@ñE‹F$ €€€€‚‚ÿThe DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES ("aggettivi dimostrativi") are:z'FGc#–€.œ² Ä Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARPLURALŽ+‹F“Gc#–€Vœ² Ä Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿMASCULINEFEMININEMASCULINEFEMININEl GÿGc#–€œ² Ä Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ“0“G’Hc#–€`œ² Ä Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿquestoquesta questiqueste “0ÿG%Ic#–€`œ² Ä Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿquelloquella quelliquelle ˜5’HœIc#–€jœ² Ä Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿcodestocodesta codesticodeste -%IêI* $€€†!Ññ€‚ÿ âœI÷K+ $€Å€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"Questa" is sometimes shortened to "sta" and contracted with the noun it modifies: "questa sera" , "stasera" .There is elision of "questo," "questa" and "quella" before a noun beginning with a vowel: "quest'aereo" ; "quest'aula" ; "quell'autostrada" .Demonstratives agree in gender and number with the nounsthey modify, and always precede them: "questo libro" ;"quella casa" .ŒfêIƒM& €Í€€‚‚‚ÿThe DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ("pronomi dimostrativi") are identical in form to the demonstrative adjectives, but mean "this one," "that one," etc. They are used alone, but refer back to something mentioned earlier (the antecedent) and agree with it in number and gender: "Questa casa è bianca e quella è nera" .9÷KŒM1ƒ¶„ï„ ŒMìMUÈPronouns0 ƒMìM% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPronouns²ˆŒMžO* "€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿSUBJECT PRONOUNS ("pronomi") are often omitted, since the verb form indicates the subject: "Ho freddo" . When subject pronouns are used, it is for purposes of emphasis, clarification or courtesy: "Io ho freddo" ; "Lui detesta il film" ; "Vorrebbe Lei venire con me?" .The subject pronouns are:'ìMÅO$ €€ր‚ÿgžO8€R#t€*ÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€ÅO8€ƒM€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARPLURALr ÅOª€R#t€@ÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿ1st personio noi y'8€#R#t€NÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿ2nd persontu voi x&ª€›R#t€LÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿ(polite)Lei Loro w%#‚R#t€JÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿ3rd personlui loro n›€‚R#t€8ÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlei loro ~,‚þ‚R#t€XÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿesso (m.)essi (masculine)}+€‚{ƒR#t€VÇÆ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿessa (f.)esse (feminine)òþ‚”…' €å€€‚‚‚‚ÿ"Egli" is sometimes used for "lui" ; "ella" is sometimes used for "lei" . Such usage is mainly literary.OBJECT PRONOUNS are either direct or indirect, and cannot stand alone without a verb. The direct object receives the action of the verb directly while the indirect object is indirectly affected by it. With the exception of "loro," they PRECEDE the conjugated verb: "Ti ho visto ieri" ; "gli ho dato il mio numero di telefono" .c>{ƒ÷…% €|€€‚‚‚ÿThe forms of the direct and indirect object pronouns are:o”…f†R#t€:·    €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARDIRECTINDIRECTm÷…ӆR#t€6·    €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ1stmi mi x&f†K‡R#t€L·    €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ2nd familiarti ti v$ӆÁ‡R#t€H·    €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿ2nd politeLa Le ~,K‡?ˆR#t€X·    €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿ3rd masculinelo gli |*Á‡»ˆR#t€T·    €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿ3rd femininela le . ?ˆéˆ$ €€€‚‚ÿPLURALm»ˆV‰R#t€6À— ß €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ1stci ci x&éˆΉR#t€LÀ— ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ2nd familiarvi vi y'V‰GŠR#t€NÀ— ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿpolite (m.)Li Loro y'ΉÀŠR#t€NÀ— ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿpolite (f.)Le Loro }+GŠ=‹R#t€VÀ— ß €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿ3rd masculineli loro x&ÀŠµ‹R#t€LÀ— ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿfemininele loro 1=‹æ+ $€ €€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿWith the exception of "loro," pronouns regularly precede the conjugated verb, but they are attached to infinitives (which drop the final "-e"), participles and familiar commands: "Sono venuto per vederlo" ; "Sto chiamandolo" ; "Ascoltami" . In a compound (perfect) infinitive, the pronoun is attached to the auxiliary verb: "averti chiamato" . Some one-syllable familiar commands double the first consonant of the object pronoun: ×µ‹ À+ $€¯€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"Dimmi" ."Lo" is used as a neuter pronoun referring back to a general idea or situation: "Vale la pena-- Sì, lo so!" .When direct and indirect pronouns are used together, the indirect pronoun comes first. "Loro" is the exception to this rule; it always follows the verb: "Lo disse loro" .Before "lo," "la," "li," "le," and "ne," the indirect object pronouns change their form as follows:æ ÀƒMqCæ}Â. *€‡€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿmi --> me: "Giovanni me lo diede" ti --> te: "Te lo ho comprato" ci --> ce: "Ce lo dà" vi --> ve: "Ve l'ho detto ieri" gli--> glie: "Glieli manderò" gli --> glie: "Glielo dicono" Note that "glie" combines with the direct object pronoun.The 3rd person reflexive pronoun singular and plural "si" changes to "se" before a direct object pronoun: "Si lava la faccia? Sì, se la lava." jE ÀçÂ% €Š€€‚‚‚ÿAfter prepositions, the following DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS are used:g}ÂNÃR#t€*B  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARPLURAL†4çÂÔÃR#t€hB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿ1st personme noi =NÃcÄR#t€zB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿ2nd personte voi t"ÔÃ×ÄR#t€DB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿpolite:Lei Loro w%cÄNÅR#t€JB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿ3rd personlui loro n×ÄŒÅR#t€8B  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlei loro w%NÅ3ÆR#t€JB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿesso (m.)essi (m.)w%ŒÅªÆR#t€JB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿessa (f.)esse (f.)§U3ÆQÇR#t€ªB  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€Š€‚ÿÿÿsè ߪÆUÈ% €¿€€‚‚ÿThese pronouns, also known as stressed pronouns ("pronomi tonici"), are used most frequently as objects of prepositions. "Parla a me?" "Preferisco lavorare per lei" .BQÇ—È1Æ2‰öˆ —ÈÐÈeÍRelative Pronouns9UÈÐÈ% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿRelative Pronouns"û—ÈòÉ' €÷€€‚‚‚‚ÿRELATIVE PRONOUNS ("pronomi relativi") introduce a subordinate clause and represent persons or things mentioned previously. They can function as either subject or object pronouns without any change in form.The most common relative pronouns are:-ÐÈÌ+ $€€0Öր‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ1) "che" or "il quale" , referring to a specific antecedent: "L'uomo che hai visto è italiano" ; "Giulia, la quale è italiana, non parla inglese" ;2) "quel che," "quello che" or "ciò che" , referring to an unspecified antecedent: "Quel che ha fatto non m'interessa" ; "Non so quello che ha fatto" ; "Fa ciò che vuole" ;„^òÉ£Ì& €Œ€0Öր‚‚ÿ3) the impersonal pronoun "chi" : "Chi ride vince" .˜ÌeÍ* "€1€€‚‚‚€‚ÿAfter a preposition, the invariable pronoun "cui" is used in place of "che": "Ecco la signora di cui parlai" .9£ÌžÍ1ï„ŸŠ žÍÎ͝ÏNegation0 eÍÎÍ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNegationÏžžÍÏ1 0€=€€‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿA verb is negated by preceding it with "non." When there is an object pronoun in front of the verb, "non" comes before the object pronoun: "Non mi telefona" .A negative response, as in English, may consist of the single word "No": "Lei parla italiano?-- No" .Double negatives are standard in Italian: "Non vedo nessuno" .T#ÎÍ 1}öˆӀ W©AConjugation: Tense, Person, NumberÏ ÏK&ÏW% €L€Œ˜€‚ÿConjugation: Tense, Person, Number”p ë$ €à€€‚‚ÿThere are three verb CONJUGATIONS ("coniugazione") in Italian, identified by the endings of the infinitives:”1Wc#–€bÍ] … — €€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATION:-ARE"parlare"•2ëc#–€dÍ] … — €€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿSECOND CONJUGATION:-ERE"vendere"•2©c#–€dÍ] … — €€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATION:-IRE"dormire"0 Ù$ €€€‚‚ÿSee alsop8©I8 @€p€Èã̶²8€‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ÿ1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation^9Ù§% €r€€‚‚‚ÿThere are four SIMPLE TENSES in the indicative mood:qIR#t€>É– à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿPRESENT:"Parlo"w%§R#t€JÉ– à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿFUTURE:"Parlerò"}+ R#t€VÉ– à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿIMPERFECT:"Parlavo"v$‚R#t€HÉ– à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿSIMPLE PAST:"Parlai"b< ä& €x€€‚‚‚‚ÿThere are four COMPOUND TENSES in the indicative mood:;‚qR#t€väÝ  €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿPRESENT PERFECT:"Ho parlato"”BäR#t€„äÝ  €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿ "Sono arrivato"Š8qR#t€päÝ  €€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿFUTURE PERFECT:"Avrò parlato"Ž<R#t€xäÝ  €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿ "Sarò arrivato"/žR#t€^äÝ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿPLUPERFECT:"Avevo parlato"‡5% R#t€jäÝ  €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿ "Ero arrivato"ƒ1žš R#t€bäÝ  €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿPAST ANTERIOR:"Ebbi parlato"‡5% / R#t€jäÝ  €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿ "Fui arrivato"òÊš ! ( €•€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe pluperfect is sometimes called the past perfect or first past perfect; the past anterior is sometimes called the preterite perfect or second past perfect.There are four verbal MOODS ("modi"):C/ d $ €>€ր‚ÿINDICATIVE (stating a fact):Q+! µ & €V€­€€‚‚ÿ "Parlo italiano" L(d  $ €P€ր‚ÿSUBJUNCTIVE (expressing an attitude):jDµ k & €ˆ€­€€‚‚ÿ "Credo che lei parli italiano" N* ¹ $ €T€ր‚ÿCONDITIONAL (indicating a possibility):•ok N & €Þ€­€€‚‚ÿ "Gli studenti parlerebbero italiano se potessero" G"¹ • % €D€ր‚‚ÿIMPERATIVE (giving a command):O*N ä % €T€­€€‚ÿ "Parla italiano!" !û• & €÷€€‚‚‚ÿThe conjugated forms of verbs agree with the person and number of the subject. There are two NUMBERS (singular and plural) and three PERSONS. First person is the speaker; second person is the one spoken to; third person is the one spoken about.Tä YA#R€&f €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARPLURALFŸA#R€ f €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ}<Y(@A#R€xf €€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿ1ST PERSON: io parlo noi parliamo €?Ÿš@A#R€~f €€€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿ2ND PERSON: tu parli voi parlate ‚A(@*AA#R€‚f €€€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿ3RD PERSON: lei parla loro parlano Sš@©A, (€Š€€‚‚€‚€‚ÿThe "Lei/Loro" (polite "you") form of address uses third person verb forms.> *AçA1@ŸŠçABÁ€Present Tense5©AB% € €Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Tense™tçAµB% €è€€‚‚‚ÿThe PRESENT tense ("presente") of regular verbs is formed by adding a set of personal endings to the verb stem.¢.BWCt#ž€\d« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATIONSECOND CONJUGATION‡µBÞCt#ž€&d« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ ¥1WCƒDt#ž€bd« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿ"parlare""vendere"  ÞCEt#ž€d« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿž*ƒD Et#ž€Td« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿioparl-ovend-o¢.EBFt#ž€\d« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿtuparl-ivend-i¥1 EçFt#ž€bd« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿleiparl-avend-e§3BFŽGt#ž€fd« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿnoiparl-iamovend-iamo§3çF5Ht#ž€fd« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿvoiparl-atevend-ete«7ŽGàHt#ž€nd« — Í » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€T€‚ÿÿÿloroparl-anovend-ono (5HI$ €€€‚‚ÿŠ2àH®It#ž€dd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€`€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATIONTHIRD CONJUGATION LONG I-Jt#ž€d  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ€0®IÑJt#ž€`d  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿ"dormire""pulire" -JPKt#ž€d  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¡-ÑJñKt#ž€Zd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿiodorm-opul-isco¥1PK–Lt#ž€bd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿtudorm-ipul-isciš4ñK>Mt#ž€hd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿleidorm-epul-isce§3–LåMt#ž€fd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿnoidorm-iamopul-iamo§3>MŒNt#ž€fd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿvoidorm-itepul-ite­9åM9Ot#ž€rd  ™ » Í €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€V€‚ÿÿÿlorodorm-onopul-iscono|UŒNÁ€' €«€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe present tense can have the sense of the English present progressive: "scrive" . The present tense is also used in conversation to refer 9OÁ€©Ato actions which will take place in the immediate future. It is occasionally used in literature to replace the past tense, lending an immediacy to the narrative (vivid present).= 9Oþ€1; Ӏøþ€3=Future Tense5Á€3% € €Œ˜€‚ÿFuture Tense *þ€]‚& € €€‚‚‚ÿThe FUTURE tense ("futuro") is formed on the basis of a future stem, which is the same as the infinitive (dropping the final "e"), except that the A of 1st conjugation AR verbs changes to E. Identical personal endings are used for all three conjugations:¢.3ÿ‚t#ž€\9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATIONSECOND CONJUGATION ]‚~ƒt#ž€9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ€0ÿ‚"„t#ž€`9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿ"parlare""vendere"š4~ƒʄt#ž€h9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€d€‚ÿÿÿfuture stem: parler-future stem: vender- "„I…t#ž€9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ¬8ʄõ…t#ž€p9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿioparler-òvender-ò²>I…§†t#ž€|9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€D€‚ÿ€Z€‚ÿÿÿtuparler-aivender-ai±=õ…X‡t#ž€z9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€D€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿleiparler-àvender-à³?§† ˆt#ž€~9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€^€‚ÿÿÿnoiparler-emovender-emoµAX‡Àˆt#ž€‚9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€H€‚ÿ€`€‚ÿÿÿvoiparler-etevender-eteºF ˆz‰t#ž€Œ9ç Å Â ¢ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿ€h€‚ÿÿÿloroparler-annovender-anno+Àˆ¥‰( €€„AO€‚ÿjAz‰Š) "€‚€€‚‚‚ƒ‚‚‚ÿTHIRD CONJUGATION"dormire"future stem: dormir-_¥‰nŠA#R€<äB €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿio dormir-òb!ŠЊA#R€BäB €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿtu dormir-aib!nŠ2‹A#R€BäB €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlei dormir-àc"Њ•‹A#R€DäB €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿnoi dormir-emod#2‹ù‹A#R€FäB €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿvoi dormir-eteg&•‹`ŒA#R€LäB €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿloro dormir-annoÝŽù‹=) €i€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿIn addition to expressing future time, the future tense is used to express uncertainty or probability in the present: "Saranno le cinque" .@`Œ}1™ Lƒ}Ž%ÉImperfect Tense7=Ž% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿImperfect Tenseê}Ď& €Õ€€‚‚‚ÿThe IMPERFECT tense ("imperfetto") of regular verbs is formed by replacing the final "re" of the infinitive form with personal endings. Those endings always begin with the letter "v" and are identical for all three conjugations:W)Ž. ,€R€ˆüAñ€ƒƒ‚‚ÿFIRST CONJUGATIONSECOND CONJUGATION‘.Ϭc#–€\Òß — » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿ"parlare""vendere"p/(ÀA#R€^Œ9 €€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿimperfect stem: pa¬(À=rlaimperfect stem: vende.¬VÀ+ &€€ˆüAñ€‚ÿ¬8(ÀÁt#ž€p7 㠔 – €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€\€‚ÿÿÿioparla--vovende--vo°<VÀ²Át#ž€x7 㠔 – €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€J€‚ÿ€`€‚ÿÿÿtuparla--vivende--vi±=ÁcÂt#ž€z7 㠔 – €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿ€b€‚ÿÿÿleiparla--vavende--va³?²ÁÃt#ž€~7 㠔 – €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿ€h€‚ÿÿÿnoiparla--vamovende--vamoµAcÂËÃt#ž€‚7 㠔 – €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿ€j€‚ÿÿÿvoiparla--vatevende--vatežDÃÄt#ž€ˆ7 㠔 – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€T€‚ÿ€n€‚ÿÿÿloroparla--vanovende--vano.ËñÄ+ &€€ˆAñ€‚ÿ;ƒÄìÄ% €,€€‚‚‚ÿTHIRD CONJUGATIONY±ÄEÅA#R€0 €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ"dormire">ìăÅ$ €4€€‚‚ÿimperfect stem: dormi-s!EÅöÅR#t€B]©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿiodormi-vov$ƒÅlÆR#t€H]©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿtudormi-viv$öÅâÆR#t€H]©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿleidormi-vax&lÆZÇR#t€L]©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿnoidormi-vamoy'âÆÓÇR#t€N]©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿvoidormi-vate{)ZÇNÈR#t€R]©  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿlorodormi-vanoתÓÇ%É- (€U€€‚‚€‚€‚ÿ The imperfect tense describes a situation in the past, or an action which was ongoing or repeated. For this reason, it is sometimes called the past descriptive.BNÈgÉ1á øPgÉ ÉZSimple Past Tense9%É É% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿSimple Past TenseÖ°gÉvÊ& €a€€‚‚‚ÿThe SIMPLE PAST tense ("passato remoto") of regular verbs is formed by adding personal endings directly to the verb stems. Each conjugation has a separate set of endings:i( ÉßÊA#R€P†9 €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATIONSECOND CONJUGATION&vÊË# €€€‚ÿ€0ßÊ©Ët#ž€`9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿ"parlare""vendere"‡Ë0Ìt#ž€&9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ  ,©ËÐÌt#ž€X9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿioparl-aivend-eiš40ÌxÍt#ž€h9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿtuparl-astivend-esti£/ÐÌÎt#ž€^9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿleiparl-òvend-è§3xÍÂÎt#ž€f9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿnoiparl-ammovend-emmo©5ÎkÏt#ž€j9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿvoiparl-astevend-este®:ÂÎ%t#ž€t9š ™ š š €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€Z€‚ÿÿÿloroparl-aronokÏ%%Évend-eronoëÂkÏ) €…€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿSecond conjugation -ERE verbs have the following alternate endings (unless the verb stem ends in "-t", as with "pot-ere"): io vend-etti; lei vend-ette; loro vend-ettero.THIRD CONJUGATIONl%|R#t€4í  © €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿ"dormire"YÕR#t€í  © €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿk|@R#t€29©   €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿiodorm-iioÕ¯R#t€:9©   €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿtudorm-istim@R#t€69©   €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿleidorm-ìo¯‹R#t€:9©   €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿnoidorm-immopûR#t€<9©   €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿvoidorm-istes!‹nR#t€B9©   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿlorodorm-ironoìÀûZ, &€€€‚€‚€‚ÿThe simple past tense narrates an action with a beginning and an end. For this reason, it is sometimes called the past historic. It is also called the preterite, or the past absolute.Jn€1B Lƒ,€åCCompound (Perfect) TensesAZå% €8€Œ˜€‚ÿCompound (Perfect) Tensesc9€H* "€s€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe COMPOUND or PERFECT TENSES are formed with the auxiliary verb "avere" or "essere" and the past participle of the main verb."Avere" is used with transitive verbs, and with many intransitive verbs which express an action: "Non l'ho visto" ; "Ho parlato" . The past participle does not agree with the subject, although it agrees with a preceding direct object: "Non l'ho vista" ."Essere" is used with reflexive verbs, reciprocal verbs, and verbs which express a change or continuance in a certain state:Aå‰ * "€/€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"Mi sono lavato" ; "Ci siamo parlati" ; "Eravate partite" .Notice that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb.There are four compound tenses in the INDICATIVE mood:;H R#t€víœ  €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿPRESENT PERFECT:"Ho parlato"ƒ1‰ ™ R#t€bíœ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿ"Sono arrivato"Š8 # R#t€píœ  €€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿFUTURE PERFECT:"Avrò parlato"}+™   R#t€Víœ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿ"Sarò arrivato"/# ! R#t€^íœ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿPLUPERFECT:"Avevo parlato"v$  — R#t€Híœ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿ"Ero arrivato"ƒ1!  R#t€bíœ  €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿPAST ANTERIOR:"Ebbi parlato"v$—  R#t€Híœ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿ"Fui arrivato"Èž X* "€=€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe present perfect uses a present tense auxiliary; the future perfect uses a future tense auxiliary; the pluperfect uses an imperfect auxiliary; the past anterior uses a simple past auxiliary.The pluperfect is sometimes called the past perfect or first past perfect; the past anterior is sometimes called the preterite perfect or second past perfect.There are two compound tenses in the SUBJUNCTIVE mood:‹9  @R#t€r,³ à €€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:"Abbia parlato"X @Zw%Xƒ@R#t€J,³ à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿ"Sia arrivato"Ž< @AR#t€x,³ à €€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿPLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE:"Avessi parlato"x&ƒ@‰AR#t€L,³ à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿ"Fossi arrivato"^9AçA% €r€€‚‚‚ÿThere is one compound tense in the CONDITIONAL mood:Ž<‰AuBR#t€xÛì  €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿPAST CONDITIONAL:"Avrei parlato"-çAôBR#t€ZÛì  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿ"Sarei arrivato"&uBC# €€€‚ÿFôB`C1B PC…`CžC¯LPresent Perfect Tense>CžC% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Perfect Tense ªƒ`CHE' €€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe PRESENT PERFECT tense ("passato prossimo") is formed with a present tense auxiliary verb and a past participle of the main verb. It often should be translated by the English simple past rather than the English perfect tense which it resembles:"L'ho fatto per te" . The present perfect tense describes an action which occurred at a definite time in the past.,žC×Ec#–€XB… j B €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿiohoparlato”1HEkFc#–€bB… j B €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿtuhaiparlato“0×EþFc#–€`B… j B €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿleihaparlato—4kF•Gc#–€hB… j B €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿnoiabbiamoparlato—4þF,Hc#–€hB… j B €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿvoiaveteparlatoš7•GÆHc#–€nB… j B €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿlorohannoparlato(,HîH$ €€€‚‚ÿ•2ÆHƒIc#–€dB… j x €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿiosonoarrivato˜5îHJc#–€jB… j x €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿtuseiarrivato–3ƒI±Jc#–€fB… j x €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿleièarrivata™6JJKc#–€lB… j x €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿnoisiamoarrivati›8±JåKc#–€pB… j x €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoisietearrivati¢?JK‡Lc#–€~B… j x €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿlorosonoarrivate(åK¯L$ €€€‚‚ÿE‡LôL1& ,ôL1M‡Future Perfect Tense=¯L1M% €0€Œ˜€‚ÿFuture Perfect Tense 2 ôLcO' €€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe FUTURE PERFECT tense ("futuro anteriore") is formed with a future tense auxiliary verb and a past participle of the main verb. It describes an action which will occur in the future prior to another future event or situation, and must often be translated by the English present tense: "Quando avrai finito, ceneremo" .The future perfect may also indicate conjecture or possibility with regard to a past event: "Sarà andato al teatro" .(1M‹O$ €€€‚‚ÿ*cO$€c#–€TBj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿioavròparlato‹O$€¯L-‹OŽ€c#–€ZBj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿtuavraiparlato-$€Dc#–€ZBj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿleiavràparlato‘.Ž€Ձc#–€\Bj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿnoiavremoparlato’/Dg‚c#–€^Bj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoiavreteparlato•2Ձü‚c#–€dBj „  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿloroavrannoparlatol g‚hƒc#–€Bj „  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ,ü‚÷ƒc#–€XBj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿiosaròarrivato’/hƒ‰„c#–€^Bj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿtusaraiarrivato’/÷ƒ…c#–€^Bj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿleisaràarrivata“0‰„®…c#–€`Bj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿnoisaremoarrivati”1…B†c#–€bBj „  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿvoisaretearrivatiœ9®…ކc#–€rBj „  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿlorosarannoarrivate&B†‡# €€€‚ÿPކT‡1ðC…€T‡œ‡dÀPluperfect (Past Perfect) TenseH#‡œ‡% €F€Œ˜€‚ÿPluperfect (Past Perfect) Tense “mT‡/‰& €Û€€‚‚‚ÿThe PLUPERFECT or past perfect tense ("trapassato prossimo") is formed with an auxiliary in the imperfect tense and a past participle of the main verb. It is sometimes called the first past perfect, to distinguish it from the past anterior (the second past perfect). It describes an action which occurred in the past prior to another past event or situation.ˆ%œ‡·‰c#–€JT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿioavevoparlatoŠ'/‰AŠc#–€NT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿtuaveviparlato‹(·‰̊c#–€PT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿleiavevaparlatoŒ)AŠX‹c#–€RT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿnoiavevamoparlato*̊å‹c#–€TT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿvoiavevateparlato,X‹tŒc#–€XT  …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿloroavevanoparlatol å‹àŒc#–€T  …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿˆ%tŒhc#–€JT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿioeroarrivatoŠ'àŒòc#–€NT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿtueriarrivato‹(h}Žc#–€PT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿleieraarrivataŽ+ò c#–€VT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿnoieravamoarrivati,}Žšc#–€XT  …  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿvoieravatearrivati˜2 >Àf#œ€dT  …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€€‚ÿÿÿš>À‡loroeranoarrivate&šdÀ# €€€‚ÿX'>ÀŒÀ1' ¬„ŒÀ ÁËPast Anterior (Preterite Perfect) TenseO*dÀ Á% €T€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Anterior (Preterite Perfect) Tensed>ŒÀoÃ& €}€€‚‚‚ÿThe PAST ANTERIOR or preterite perfect tense ("trapassato remoto") is formed with an auxiliary in the simple past tense along with a past participle of the main verb. It is sometimes called the second past perfect, to distinguish it from the pluperfect tense (the first past perfect).The past anterior is a literary tense, not used in conversation. Like the pluperfect, it describes an action which took place in the past prior to another past action (in the simple past tense), and must be introduced by "quando" , "dopo che" or "appena" : oK ÁÞÃ$ €–€€‚‚ÿ"Quando avesti finito, cenammo" .‡$oÃeÄc#–€HB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿioebbiparlato‹(ÞÃðÄc#–€PB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿtuavestiparlatoŠ'eÄzÅc#–€NB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿleiebbeparlato‹(ðÄÆc#–€PB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿnoiavemmoparlatoŒ)zÅ‘Æc#–€RB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoiavesteparlatoŽ+ÆÇc#–€VB… —  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿloroebberoparlatol ‘Æ‹Çc#–€B… —  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿˆ%ÇÈc#–€JB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿiofuiarrivatoŒ)‹ÇŸÈc#–€RB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿtufostiarrivatoŠ'È)Éc#–€NB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿleifuarrivataŒ)ŸÈµÉc#–€RB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿnoifummoarrivati*)ÉBÊc#–€TB… —  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoifostearrivati™3µÉÛÊf#œ€fB… —  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿlorofuronoarrivate&BÊË# €€€‚ÿAÛÊBË1•€€BË{Ë @Conditional Mood9Ë{Ë% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿConditional Mood O&BËÊÍ) €M€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe CONDITIONAL mood ("condizionale") is used to express a doubt, a wish or a possibility: "Che cosa avremmo dovuto fare?" ; "Vorrei un panino al prosciutto" ; "Gli studenti parlerebbero italiano, se potessero" .The past conditional is used with a past tense verb of saying: "Disse che sarebbe venuta" .The conditional is based on the future stem, and adds identical personal endings to all three conjugations:h@{Ë2Î( €€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿFIRST CONJUGATION"parlare" future stem: parlers!ÊÍ¥ÎR#t€BÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿioparler-eiw%2ÎÏR#t€JÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿtuparler-estix&¥Î”ÏR#t€LÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿleiparler-ebbew%ÏR#t€JÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿnoiparler-emmox&”ϏR#t€LÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿvoiparler-este|* R#t€TÍ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿloroparler-ebbero+6( €€„!Ñ€‚ÿiA Ÿ( €‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿSECOND CONJUGATION"vendere" future stem: vender-r 6R#t€@Í  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿiovender-eiv$Ÿ‡R#t€HÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿtuvender-estiw%þR#t€JÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿleivender-ebbev$‡tR#t€HÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿnoivender-emmow%þëR#t€JÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿvoivender-este{)tfR#t€RÍ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿlorovender-ebberokBëÑ) "€„€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTHIRD CONJUGATION"dormire" future stem: dormir-s!fDR#t€BÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿiodormir-eiw%Ñ»R#t€JÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿtudormir-estix&D3R#t€LÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿleidormir-ebbew%»ªR#t€JÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿnoidormir-emmox&3"R#t€LÍ  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿvoidormir-este|*ªžR#t€TÍ  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿlorodormir-ebbero+"É( €€„!Ñ€‚ÿ¿™žˆ& €3€€‚‚‚ÿThe PAST CONDITIONAL ("condizionale passato") is a perfect tense using the conditional of the auxiliary verb and a past participle of the main verb.,É c#–€X]— ¢ [ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿioavreiparlato“0ˆª c#–€`]— ¢ [ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿtuavrestiparlato”1 > c#–€b]— ¢ [ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿleiavrebbeparlato“0ª Ñ c#–€`]— ¢ [ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿnoiavremmoparlato”1> e c#–€b]— ¢ [ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿvoiavresteparlato˜5Ñ ý c#–€j]— ¢ [ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿloroavrebberoparlato-e * * $€€†!Ññ€‚ÿ‘.ý » c#–€\]—  ` €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿiosareiarrivato•2* P c#–€d]—  ` €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿtusarestiarrivato–3» æ c#–€f]—  ` €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿleisarebbearrivata•2P {c#–€d]—  ` €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿnoisaremmoarrivati–3æ c#–€f]—  ` €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿvoisarestearrivatiŸ<{°c#–€x]—  ` €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿlorosarebberoarrivate+ @( €€„!Ñ€‚ÿ° @ËA°M@1:'¬„‚ M@†@ÇSubjunctive Mood9 @†@% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿSubjunctive Mood åM@”B) €Ë€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe SUBJUNCTIVE ("congiuntivo") indicates a subjective attitude toward the action or situation described by the verb. It is used to express an opinion or an uncertainty: "Penso che dorma" ; "Che abbia venduto la macchina?" ; "Desidero che venga con me" .Šz†@:D, &€õ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe subjunctive is always used after impersonal constructions ("It is...") and for the polite imperative ("Lei"):"Bisogna che venda la sua macchina" ; "Parli piano" .The subjunctive has four tenses: present, perfect, imperfect and pluperfect.The PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ("congiuntivo presente") is formed as follows:i(”B£DA#R€P} €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATIONSECOND CONJUGATIONF:DéDA#R€ } €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿm,£DVEA#R€X} €€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿ"parlare" "vendere" +éDE( €€„!a€‚ÿz(VEûER#t€PK)  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿioparl-i vend-a ~,EyFR#t€XK)  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿtuparl-i vend-a /ûEúFR#t€^K)  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿleiparl-i vend-a ƒ1yF}GR#t€bK)  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿnoiparl-iamo vend-iamo …3úFHR#t€fK)  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿvoiparl-iate vend-iate †4}GˆHR#t€hK)  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿloroparl-ino vend-ano -HµH) "€€„!a€‚‚ÿ€.ˆH5IR#t€\K) . €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATIONTHIRD CONJUGATION LONGYµHŽIR#t€K) . €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ€.5IJR#t€\K) . €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ"dormire" "pulire" YŽIgJR#t€K) . €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ}+JäJR#t€VK) . €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿiodorm-a pul-isca /gJeKR#t€^K) . €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿtudorm-a pul-isca …3äJêKR#t€fK) . €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿleidorm-a pul-isca ƒ1eKmLR#t€bK) . €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿnoidorm-iamo pul-iamo …3êKòLR#t€fK) . €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿvoidorm-iate pul-iate ‰7mL{MR#t€nK) . €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿlorodorm-ano pul-iscano Ô­òLON' €[€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ("congiuntivo imperfetto") is formed by adding personal endings to the imperfect stem. The endings are identical for all three conjugations:|*{MËNR#t€T]  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATIONSECOND CONJUGATIONYON$OR#t€]  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ€.ËN€OR#t€\]  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ"parlare" "vendere" …3$O5€R#t€f]  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿimperfe€O5€ @ct stem: parla-imperfect stem: vende-Y€OŽ€R#t€]  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿˆ65€R#t€l]  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€D€‚ÿÿÿioparla-ssi vende-ssi Œ:Ž€¢R#t€t]  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€H€‚ÿÿÿtuparla-ssi vende-ssi ;/‚R#t€v]  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿleiparla-sse vende-sse =¢Ÿ‚R#t€z]  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿnoiparla-ssimo vende-ssimo ;/‚KƒR#t€v]  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿvoiparla-ste vende-ste ”BŸ‚߃R#t€„]  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿloroparla-ssero vende-ssero mDKƒL„) "€ˆ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTHIRD CONJUGATION"dormire" imperfect stem: dormi-t"߃À„R#t€D©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿiodormi-ssiw%L„7…R#t€J©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿtudormi-ssiw%À„®…R#t€J©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿleidormi-ssey'7…'†R#t€N©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿnoidormi-ssimox&®…Ÿ†R#t€L©  €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿvoidormi-ste|*'†‡R#t€T©  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿlorodormi-sseroÒ«Ÿ†í‡' €W€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE or PAST SUBJUNCTIVE ("congiuntivo passato") consists of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb and a past participle of the main verb.’/‡ˆc#–€^Ks | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿioabbiaparlato–3퇉c#–€fKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿtuabbiaparlato–3ˆ«‰c#–€fKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿleiabbiaparlato—4‰BŠc#–€hKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿnoiabbiamoparlato™6«‰ۊc#–€lKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿvoiabbiateparlatoœ9BŠw‹c#–€rKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿloroabbianoparlatol ۊã‹c#–€Ks | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ”1w‹wŒc#–€bKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿiosiaarrivato˜5㋍c#–€jKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿtusiaarrivato˜5wŒ§c#–€jKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿleisiaarrivata™6@Žc#–€lKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿnoisiamoarrivati›8§ێc#–€pKs | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoisiatearrivati£@@Ž~c#–€€Ks | ¥ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿlorosianoarrivateȡێRÀ' €C€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ("congiuntivo trapassato") consists of the imperfect subjunct~RÀ @ive of the auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb.‰&~ÛÀc#–€LT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿioavessiparlato‹(RÀfÁc#–€PT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿtuavessiparlatoŒ)ÛÀòÁc#–€RT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿleiavesseparlato*fÁÂc#–€TT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿnoiavessimoparlatoŒ)òÁ Ãc#–€RT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoiavesteparlato-›Ãc#–€ZT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿloroavesseroparlatol ÃÄc#–€T… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿŠ'›Ã‘Äc#–€NT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿiofossiarrivatoŒ)ÄÅc#–€RT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿtufossiarrivato*‘ĪÅc#–€TT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿleifossearrivataŽ+Å8Æc#–€VT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿnoifossimoarrivati*ªÅÅÆc#–€TT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿvoifostearrivati–38Æ[Çc#–€fT… Ž ñ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿlorofosseroarrivate&ÅƁÇ# €€€‚ÿF[ÇÇÇ1Z€| ÇÇÈ1Commands (Imperative)=ÇÈ% €0€Œ˜€‚ÿCommands (Imperative)„]ÇLjÉ' €»€€‚‚‚‚ÿStrictly speaking, the imperative mood is only used for second person ("you") familiar commands. For the other persons, the subjunctive mood is used.Familiar ("tu" and "voi") positive commands are expressed by using the present indicative form, except that the imperative singular of first conjugation -ARE verbs ends in "-a" instead of "-i":Š8ÈÊR#t€pBB · €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATION (-ARE)SECOND CONJUGATION (-ERE)YˆÉkÊR#t€BB · €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ}+ÊèÊR#t€VBB · €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿtuparla vendi jkÊRËR#t€0BB · €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvoiparlatevendeteYèÊ«ËR#t€BB · €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ‡5RË2ÌR#t€jBB · €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATION (-ERE)THIRD CONJUGATION LONGy'«Ë«ÌR#t€NBB · €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿtudormi pulisci i2ÌÍR#t€.BB · €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvoidormitepuliteá«Ì"Ï- (€Ã€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe NEGATIVE of familiar singular commands is expressed with the infinitive form"Non parlare" ; "Non vendere la tua macchina" ; "Non dormire" . This is also the form used in written instructions (public signs, recipes, etc.), where it has a polite, impersonal sense: "Non fumare" .The polite forms of the second person ("Lei/Loro") and the first person plural ("noi") use the present subjunctive for commands:&ÍHÏ# €€€‚ÿj"ϲÏR#t€0K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATIONYHÏR#t€K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €²ÏÇ‚ÿÿÿs!²ÏŠR#t€BK ] €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿLeiparliz(R#t€PK ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿLoroparlinoqŠuR#t€>K ] €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿnoiparliamoYÎR#t€K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿku9R#t€2K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿSECOND CONJUGATIONYÎ’R#t€K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿr 9R#t€@K ] €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿLeivendax&’|R#t€LK ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿLorovendanoY|ER#t€K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿjì¯R#t€0K ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿTHIRD CONJUGATIONs!E"R#t€BK ] €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿLeidormaz(¯œR#t€PK ] €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿLorodormanoq" R#t€>K ] €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿnoidormiamo$œ1" €€€ÿM ~1$‚ . ~µ Reflexive Verbs and PronounsD1Â% €>€Œ˜€‚ÿReflexive Verbs and Pronouns$û~æ) €÷€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿA REFLEXIVE VERB ("verbo riflessivo") expresses an action in which the subject is also the object: "Mi lavo" . Reflexive verbs are conjugated with reflexive pronouns which normally precede the finite verb form but are attached to infinitives, adverbial participles (usually called gerunds) and affirmative commands: "Mi lavo" ; "lavarsi" ; "lavandoci" ; "Lavati" .Reflexive verbs can also express RECIPROCAL actions:խ» ( €[€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"Si parlano" .REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS have the same form as direct object pronouns except in the third person, where the invariable form is "si."gæ" R#t€*®ñ ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSINGULARPLURALY» { R#t€®ñ ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ/" ü R#t€^®ñ ß €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿFirst person:mi ci „2{ € R#t€d®ñ ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿ2nd familiarti vi ƒ1ü  R#t€b®ñ ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿ2nd polite:si si Œ:€  R#t€t®ñ ß €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿThird person: si si & µ # €€€‚ÿU$  1;|   W CPassive and Impersonal ConstructionsM(µ W % €P€Œ˜€‚ÿPassive and Impersonal Constructions @ —* "€-€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿIn the PASSIVE VOICE, a verb is turned around so that its object becomes the grammatical subject. When the agent (doer) of the action is specified, the passive voice is expressed by the following construction:SUBJECT + "essere" + past participle + "da" + AGENTExample:vPW  & € €0Öր‚‚ÿ"Questa lettera è stata scritta da Paolo" zQ—“A) €£€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿSince the past participle acts as a predicate adjective (following the verb "is") in this construction, it agrees in gender and number with the subject.If the passive subject is a thing and the doe “Aµ r is not mentioned, then a construction called the "SI PASSIVANTE" may be used. This passive reflexive construction is formed with the pronoun "si": "Qui si vendono molti libri" ."Si" is also used as an impersonal pronoun (like the English "one" or "they"> to form IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS with an indefinite subject: "Qui si mangia bene" . 㠝B' €Ç€€‚‚‚‚ÿIn compound tenses, impersonal "si" constructions must be conjugated with "essere" as the auxiliary, even when the verb would otherwise be conjugated with "avere": "Qui si è lavorato molto" . S#“AðB0 0€F€˜€€ãÔꉀ‚ÿSee also Passive Conjugation&BC# €€€‚ÿ< ðBRC1Ò.  RC†C(‡Participles4C†C% €€Œ˜€‚ÿParticiples ŽjRCD$ €Ô€€‚‚ÿThe ADVERBIAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE or gerund ("gerundio") is formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem:š†CÖD( €5€0Öր‚‚‚ÿ -ARE verbs add "-ando": parl-ando -ERE verbs add "-endo": vend-endo -IRE verbs add "-endo": dorm-endo $ÿDúF% €ÿ€€‚‚ÿAdverbial participles answer questions about the action expressed by the main verb: "Sbagliando si impara" (answering the question, "How does one learn?"). They are used like English present participles to form progressive tenses with the verb "stare": "Sto parlando" (Present progressive, answering the question, "What am I engaged in doing?"); "Stava dormendo" (Past progressive, answering the question, "What was he engaged in doing?"). §€ÖD¡H' €€€‚‚‚‚ÿBecause they function as adverbs, defining an action, these participles are invariable in form, and do not agree in gender or number with the subject of the verb.The ADVERBIAL PERFECT PARTICIPLE is formed with the adverbial present participle of the auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb: "avendo parlato" ; "essendo arrivato" . …^úF&J' €œ€0Öր‚‚ÿNOTE: The Italian name "gerundio" has led to the use of the English word "gerund" to denote adverbial participles. This is misleading, since the English gerund is a verbal noun ("Walking is good exercise"). It is best for English--speaking students to avoid using the term "gerund" when studying the Romance languages like Spanish and Italian.·‘¡HÝJ& €#€€‚‚‚ÿThe ADJECTIVAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE or simple participle ("participio presente") is formed by adding the following suffixes to the verb stem:(&JK% €€0Öր‚ÿ‡5ÝJŒKR#t€j€ © €€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿ -ARE verbs add "-ante":parlante†4KLR#t€h€ © €€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿ -ERE verbs add "-ente":vendente‡5ŒK™LR#t€j€ © €€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿ -IRE verbs add "-ente":dormenteJ"LãM( €E€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ The ending follows the form of unisex adjectives ending in "e," changing to "i" in the plural: "l'uomo dormente" ; "le lezioni seguenti" .The PAST PARTICIPLE ("participio passato") is formed by adding the following suffixes to the verb stem:(™L N% €€0Öր‚ÿƒ1ãMŽNR#t€b#“ ¶ €€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿ -ARE verbs add "-ato":parlato/ NOR#t€^#“ ¶ €€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿ -ERE verbs add "-uto":venduto‚0ŽN‘OR#t€`#“ ¶ €€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿ -IRE verbs add "-ito":dormito[6O €% €l€€‚‚‚ÿThe ending is inflected like a regular adjective:‘O €C”1‘O €c#–€b#“   €€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€P€‚ÿÿÿMASCULINE SINGULAR:parlatovendutodormito“0 €3c#–€`#“   €€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€N€‚ÿÿÿFEMININE SINGULAR:parlatavendutadormita’/ €Łc#–€^#“   €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€L€‚ÿÿÿMASCULINE PLURAL:parlativendutidormiti‘.3V‚c#–€\#“   €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿFEMININE PLURAL:parlatevendutedormiteðŁl„& €á€€‚‚‚ÿWhen used with the auxiliary verb "essere" to form compound tenses, the past participle agrees in person and number with the subject of the verb: "Giulia è arrivata" .When used with the auxiliary verb "avere" to form compound tenses, the past participle has an invariable ending, except that it can agree with a preceding direct object: "Ho comprato una macchina fotografica" ; "Ecco la cartolina postale che ho comprata" .÷V‚ˆ†% €ï€€‚‚ÿThe past participle can also be used in what is called the ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION, where it modifies a noun to form a phrase with no strict grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence: "Finita la lezione, sono partiti" . The noun being modified may form part of the absolute construction, as in the preceding example, or it may be the subject of the main clause: "Arrivata a Firenze, Giulia gli telefonò" . {l„(‡% €ö€€‚‚‚ÿNote that the past participle agrees in both gender and number with the noun it modifies in the absolute construction.< ˆ†d‡1Ü  ᄠd‡˜‡KÇInfinitives4(‡˜‡% €€Œ˜€‚ÿInfinitives Þd‡[ˆ% €=€€‚‚ÿThe INFINITIVE ("infinito") is the basic form of a verb given in a dictionary. There is a different infinitive ending for each of the three conjugations:-˜‡ڈR#t€Zö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ1ST CONJUGATION:-AREparlare |*[ˆV‰R#t€Tö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿreflexive:lavarsi Yڈ¯‰R#t€ö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ~,V‰-ŠR#t€Xö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ2ND CONJUGATION:-EREvendere x&¯‰¥ŠR#t€Lö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿreflexive:sedersi Y-ŠþŠR#t€ö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ-¥Š}‹R#t€Zö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿ3RD CONJUGATION:-IREdormire v$þŠó‹R#t€Hö‹ ý €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿreflexive:sentirsi "ú}‹( €õ€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿInfinitives have two tenses: present and past. The present infinitive is the simple form given above. The past infinitive is a compound form consisting of the present infinitive of the auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb:k󋀍R#t€2öÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿFIRST CONJUGATION:v$öR#t€HöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿavere parlatoy'€oŽR#t€NöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿessere arrivato‰7öøŽR#t€nöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿreflexive:essersi lavato&oŽ# €€€‚ÿiøŽ‡R#t€.öÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿ2ND CONJUGATION:t" ÀR#t€DöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿavere venduto‡ À(‡v$‡‚ÀR#t€HöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿessere cadutoƒ1 ÀÁR#t€böÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿreflexive:essersi seduto&‚À+Á# €€€‚ÿiÁ”ÁR#t€.öÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿ3RD CONJUGATION:u#+Á ÂR#t€FöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿavere dormitox&”ÁÂR#t€LöÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿessere uscito€. ÂÃR#t€\öÄ ' €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿreflexive:essersi sentito܁ÂÅ( €¹€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿInfinitives can function as VERBAL NOUNS, with or without an accompanying definite article (invariably masculine singular):"Il ballare è molto divertente" .The infinitive is nearly always used after the MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS "potere" , "dovere" and "volere" : "Non può parlare" ; "Ho dovuto portare il loro bagaglio" ; "Voglio mangiare" .FÃKÇ' €?€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe infinitive is used for familiar NEGATIVE COMMANDS: "Non andare" . It can also be used to give impersonal commands (the type found on public signs, etc.): "Non fumare" .The infinitive is also used after verbs which are followed by the linking prepositions "a" and "di," and with the causative of "fare" (to make something be done): "Cominciarono a cantare" ; "Speravano di essere a tempo" ; "Fa' correggere gli errori" .@Å‹Ç1ÿ  xˆ ‹ÇÃÇ‘ËAuxiliary Verbs8KÇÃÇ% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿAuxiliary Verbs Þ‹ÇÆÉ% €œ€€‚‚ÿ"Avere" and "essere" are used as AUXILIARY VERBS ("verbi ausiliari") to form the compound tenses. Generally speaking, "avere" is used with TRANSITIVE verbs (verbs which take an object) while "essere" is used with REFLEXIVE and INTRANSITIVE verbs (verbs of motion, position, physical or mental condition, etc.): "Abbiamo venduto la casa" ; "Si è frenata" ; "Voi siete arrivati a tempo" .ËŠÃÇ‘Ë% €M€€‚‚ÿ"Stare" is used as an auxiliary verb with adverbial participles (socalled gerunds) to form PROGRESSIVE TENSES. The present progressive uses the present tense of "stare": "Sto parlando" . The past progressive uses the imperfect tense of "stare": "Stava leggendo" . "Andare" is used in a similar fashion as an auxiliary verb: "Andava cantando" .?ÆÉÐË1qᄠ~‹ ÐËÌFÏ"Lei" and "Tu"6‘ËÌ% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿ"Lei" and "Tu"òÐË Ï( €å€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"Tu" (plural "voi") is the familiar form of address; to use it is to "dare del tu." This form of address is used with family members, close friends, children and pet animals: "Tu vai al teatro?" . The polite form "Lei" (plural "Loro") is more commonly used in conversation. Lei and Loro do not have to be capitalized within a sentence. To use it is to "dare del Lei": "Vorrebbe Lei venire con me?" .The polite form of address uses third person verb forms, even though the voice is actually second person (direct address). This gives a sense of formality and respectful distance to the conversation: "Dove abita lei?" ; "Dove abita Lei?" .&ÌFÏ# €€€‚ÿD ÏŠÏ1‡xˆ · ŠÏÅÏ-"Ne", "Ci" and "Vi";FÏÅÏ% €,€Œ˜€‚ÿ"Ne", "Ci" and "Vi"~VŠÏO( €­€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿWhen used as a PROÅÏOFÏNOMINAL PARTICLE, "ne" stands for something mentioned earlier, and means "of it," "about them," etc.: "Non ne ho bisogno" .When used as an ADVERBIAL PARTICLE, "ne" means "from there," "from here": "Ne siamo appena tornati" ."Ci" and "vi" are object pronouns, but they are also used as pronominal particles representing a previously mentioned noun or verb with the understood preposition "a." When used that way, "ci" and "vi" mean "to it/them," "in it/them," "about it/them," etc.: "Ci penso" .Þ·ÅÏ-' €o€€‚‚‚‚ÿWhen used as adverbial particles, they mean "there" or "to there": "Ci vado" ."Ci" and "vi" change to "ce" and "ve" in front of "lo," "la," "li," "le" and "ne.": Og12~‹ 0 !g˜™Sentences1 -˜% €€Œ˜€‚ÿSentences ÓgžM h€§€€‚€ƒ€€‚€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿSentences are made up of one or more CLAUSES. A clause consists of a SUBJECT (a noun or pronoun) and a PREDICATE (what is said about the noun or pronoun). The predicate always contains a verb. In the simple sentence Il re ama la regina. is the subject and is the predicate. When an adjective or noun is used along with the verb essere in order to tell us what is being asserted about someone or something, the adjective or noun is said to be in the predicative position. In the sentence Il re è un amante, amante is a predicate noun. Predicate adjectives and nouns have the same case as the noun or pronoun they inform us about.ᚘ™G \€5€€‚€€€€‚‚€‚€€€€€‚‚ÿThe DIRECT OBJECT of a verb is a noun or pronoun which receives its action. In the sentence Il re ama la regina , is the direct object of the verb.Some verbs take an INDIRECT OBJECT. In the sentence Il re dà un regalo alla regina , regalo is the direct object and alla regina is the indirect object.> ž×1&· µ "×  Grammar Pages6™ & € €Œ˜˜€‚ÿGrammar Pages6 ×C + &€€ž˜ãÃt÷¶€‰‚ÿNumber¿j  U z€Ô€˜ã+† V€‰‚ã‹—4뉂ã¥d?쉂ã̶²8‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ãÔꉂÿPersonGenderElision1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd ConjugationPassive Conjugation7C 9 1„0 L #9 h ÇBNumber/  h & €€Œ˜˜€‚ÿNumbern=9 Ö 1 2€z€ž˜€€ €€ €‚ÿThere are two numbers in Italian: singular and plural.\8h 2 $ €p€˜€‚ÿMost nouns in Italian have singular and plural forms:b8Ö ” * $€p€RȀ ‚€‚ÿla famiglia, le famiglie (the family, the families)f,2 ú : D€X€R˜€ ‚€ã’jۀ ‰€ ‚€‚ÿSee Nouns: Gender and Agreement T0” N $ €`€˜€‚ÿPronouns also have singular and plural forms:)ú w & €€R˜€ ‚ÿ£nN  5#:€Üe €€€‚€ ‚ÿÿÿil mio, la mia (mine [singular, masculine, feminine])i miei, le mie (mine [plural, masculine, feminine]) Lw f 6 <€,€R˜€ ‚€ãìê\U€ ‰€ ‚ÿSee Pronouns - “ * $€€RȄŽ!€‚ÿjDf ý & €ˆ€R˜€‚ÿAdjectives and articles agree with nouns in number and in gender..“ ++ &€€ R†:å퀂ÿf!ý ‘E#Z€BÌeN €€ R€‚ÿ€$€ R‚ÿÿÿil vecchio cane(the old dog)h#+ùE#Z€FÌeN €€ R€‚ÿ€$€ R‚ÿÿÿla ragazza alta(the tall girl)2‘+* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee Cùn3 6€ €RȄÆ!ãú³ŽÕ€ ‰€‚ÿAdjectives?+­1 2€€RȂÆã)^R/€ ‰€‚ÿArticlesœunU@' €ê€R˜€‚‚ÿVerbs and different verbal forms (present ­U@ and past participles) agree with the subject of the sentence in number:nF­Ã@( €Œ€RȀ‚‚‚ÿ(Noi) portiamo le scarpe marroni. (We are wearing brown shoes.)œ€U@€A= H€€R˜€ ‚€€ €€ €€ €‚ÿPortiamo is 1st person plural, present tense of the verb portare. It agrees in number with the personal pronoun noi.2Ã@²A* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee X)€A B/ .€R€RÈã}aËT€ ‰€‚ÿConjugation: Tense, Person, Number”R²AžBB T€€€Èã-Ò=þ€ ‰€‚㚊”€ ‰€‚ãÔꉂÿPassive and Impersonal Constructions Participles Passive Conjugation) BÇB& €€R˜€‚ÿ7žBþB1Tµ Մ $þB-CPJPerson/ ÇB-C& €€Œ˜˜€‚ÿPersonÀóþBíEÍ hç€ž€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿGrammatical person indicates the relationship of speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group (io, me, a me, il mio, noi, il nostro). Second person refers to whomever is being spoken to (tu, te, a te, il tuo,voi, il vostro). Third person refers to the entity being spoken about (lui, lei, lo, la, li, gli, le, il suo, i, le, gli, i loro, le loro ai loro, alle loro, il loro, si).*-CF$ € €ž€‚ÿSee>íEUF/ .€€R˜ãìê\U€ ‰€‚ÿPronouns (F}F% €€R˜€‚ÿƒ\UFG' €ž€R˜€‚‚ÿVerbs are inflected (receive different endings) to agree with the person of the subject:m}FmGU#z€0±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿparlare (to talk)Š)G÷Ga#’€R±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€2€€ €‚ÿÿÿ1st personio parlonoi parliamo‰(mG€Ha#’€P±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€2€€ €‚ÿÿÿ2nd persontu parlivoi parlate.÷GIa#’€\±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€<€€ €‚ÿÿÿ3rd personlui/lei parlaloro parlano2€HAI* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee X)I™I/ .€R€R˜ã}aËT€ ‰€‚ÿConjugation: Tense, Person, NumberŽNAI'J@ P€œ€˜ã̶²8€‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ãÔꉂÿ1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd ConjugationPassive Conjugation)™IPJ& €€R˜€‚ÿ7'J‡J1‚L W %‡J¶JGender/ PJ¶J& €€Œ˜˜€‚ÿGenderq@‡J'K1 2€€€ž˜€€ €€ €‚ÿThere are two genders in Italian: masculine and feminine._:¶J†K% €t€˜€‚‚ÿAll nouns in Italian are either masculine or feminine.g<'KíL+ $€y€˜„Ž!€‚‚ÿAlthough there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word.\†KIMC#V€2­Aè €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿla ragazza(the girl)VíLŸMC#V€&­Aè €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿluomo(the man)YIMøMC#V€,­Aè €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿla mano(the hand)bŸMZNC#V€>­Aè €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿil giornale(the newspaper)2øMŒN+ &€€R˜„Ž!€‚‚ÿSeeU"ZNáN3 6€D€RȄŽ!ã’jۀ ‰€‚ÿNouns: Gender and Agreement?ŒN,€. *€#€R˜„Ž!€‚‚‚‚ÿKnowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, participles, and pronouns. They agree in the gender and in áN,€PJthe number with the noun.SeeŒTáNè€h  €š€ÈˆlŽüEãú³ŽÕ€ ‰€‚ã)^R/€ ‰€‚㚊”€ ‰€ €‚ãìê\U€ ‰€‚ãÔꉀ ‚ÿAdjectivesArticlesParticiples PronounsPassive Conjugation(,€% €€RȀ‚ÿ8è€H1}Մ š &HxĈElision0 x& €€Œ˜˜€‚ÿElisionñªHiƒG \€U€ž˜€€ €‚‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿElision in Italian occurs when the final vowel of a word is dropped before another word beginning with a vowel (this term includes words beginning with mute h). The fact that the vowel has been elided is indicated by an apostrophe.Elision occurs in the following circumstances:1.The pronouns mi, ti, vi, lo, and la elided before a vowel or mute h; ci =c' only when elision occurs with a verb beginning with i:yFxâƒ3 6€Œ€˜È€‚€ €‚€ €‚ÿLui m'aveva visto. (He had seen me.)Lho venduta. (I sold it.)“aiƒu„2 4€Â€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €‚ÿ2.The definite article la elided before a noun or verb beginning with a vowel or mute h:N%âƒÄ) "€J€˜È€ ‚€‚ÿl'altra donna. (the other woman)¹€u„|…9 @€€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ3.The adverbial pronouns cosa, quando, quanto, come, quale, dove all drop their final vowels to elide with è and era.i9Äå…0 0€r€˜È€ ‚€‚€ €‚ÿQuant'è? (How much is it?)Dovera? (Where was he?)Ÿg|…„†8 @€Î€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ4.The adverbial conjunctions anche and neanche drop their final "e" before the pronoun "io":h?å…ì†) "€~€˜È€ ‚€‚ÿAnch'io voglio guardare la tv. (I also want to watch t.v.)à„†ó‡' €Á€˜€‚ƒ‚ÿ5.Italian preposition/definite article contractions can be elided if the following word begins with a vowel or silent "h". This applies to the masculine singular and plural forms and to the feminine singular form only:ђì†Ĉ? L€%€˜È€ ‚€€ €‚€ ‚€€ ‚€‚ÿMasc. sing: all', dall', sull', dell, nell'Masc. plural: agl', dagl', sugl', degl', negl'Fem. sing: all', dall', sull', dell', nell'@ó‡‰1&"W ©'‰<‰; 1st Conjugation8Ĉ<‰& €$€Œ˜˜€‚ÿ1st Conjugation)‰e‰& €€žR˜€‚ÿŠ><‰ï‰L#h€|<® €€R€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePast Infinitive (Perfect Infinitive)v'e‰eŠO#n€N<® $€€R€€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿparlare (to talk)avere parlatov*ï‰ۊL#h€T<® €€R€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresent ParticiplePast Participle)y*eŠT‹O#n€T<® $€€R€€€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿparlandoparlato, -ata, -ati, -ate)ۊ}‹& €€R˜€ ‚ÿ‚!T‹ÿ‹a#’€BRß K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresentPresent Perfect…}‹„Œj#€€6Rß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€"€R€‚ÿÿÿioparloho parlatoÿ‹p#°€:Rß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€&€R€‚ÿÿÿtuparlihaiparlato“#„Œ€p#°€FRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€(€R‚ÿ€2€R€‚ÿÿÿlui, leiparlaha parlato•%9Žp#°€JRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€$€R‚ÿ€6€R€‚ÿÿÿnoiparliamoabbiamoparlato’"€ˎp#°€DRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€"€R‚ÿ€0€R€‚ÿÿÿvoiparlateaveteparlato“#9Ž^p#°€FRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€$€R‚ÿ€2€R€‚ÿÿÿloroparlanohannoparlato(ˎ†% €€R˜€‚ÿŽ-^ Àa#’€ZRß K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿÿÿImperfectPluperfe† ÀĈct (Past Perfect)‘!†±Àp#°€BRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€.€R€‚ÿÿÿioparlavoavevoparlato‘! ÀBÁp#°€BRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€.€R€‚ÿÿÿtuparlaviaveviparlato—'±ÀÙÁp#°€NRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€,€R‚ÿ€:€R€‚ÿÿÿlui, leiparlavaavevaparlato–&BÁoÂp#°€LRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€8€R€‚ÿÿÿnoiparlavamoavevamoparlato–&ÙÁÃp#°€LRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€8€R€‚ÿÿÿvoiparlavateavevateparlato—'oÂœÃp#°€NRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€(€R‚ÿ€:€R€‚ÿÿÿloroparlavanoavevanoparlato(ÃÄÃ% €€R˜€‚ÿ–2œÃZÄd#˜€dRß K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ$€€R€€ €‚ÿÿÿFutureFuture Perfect (Future Anterior) ÄÃêÄp#°€@Rß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€,€R€‚ÿÿÿioparleròavròparlato’"ZÄ|Åp#°€DRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€"€R‚ÿ€0€R€‚ÿÿÿtuparleraiavraiparlato–&êÄÆp#°€LRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€,€R‚ÿ€8€R€‚ÿÿÿlui, leiparleràavràparlato•%|ŧÆp#°€JRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€6€R€‚ÿÿÿnoiparleremoavremoparlato•%Æ<Çp#°€JRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€6€R€‚ÿÿÿvoiparlereteavreteparlato˜(§ÆÔÇp#°€PRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿ€<€R€‚ÿÿÿloroparlerannoavrannoparlato(<ÇüÇ% €€R˜€‚ÿ˜7ÔÇ”Èa#’€nRß K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€$€R€€‚ÿÿÿSimple PastPreterite Perfect (Past Anterior)üÇ#Ép#°€>Rß – ª €€R€‚ÿ€ 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