?_`ÿÿÿÿ¯%PGlÂÙ3German Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4ÿµÔþÿÿÿµÐþÿÿÿ ‚ ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXTw|CTXOMAPôé|FONTÔ|KWBTREEø|KWDATA7÷|KWMAPø|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREEH|bm0¦ @Kÿÿô–¯†ÿÿÿÿdˆ¯å-#ah¡©Pÿÿž—¯“ÿÿÿÿ’ˆ¯ troäÎ  èbModerneéVOldCenturyêVPalatiaëVParamountìVPatrickíVPegasus-#è ðKÿÿ¯ÿÿÿÿ–‹¯wi s Í z R„!ñVPythagorasòVSceptreóVScribbleôVSherwo-#Gÿÿ°˜¯ ÿÿÿÿ&‰¯gn-# LÿÿÞ˜¯ÿÿÿÿT‰¯St-#chs{Qÿÿ ™¯ ÿÿÿÿ‚‰¯V-#r"Gÿÿ:™¯,ÿÿÿÿ°‰¯ü-#ehen' /Mÿÿh™¯8ÿÿÿÿ‡¯-#ÿÿBJRÿÿ–™¯DÿÿÿÿH‡¯?ÿÿÿÿúŠ¯-#s{Sÿÿp@¯¹ÿÿÿÿ(‹¯-#ÀÈGÿÿØ™¯ÄÿÿÿÿV‹¯r-#è ðKÿÿ&›¯Ñÿÿÿÿ„‹¯-#ëóPÿÿªœ¯Üÿÿÿÿ²‹¯-#.W_FÿqÏhÏÿÿÿÿ 9ÿÿÿÿE1åÿÿÿÿ'ÿÿÿÿEñContents2 w' €€Œ˜‚H€‚ÿContents 5E„Ø ~k€‚H€‚€‚㡧9’€‰€€‚ãõ¬C€‰€‚€ƒã4± Å€‰€‚€ƒã¨€‰€‚㦠Š€‰€‚ãìê\U€‰€‚€ƒãtv]€‰€‚€ƒãæó«À€‰€‚€ƒã™eÓo€‰€‚€ƒã½ä›€‰€‚€ƒãfƒÊ€‰€‚ÿThe following Help Topics are available:Alphabet and Pronunciation Nouns Number: Singular and Plural Case Definite and Indefinite Articles Pronouns Personal Pronouns Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Possessives 2w ê ¢e€‚H€ƒãEÎŒ€‰€‚€ƒã~“¨ü€‰€‚€ƒã”œIØ€‰€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚€ƒã̬ü€‰€‚€ƒãnž€‰€‚€ƒã0P4×€‰€‚€ƒãÁ?° €‰€‚€ƒã•Ö:Á€‰€‚€ƒã[«|È€‰€‚€ƒãÔit€‰€‚€ƒã½=®`€‰€‚ÿDemonstratives Interrogative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Verbs Prefixes Present Tense Past Tense (Imperfect) Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense (Pluperfect) Future Past Participle Present Participle (Gerund) "„®ì ¦E€‚H€ƒãĸ}ø€‰€‚€ƒãÜ⢕€‰€‚€ƒã×` €‰€‚€ƒã˜ƒ€‰€‚€ƒãÿ½€‰€‚ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ã¥f¼€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ã…O‰€‰€‚ã§óµÿ€‰€‚ã>ø®q€‰€‚ãU™û€‰€‚ãèýUÓ€‰€‚ãàFîo€‰€‚ÿAuxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) Modal Verbs Subjunctive Imperative Active and Passive Voice Adjectives Adverbs Comparison Conjunctions Prepositions Numbers Negative Construction Interrogatives Sentences ; é) "€$€ãL“ƒ€‰‚ÿGrammar Pages2®/ .€€Œ!±AÑa€‚ÿ°zéË6 <€ö€„H~€‚€†"€€‚ÿFor Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&ñ# €€€‚ÿKË<1BÀ‚<€­JAlphabet and PronunciationDñ€' €:€Œ˜‚H€‚ÿAlphabet and Pronunciationc<ãG#^€8µ €€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿÿÿ a(long) as in father:€d G#^€tµ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿ(short) when followed by two consonants, as in cartcãÇ G#^€8µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿä (umlaut)as in any[d " G#^€(µ €€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿÿÿaias in aisleg Ç ‰ G#^€@µ €€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿÿÿau (diphthong)as in mouseg " ð G#^€@µ €€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿÿÿäu (diphthong)as in moist£U‰ “ N#l€ªµ €€€‚ÿ*€€€€‚€€‚ÿÿÿbas in bread after a consonant, at the end of a syllable or word as in lipv/ð G#^€^µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿc(used only in foreign words) as in hutsg “ p G#^€@µ €€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿÿÿchas in the Scottish lochZ Ê G#^€&µ €€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿÿÿckas in neck¥Wp o N#l€®µ €€€‚ÿ*€€€€‚€€‚ÿÿÿdas in drive after a consonant, at the end of a syllable or word as in bent _Ê Î G#^€0µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿe(long) as in bay`o .G#^€2µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿ(short) as in belteÎ “G#^€<µ €€€‚ÿ€$€€€‚ÿÿÿei (diphthong)as in myb!.õA#R€Bµ €€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿeu (diphthong)sounds like äuX“MG#^€"µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿfas in fun£Uõ @N#l€ªµ €€€‚ÿ*€€€€‚€€‚ÿÿÿgas in good after a consonant, at the end of a syllable or word as in dark M @ñYMe@G#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿhas in holdc @È@G#^€8µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿi(long) as in machine_e@'AG#^€0µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿ(short) as in fitXÈ@AG#^€"µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿjas in yesY'AØAG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿkas in kiloYA1BG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿlas in landYØAŠBG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿmas in milkZ1BäBG#^€&µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿnas in night`ŠBDCG#^€2µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿo(long) as in toneaäB¥CG#^€4µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿ(short) as in oftenbDCDG#^€6µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿö (umlaut)as in furY¥C`DG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿpas in pastv/DÖDG#^€^µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿqas in quick (q is always followed by u)Y`D/EA#R€0µ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿrrolled as in ScotsYÖDˆEG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿsas in zero[/EãEG#^€(µ €€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿÿÿschas in shoe]ˆE@FG#^€,µ €€€‚ÿ€ €€€‚ÿÿÿstas in wish tocãE£FG#^€8µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿß (sharp s)as in gasY@FüFG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿtas in tell`£F\GG#^€2µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿu(long) as in moon`üF¼GG#^€2µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿ(short) as in foot–I\GRHM#j€’µ €€€‚ÿ(€€€€€€‚ÿÿÿü (umlaut)as in music (use only second sound of vowel: meeusic)Y¼G«HG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿvas in fastYRHIG#^€$µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿwas in veryX«H\IG#^€"µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿxas in box|:IØIB#T€tµ €€€‚ÿ€€‚‚ÿÿÿysounds like ü at the end of a word it sounds like iW\I/JG#^€ µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿas in anyZØI‰JG#^€&µ €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿzas in nuts $/J­J" €€€ÿ6‰JãJ1d'ƒãJKCLNouns-­JK% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNouns3úãJCL9 @€õ€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNouns label or name things, persons, places, concepts, etc.: Mann (man), Birne (pear), Sehnsucht (longing). In German, all nouns are capitalized. Nouns are spelled and used differently depending on the gender, number and case of the noun.7KzL10 À‚¤zL¨L³‰Gender. CL¨L% €€Œ˜€‚ÿGenderTzLüNQ p€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿEach noun in the German language has one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Masculine nouns use der as the definite article, feminine nouns use die, and neuter nouns use das. Biological and grammatical gender do not always correspond. Genders of abstract nouns can be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. It is best to learn nouns and articles together.Nouns ending in -er can be masculine, feminine, or neuter:der Gärtner (gardener), die Mutter (mother), das Leder (leather)KʨLS Ѐ•€€‚€€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿMost nouns ending in -en, -el, -ling, or -s are masculine:der Boden (ground), der Vogel (bird), der Feigling (coward)üNSCL, der Knirps (little fellow)All infinitives used as nouns are neuter:kochen - das Kochen (cooking), leben - das Leben (living)Most trees, flowers, and fruit are feminine:die Föhre (pine tree), die Rose (rose), die Pflaume (plum)except for: der Ahorn (maple), der Apfel (apple) and der Pfirsich (peach):¿üNƒ{ Ä€€€‚€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚ÿNouns ending in -age, -ei, -heit, -ie, -ik, -ion, -itis, -keit, -schaft, -tät, -ung, and -ur are feminine:die Garage (garage), die Konditorei (confectionery), die Wahrheit (truth), die Parodie (parody), die Komik (comic), die Operation (operation), die Pleuritis (pleurisy), die Freundlichkeit (friendliness), die Freundschaft (friendship), die Originalität (originality),die Ehrung, (honor) , die Natur (nature)ˆüS†Œ æ€ù€€‚€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNouns ending in -ett, -il, -ium, -ma, -ment, -nis, -tel, -tum, and -um are neuter (most are of foreign origin): das Duett (duet), das Fossil (fossil), das Stadium (stage), das Klima (climat), das Ferment (ferment), das Geheimnis (secret), das Viertel (quarter), das Heiligtum (sanctuary), das Album (album) except for: der Irrtum (error), der Reichtum (wealth), die Kenntnis (knowledge), die Bekümmernis (affliction), die Finsternis (darkness), die Besorgnis (concern)·ƒ&ˆZ ‚€o€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚ÿGeographical names can be masculine, feminine, or neuter:der Schwarzwald (Black Forest), der Iran (Iran), die Schweiz (Switzerland) die Donau (Danube) , *das Österreich (Austria), *das Wien (Vienna)*In general, the neuter article is only used with an adjective: das gemütliche Wien (the cosy Vienna)Many masculine nouns (mostly referring to professions or titles) have a corresponding female version ending in -in:2†³‰[ „€e€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€‚€€€€€€‚‚ÿder Bäcker - die Bäckerin (baker), der Pilot - die Pilotin (pilot), der König - die Königin (king - queen), der Bauer - die Bäuerin (farmer)Diminutives ending in -chen or -lein are neuter:der Hund - das Hündchen (dog), die Katze - das Kätzchen (cat), das Kind - das Kindlein (child)M&ˆŠ1ªƒa…ŠDŠ×ÎNumber: Singular and PluralD³‰DŠ% €>€Œ˜€‚ÿNumber: Singular and PluralˆCŠÌŒE X€‡€€€€‚‚€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿA word can be singular in number (one person or thing) or plural (more than one person or thing). German nouns, pronouns, articles, adjectives, and verbs may all change their form based on number. The plural article for all three genders is die. Some plural nouns have the same form as the singular, but most nouns have special endings (often with an umlaut added) to indicate the plural.Strong declension:Nouns ending in -chen, -lein, -el, -en, or -er form the plural by adding -n in the dative and some plural vowels form an umlaut in the plural in addition:&DŠòŒ# €€€‚ÿzÌŒlc#–€.f“ “ ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularpluralŒ)òŒøc#–€Rf“ “ ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿnom.der Kesseldie Kessel(kettle)„!l|Žc#–€Bf“ “ ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿacc.den Kesseldie Kessel…"øc#–€Df“ “ ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Kesselden Kesseln…"|Ž†c#–€Df“ “ ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Kesselsder Kessell  Àc#–€f“ “ ^ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ† À³‰Æ”†ÒÀ2 2€)€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿMost nouns with one syllable add -e (-en in the dative) to form the plural and some plural vowels form an umlaut in the plural in addition:z ÀLÁc#–€.e‹ · t €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularplural‡$ÒÀÓÁc#–€He‹ · t €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿnom.der Kammdie Kämme(comb)‚LÁUÂc#–€>e‹ · t €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿacc.den Kammdie Kämme ‚ÓÁ×Âc#–€>e‹ · t €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Kammden Kämmenƒ UÂZÃc#–€@e‹ · t €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Kammesder KämmeÙ§×Â3Ä2 2€O€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿNouns adding -er (-ern in the dative) are declined as follows: (They are always masculine or neuter and some vowels form an umlaut in the plural in addition.)zZíÄc#–€.hˆ · Ÿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularplural‹(3Ä8Åc#–€Phˆ · Ÿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿnom.das Bilddie Bilder(picture)‚­ÄºÅc#–€>hˆ · Ÿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿacc.das Bilddie Bilderƒ 8Å=Æc#–€@hˆ · Ÿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Bildden Bildern„!ºÅÁÆc#–€Bhˆ · Ÿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Bildesder Bilderl =Æ-Çc#–€hˆ · Ÿ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿþËÁÆ+È3 4€—€€‚€‚€€€‚‚ÿWeak declension:Nouns adding -en to the singular form of all four cases in the plural are declined as follows: (They never form an umlaut in the plural. They are mostly feminine, never neuter.)z-Ç¥Èc#–€.jw ¬ “ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularplural*+È2Éc#–€Tjw ¬ “ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿnom.die Schuledie Schulen(school)…"¥È·Éc#–€Djw ¬ “ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿacc.die Schuledie Schulen…"2É<Êc#–€Djw ¬ “ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿdat.der Schuleden Schulen…"·ÉÁÊc#–€Djw ¬ “ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿgen.der Schuleder Schulenl <Ê-Ëc#–€jw ¬ “ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿŒ_ÁʹË- *€¾€€‚€€ƒƒ‚‚ÿNouns of foreign origin add an -s to the singular to form the plural like in English: z-Ë3Ìc#–€.my § — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularpluralŠ'¹Ë½Ìc#–€Nmy § — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿnom.das Radiodie Radios(radio)ƒ 3Ì@Íc#–€@my § — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿacc.das Radiodie Radiosƒ ½ÌÃÍc#–€@my § — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Radioden Radios„!@ÍGÎc#–€Bmy § — €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Radiosder RadioslÃÍ×Î$ €Ø€€‚‚ÿBesides those five groups there are also some nouns with mixed declensions, but they are the exception. 5GÎ Ï1Ť´ Ï8Ïa Case,×Î8Ï% €€Œ˜€‚ÿCaseQ ÏÑ< F€£€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿGerman nouns have four cases: the nominative (subject of the sentence); the accusative (direct object); the dative (indirect object), and 8ÏÑ×Îthe genitive (possessive). The case indicates how a noun is used in a sentence. In the sentence Die Mutter bäckt Walter einen Kuchen, die Mutter (the mother) is the subject of the sentence and takes the nominative case; bäckt (bakes) is the verb of the sentence; Walter is the indirect object and takes the dative case; and einen Kuchen (a cake) is the direct object and takes the accusative case. The case determines the ending of a noun.§u8Ïx2 4€ê€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThere are two groups for masculine nouns.Masculine nouns (strong) ending in -s or -es in the genitive case:r ÑêR#t€@—š à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿnom.der Bruderthe brotherr x\R#t€@—š à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿacc.den Bruderthe brotheru#êÑR#t€F—š à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Bruderto the brotherv$\GR#t€H—š à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Brudersof the brotherYÑ R#t€—š à €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ„YG$+ &€²€€‚€€‚‚ÿMasculine nouns (weak) ending in -en in the accusative, dative, and genitive case:m ‘R#t€6—— å €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿnom.der Löwethe lionn$ÿR#t€8—— å €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿacc.den Löwenthe lionq‘pR#t€>—— å €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Löwento the lionqÿáR#t€>—— å €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Löwenof the lionH#p)% €F€€‚‚‚ÿFeminine nouns take no ending:ná—R#t€8—› ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿnom.die Puppethe doll%)¼" €€€ÿ n—*R#t€8—› ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿacc.die Puppethe dollq¼›R#t€>—› ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿdat.der Puppeto the dollq* R#t€>—› ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿgen.der Puppeof the dollj8›v 2 4€p€€‚€€€€ƒ‚‚ÿNeuter nouns take an ending of -s or -es only:m ã R#t€6—  Û €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿnom.das Liedthe songmv P R#t€6—  Û €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿacc.das Liedthe songpã À R#t€<—  Û €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem Liedto the songr P 2 R#t€@—  Û €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿgen.des Liedesof the song ˜À ; q °€1€€‚€€€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€‚ÿAll nouns ending in sibilants such as -s, -ß, -sch, -z, -zt take the -es ending:der Schuß - des Schußes (shot) , der Tisch - des Tisches (table), das Netz - des Netzes (net)The shorter ending -s is used if the noun ends in -en, -em, -el, or -er:der Pfosten - des Pfostens (post), der Atem - des Atems (breath), der Deckel - des Deckels (lid), das Leder - des Leders (leather)&2 a # €€€‚ÿQ ; ² 1‰ a…ü² û JDefinite and Indefinite ArticlesI$a û % €H€Œ˜€‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles 7² 22 2€ €€€€€€‚‚‚ÿArticles that refer to specific persons or objects are called definite articles: der, die, das (the). Articles that refer to unspecified persons or objects are called indefinite articles: ein (a, an). There is no plural form.Definite article forms are:9û k6 <€€’-OßÅU!áqû€‚ÿŸ+2@t#¸€V…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿ€R€‚ÿÿÿsingular:masculinefemininek@a neuterk¦@t#¸€8…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿnomderdiedas(the)‘@7At#¸€:…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿacc.dendiedas(the)” ¦@ËAt#¸€@…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿdat.demderdem(to the)” 7A_Bt#¸€@…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿgen.desderdes(of the) ËAÞBt#¸€…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ†_BdCt#¸€$…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿplural:ŠÞBîCt#¸€,…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿall genders‹dCyDt#¸€.…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿnom.die(the)‹îCEt#¸€.…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿacc.die(the)ŽyD’Et#¸€4…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿdat.den(to the)ŽE Ft#¸€4…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿgen.der(of the) ’EŸFt#¸€…’ t t – €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿX! F÷F7 >€B€’-O/Õ¡1ÁQ€‚‚ÿIndefinite article forms are:¢.ŸF™Gt#¸€\…œ e Ž €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿ€X€‚ÿÿÿsingular:masculine>feminine>neuter>” ÷F-Ht#¸€@…œ e Ž €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿnom.eineineein(a, an)–"™GÃHt#¸€D…œ e Ž €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿacc.eineneineein(a, an)œ(-H_It#¸€P…œ e Ž €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿdat.einemeinereinem(to a, an)œ(ÃHûIt#¸€P…œ e Ž €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿgen.eineseinereines(of a, an)$_IJ" €€€ÿ9ûIXJ1´5ƒXJˆJçKPronouns0 JˆJ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPronouns_.XJçK1 0€]€€€€€€‚‚ÿPronouns are words which are used in place of a noun: er (Paul), sie (Martha and Monika). There are several families of pronouns: personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, indefinite and reflexive. In the German language, pronoun use is governed by case, number and gender.BˆJ)L1üW)LbLU‚Personal Pronouns9çKbL% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿPersonal Pronounsè)L|M2 2€Ñ€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿPersonal pronouns replace the subject of a sentence (also called subject pronouns). They can be singular or plural. In the sentence Ich gehe zur Schule (I go to school), ich is the personal pronoun. Personal pronouns are:xbLôMc#–€*dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿsingularichI{|MoNc#–€0dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿduyou(familiar)zôMéNc#–€.dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSieyou(formal)‚oNkOc#–€>dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, eshe, she, itl éN×Oc#–€dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿl kOO€c#–€dS l ‰ ×OO€çK€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿw×OÆ€c#–€(dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿpluralwirwe|O€Bc#–€2dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿihryou(familiar)zÆ€¼c#–€.dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSieyou(formal)sB/‚c#–€ dS l ‰ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿsiethey&¼U‚# €€€‚ÿ@/‚•‚1ö 5ƒ% •‚Ì‚‘ŽObject Pronouns7U‚Ì‚% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿObject Pronouns Ë•‚Ù„B R€—€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿObject pronouns are used to replace the objects in a sentence. Some replace the direct objects, others the indirect objects. The direct object answers the question who or what. In the sentence Martha wirft dem Kind den Ball zu. (Martha throws the ball to the child), den Ball can be replaced by the direct object pronoun ihn. Indirect objects answer the question to whom or to what. Dem Kind can be replaced by an indirect object pronoun: ihm. R,Ì‚+…& €X€€‚‚‚‚ÿObject pronouns in the accusative are:zÙ„¥…c#–€.Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularmichme}+…"†c#–€4Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿdichyou(familiar)z¥…œ†c#–€.Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSieyou(formal)x"†‡c#–€*Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿihn, sie, esm œ†‡c#–€Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ w‡ø‡c#–€(Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿpluralunsus}‡uˆc#–€4Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿeuchyou(familiar)zø‡ïˆc#–€.Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿSieyou(formal)suˆb‰c#–€ Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿsietheml ïˆΉc#–€Xh E v €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿL'b‰Š% €N€€‚‚‚ÿObject pronouns in the dative are:|Ή–Šc#–€2^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿsingularmirto meŠ‹c#–€8^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿdirto you(familiar)–Š–‹c#–€<^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿIhnento you(familiar)y‹Œc#–€,^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿihm, ihr, ihml –‹{Œc#–€^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿzŒõŒc#–€.^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿpluralunsto us{Œtc#–€8^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿeuchto you(familiarõŒóc#–€8^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿIhnento you(formal)xtkŽc#–€*^– …  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿihnento them&ó‘Ž# €€€‚ÿCkŽÔŽ1 W,‚ ÔŽ2ËReflexive Pronouns:‘Ž% €*€Œ˜€‚ÿReflexive Pronounsè©ÔŽÁ? L€S€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿReflexive pronouns refer to the subject. Reflexive pronouns can serve as either direct or indirect objects and therefore can take either the accusative (direct) or the dative (inÁ‘Ždirect) case. In the sentence Ich wasche mich (I wash myself), mich is an accusative reflexive pronoun. Ich muß es mir überlegen (I have to think about it), mir is a dative reflexive pronoun.Reflexive pronouns in the accusative are:l nÁc#–€ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ~ÁìÁc#–€6ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿsingularmichmyself‚nÁnÂc#–€>ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿdichyourself(familiar)€ìÁîÂc#–€:ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿsichyourself(formal)ˆ%nÂvÃc#–€Jny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿsichhimself, herself, itselfl îÂâÃc#–€ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ~vÃ`Äc#–€6ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿpluralunsourselves„!âÃäÄc#–€Bny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿeuchyourselves(familiar)‚`ÄfÅc#–€>ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsichyourselves(formal)zäÄàÅc#–€.ny ‰ » €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsichthemselvesQ+fÅ1Æ& €V€€‚‚‚‚ÿReflexive pronouns in the dative are:}àÅ®Æc#–€4my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿsingularmirmyself1Æ/Çc#–€<my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿdiryourself(familiar)®Æ°Çc#–€<my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿsichyourself(formal) ˆ%/Ç8Èc#–€Jmy m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿsichhimself, herself, itselfl °Ç¤Èc#–€my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ~8È"Éc#–€6my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿpluralunsourselves„!¤È¦Éc#–€Bmy m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿeuchyourselves(familiar)‚"É(Êc#–€>my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsichyourselves(formal)z¦É¢Êc#–€.my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsichthemselvesl (ÊËc#–€my m €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ$¢Ê2Ë" €€€ÿBËtË1s%#„ tË­ËïÍRelative Pronouns92Ë­Ë% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿRelative PronounsàtËÉÍ< F€Á€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿRelative pronouns refer to nouns or pronouns in the preceding main clause (their antecedents). They are the first word in a subordinate clause modifying the antecedent; e.g. Ich habe ein Haus gekauft, das an einem See liegt (I bought a house that is situated by a lake). The relative pronouns in German are der, die, das (who, that, which), wer, was (who, that) and welcher (who, that). The gender, number, and case of the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent. &­ËïÍ# €€€‚ÿ< ÉÍ+Î1˜,‚t +Î_ÎÑPossessives4ïÍ_Î% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPossessives .ú+ÎÏ4 6€õ€€€€€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿPossessives indicate ownership. They can be used as either adjectives or pronouns; e.g. Das ist mein Bleistift. (That is my pencil), Das Buch ist mein. (The book is mine).Here is the example of the possessive for the masculine nominative:z_Îc#–€.fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿsingularmeinÏïÍmy~Ï‘c#–€6fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿdeinyour(familiar){ c#–€0fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿIhryour(formal)ˆ%‘”c#–€Jfa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿsein, ihr, seinhis, her, itsl c#–€fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿz”zc#–€.fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿpluralunserourùc#–€8fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿeueryour (familiar){ztc#–€0fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿIhryour(formal)tùèc#–€"fa … Ö €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿihrtheiré·tÑ2 2€o€€‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe declension of the possessive adjective in the singular follows the pattern of the indefinite article ein. In the plural it follows the pattern of the demonstrative diese.?è1×#„Š Gí Demonstratives7ÑG% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿDemonstratives ö¸=> J€q€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿDemonstratives refer to someone or something that has been referred to previously.Diesen Mann möchte ich heiraten. (This man I would like to marry). The other demonstratives are: der, die, das, jener, solcher. Demonstratives can be used as adjectives or pronouns; e.g. Diese Vase ist blau. (This vase is blue.) and Jene ist rot. (That one is red). Demonstratives agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun they modify.Œ)GÉc#–€Rzƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿsingular:masculinefeminineneuter=Jc#–€<zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿnom.dieserdiesediesesÉËc#–€<zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿacc.diesendiesedieses‚JM c#–€>zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿdat.diesemdieserdiesem‚ËÏ c#–€>zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿgen.diesesdieserdiesesl M ; c#–€zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿŠ'Ï Å c#–€Nzƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿplural:masculinefeminineneuter; D c#–€8zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿnom.diesediesedieseÅ à c#–€8zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿacc.diesediesediese‚D E c#–€>zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿdat.diesendiesendiesen‚à Ç c#–€>zƒ Ž   €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿgen.dieserdieserdieser&E í # €€€‚ÿGÇ 4 1}tv4 r ¾Interrogative Pronouns>í r % €2€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogative Pronouns&Ð4 ˜V z€¡€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚ÿInterrogative pronouns replace a noun. They introduce a question. The main German interrogative pronouns are: wer (who), wen (whom), wem (to whom), wessen (whose), was (what), welcher (which). Wer hat den Kuckuck gehört? (Who heard the cuckoo?)There is only one form for all the genders; there is no plural, with the exception of welcher, that can be used as an adjective. It agrees with the corresponding noun in gender, number, and case. &r ¾# €€€‚ÿD˜@1ÆŠo@J@ßAIndefinite Pronou¾@¾ns<¾J@% €.€Œ˜€‚ÿIndefinite Pronouns •X@ßA= H€±€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿIndefinite pronouns refer to persons or objects that are not identified. Some can also be used as adjectives. Einige Häuser sind größer als andere. (Some houses are bigger than others). The most common indefinite pronouns are: all-, ander-, einig-, etwas, jed-, kein-, nichts, man, niemand. Etwas, nichts and man are never declined.6J@B1‚vy„BCB”EVerbs. ßACB% €€Œ˜€‚ÿVerbs +þBnE- (€ý€€€€€‚ÿVerbs describe an action, a process or a state of being. Verbs agree with the person (1st, 2nd or 3rd) and number (singular or plural) of their subject. There are two parts to all German verbs: the stem, and an ending. The stem and the ending -en form the infinitive, which is the form given in dictionaries. When conjugated, verbs indicate tense (e.g. present or past), mood (e.g. indicative or subjunctive), voice (active or passive), person, and number. There are weak verbs, strong verbs, and irregular verbs (mixed verbs). Weak verbs do not change the stem vowel in the past tense and the past participle. Strong verbs do change the stem vowel in the past tense and the past participle. Irregular verbs contain parts of both weak and strong verbs.&CB”E# €€€‚ÿ9nEÍE1™o‰ÍEþEfKPrefixes1 ”EþE% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPrefixes æœÍEäHJ b€9€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe German language contains many prefixes which, added to a verb, can change its meaning. There are two types of German prefixes: separable and inseparable. Separable prefixes (ab, bei, ein, vor, etc.) can stand independently as words. When used with a verb in the present and past tense they can be moved to the end of the sentence: Ich lege den Brief bei (I enclose the letter). In tenses other than the present and past, prefix and verb are not separated: Er wird zurückkommen (He will come back). In the present perfect, past perfect, and in the future perfect ge is added between prefix and verb: Sie haben dich eingeladen (They invited you).\âþE@Kz €Å€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe inseparable prefixes are be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ver-, zer-. They cannot be removed from their verbs. The past participle does not take the prefix ge-. The most common inseparable prefix verbs are: behalten (to keep), bekommen (to get), empfangen (to receive), empfehlen (to recommend),entdecken (to discover), erreichen (to achieve), verkaufen (to sell), vermieten (to rent), verstehen (to understand), versagen (to fail), zerstören (to destroy).&äHfK# €€€‚ÿ> @K¤K1y„4¤KÚKµ‰Present Tense6fKÚK% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Tense Ä–¤KžM. *€-€€€€‚‚ƒ‚‚ÿThe present tense is used to express what happens in the present time. The present tense of regular (weak) verbs is formed by removing the -en ending of the infinitive and adding a new ending to the resulting stem. Weak German verbs take the following endings to form the present tense: ich -e, du -st, Sie -en, er (sie, es, man) -t, wir -en, ihr -t, Sie -en, sie -en.Weak verb in present tense:£)ÚKANz#Ä€Rqx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿsingularich gehegehen(to go)™žMÚNz#Ä€>qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿdu gehst(familiar)˜ANrOz#Ä€<qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿSie gehen(formal)—ÚN€z#Ä€:qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es gehtrO€fK rO”€t#¸€qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ–€*z#Ä€8qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir gehen™”€Ãz#Ä€>qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿihr geht(familiar)˜*[‚z#Ä€<qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿSie gehen(formal)ŒÃç‚w#¾€*qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿÿÿsie gehen [‚fƒt#¸€qx u r f €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhç‚΄V z€%€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ÿStrong verbs change in the singular second person familiar and third person forms. Those changes are regular and predictable: a becomes ä, e becomes ie or i, au becomes äu, o becomes ö. Note that the plural form is regular.Strong verb in present tense:Œ)fƒZ…c#–€R~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿsingularich nehmenehmen(to take)‡΄á…i#¢€<~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿdu nimmst(familiar)~Z…_†c#–€6~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿSie nehmen(formal)…á…ä†i#¢€8~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es nimmt|_†`‡c#–€2~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir nehmenä†߇c#–€8~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿihr nehmt(familiar)~`‡]ˆc#–€6~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿSie nehmen(formal)v߇Óˆc#–€&~“ r … €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿsie nehmenâ½]ˆµ‰% €{€€‚‚ÿMixed verbs are irregular and are best learnt by heart. The most common conjugation is the one for the weak verb. But there are some exceptions for all three types of verb conjugations.GÓˆü‰1º‰ëƒü‰:Š¯ÎPast Tense (Imperfect)>µ‰:Š% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Tense (Imperfect)‡Zü‰Á‹- (€µ€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe simple past tense (imperfect) is used to describe past events. It is a literary tense, regularly used when writing about the past. It is formed using only one word, the verb. The ending for the regular (weak) verb is: ich -te, du -test, Sie -ten, er (sie, es, man) -te, wir -ten, ihr -tet, Sie -ten, sie -ten.Weak verb in past tense:¨.:ŠiŒz#Ä€\r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€F€‚ÿÿÿsingularich kochtekochen(to cook)œ"Á‹z#Ä€Dr‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿdu kochtest(familiar)š iŒŸz#Ä€@r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿSie kochten(formal)™8Žz#Ä€>r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es kochte Ÿ·Žt#¸€r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ˜8ŽOz#Ä€<r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir kochtenœ"·Ž Àz#Ä€Dr‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿihr kochtet(familiar)O Àµ‰š O¦Àz#Ä€@r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€"€€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿSie kochten(formal)’ À8Áz#Ä€0r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿsie kochten ¦À·Át#¸€r‹ n f q €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ`8ÁÃ[ „€ €€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ƒƒ‚‚ÿTo form the past tense, strong verbs change their stem vowels and add the following endings:ich -no change in ending, du -st, Sie -en, er (sie, es, man) -no change in ending, wir -en, ihr -t, Sie -en, sie -en.Strong verb in past tense:)·Á´Ãt#¸€Rw„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿsingularich kamkommen(to come)™ÃMÄz#Ä€>w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿdu kamst(familiar)˜´ÃåÄz#Ä€<w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿSie kamen(formal)ŽMÄsÅt#¸€4w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es kam åÄòÅt#¸€w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ–sňÆz#Ä€8w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir kamen™òÅ!Çz#Ä€>w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿihr kamt(familiar)˜ˆÆ¹Çz#Ä€<w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿÿÿSie kamen(formal)!ÇIÈz#Ä€,w„ t d o €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿsie kamen³Œ¹ÇüÈ' €€€‚‚‚‚ÿIrregular verbs change the vowel in the stem and, in addition, take weak verb endings in the past tense.Irregular verb in past tense: °0IȬɀ#Ѐ`k… | Y k €€€‚ÿ"€€€€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€6€€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿsingularich wußtewissen (to know)£#üÈOÊ€#ЀFk… | Y k €€€‚ÿ(€€€€€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿdu wußtest(familiar)¡!¬ÉðÊ€#ЀBk… | Y k €€€‚ÿ"€€€€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿSie wußten(formal)  OÊË€#Ѐ@k… | Y k €€€‚ÿ(€€€€€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿ€8€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es wußte ðÊÌt#¸€k… | Y k €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿŸË®Ì€#Ѐ>k… | Y k €€€‚ÿ(€€€€€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir wußten£#ÌQÍ€#ЀFk… | Y k €€€‚ÿ"€€€€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿihr wußtet(familiar)¡!®ÌòÍ€#ЀBk… | Y k €€€‚ÿ"€€€€€‚ÿ€$€€‚ÿ€:€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿSie wußten(formal)™Q͋΀#Ѐ2k… | Y k €€€‚ÿ(€€€€€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿsie wußten$òͯÎ" €€€ÿF‹ÎõÎ1M4õÎ3ÏiPresent Perfect Tense>¯Î3Ï% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Perfect Tense ÁõÎCC T€ƒ€€€€€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿThe present perfect tense is usually equivalent to the English past tense (e.g. "I went") rather than to the English perfect tense (e.g. 3ÏC¯Î"I have gone") which it resembles. It is the tense most often used when speaking about the past. The present perfect tense is a compound tense and is formed using the present tense of the auxiliary verb haben or sein and a past participle:Er hat gelacht (he laughed). Sie ist gekommen (she came).&3Ïi# €€€‚ÿPC¹1®ëƒþÿÿÿÿ¹Past Perfect Tense (Pluperfect)G"i% €D€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Perfect Tense (Pluperfect)Ù¹> J€³€€‚€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe past perfect tense is a compound tense and is formed using the past tense of the auxiliary verb haben or sein and a past participle: Er hatte gelacht (he had laughed). Sie war gekommen (she had come).7N1µN}aFuture/ }% €€Œ˜€‚ÿFuture ä­Na7 <€[€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThere are two ways to express the future. The simplest and most common method is to use the present tense with an appropriate time marker; e.g. Ich gehe morgen nach Köln. (I'm going to Cologne tomorrow). The other method is to use the appropriate present tense form of werden with the infinitive of the main verb (which comes at the end of the sentence); e.g. Ich werde nach Hamburg fahren. (I will drive to Hamburg).@}¡1þ ¡Ù Past Participle8aÙ% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Participle @å¡[ „€Ë€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€‚€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿThe past participle is the form of the verb used in the formation of compound tenses. Strong verbs form the past participle by adding the prefix ge- and weak verbs add the ending -t (or -et if the stem ends in t, d or gn). The majority of German verbs form the past participle in this way:fahren-gefahren (to drive)gehen-gegangen (to go)lernen-gelernt (to learn)There are strong verbs that change the stem vowel of the infinitive to form the past participle:©`Ù I `€Á€€‚€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿtreffen-getroffen (to meet)gewinnen-gewonnen (to swim)singen-gesungen (to sing)It's best to learn these participle forms by heart.Past participles can be uses as adjectives: der gefallene Soldat (the killed soldier), das gebratene Hähnchen (the fried chicken). They agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun they modify.L 12µy Q RPresent Participle (Gerund)C Q % €<€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Participle (Gerund)[! ¬ : B€C€€€€€€€€‚€‚ÿThe present participle corresponds to the English "-ing" form of the verb. It is most often used as an adjective or adverb: der spielende Knabe (the playing boy), bedeutend größer (considerably bigger). The present participle is formed by adding the ending -d to the infinitive:˜&Q D r#´€Lp} … g €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€"€€€‚ÿ€8€€‚ÿÿÿgehento gogehend walking—+¬ Û l#¨€Vp} … g €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€@€€‚ÿÿÿstehento stand stehend standing›/D v l#¨€^p} … g €€€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿ€J€‚ÿÿÿtrinken to drink trinkenddrinkingÜ­Û R/ ,€[€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿIt agrees in gender and number with the noun or pronoun it modifies.Die steigende Inflation macht dem Kanzler Sorgen.(Rising inflation is troubling the chancellor.Pv ¢1P ¢éc€Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)G"Ré% €D€Œ˜€‚ÿAuxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)âAV z€‡€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€‚€€€€€‚ÿThere are three auxiliary verbs in German: sein, haben, and werden. Auxiliary, or helping, verbs are used in conjunction with other verbs to form the compound tenses, but they can also béARe used independently: sein = to be, haben = to have, and werden = to become. All three verbs are irregular.Werden is used in conjunction with the future tenses and the passive voice. Sein and haben are used with all the other perfect tenses.l:ézA2 4€t€€‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿThe present tense of sein, haben, and werden is:‡$ABc#–€Hv£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿsingularich binsein (to be)}zA~Bc#–€4v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿdu bist(familiar)|BúBc#–€2v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿSie sind(formal){~BuCc#–€0v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es istl úBáCc#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿzuC[Dc#–€.v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€&€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir sind~áCÙDc#–€6v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿihr seid(familiar)|[DUEc#–€2v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿSie sind(formal)tÙDÉEc#–€"v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿsie sindl UE5Fc#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿl ÉE¡Fc#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ‹(5F,Gc#–€Pv£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿsingularich habehaben (to have)}¡F©Gc#–€4v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿdu hast(familiar)},G&Hc#–€4v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿSie haben(formal){©G¡Hc#–€0v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es hatl &H Ic#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ{¡HˆIc#–€0v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir haben~ IJc#–€6v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿihr habt(familiar)}ˆIƒJc#–€4v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿSie haben(formal)uJøJc#–€$v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿsie habenl ƒJdKc#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿl øJÐKc#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ,dK_Lc#–€Xv£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿsingularich werdewerden (to become)~ÐKÝLc#–€6v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿdu wirst(familiar)~_L[Mc#–€6v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿSie werden(formal)|ÝL×Mc#–€2v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es wirdl [MCNc#–€v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ|×M¿Nc#–€2v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir werden€CN?Oc#–€:v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€6€‚ÿÿÿihr werdet(familiar)~¿N½Oc#–€6v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿSie werden(formal)v?O?€c#–€&v£ … Ë €€€‚ÿ€€½O?€R‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿsie werden$½Oc€" €€€ÿ< ?€Ÿ€1myŸ€Ó€‚Modal Verbs4c€Ó€% €€Œ˜€‚ÿModal Verbs < Ÿ€‚1 0€€€€€€€‚‚ÿModal verbs express possibility, desirability, intention, permission, necessity or uncertainty in connection with an action. Normally, modal verbs are followed by an infinitive. There are six German modals: können, wollen, sollen, dürfen, müssen, and mögen.< Ó€K‚1Ô ÏK‚‚"ŒSubjunctive4‚‚% €€Œ˜€‚ÿSubjunctive W÷K‚Ö„` Ž€ï€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe subjunctive is used to express fear, doubt, hope etc., in short, anything that is not a fact. The imperfect subjunctive for weak verbs is identical to the past tense indicative. Strong and irregular verbs form the subjunctive by adding the following subjunctive endings to the stem of the past tense verb form: ich -e, du -est, Sie -en, er (sie, es, man) -e, wir -en, ihr -et, Sie -en, sie -en. Verbs containing the stem vowel a, o, or u add an umlaut in the subjunctive form.&‚ü„# €€€‚ÿ5Ö„‰…X#€€jvt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿsingularich gingegehen (to go) - ging (went)uü„þ…X#€€:vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿdu gingest(familiar)s‰…q†X#€€6vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿSie gingen(formal)rþ…ã†X#€€4vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿer, sie, es gingeYq†<‡R#t€vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿqㆭ‡X#€€2vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿÿÿpluralwir gingenu<‡"ˆX#€€:vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿihr ginget(familiar)s­‡•ˆX#€€6vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €€‚ÿÿÿSie gingen(formal)g"ˆüˆU#z€$vt 6 €€€‚ÿ€€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿsie gingenוˆ‹A P€¯€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚ÿWürde + infinitive is a common and very simple way of expressing the subjunctive of weak and strong verbs. It is especially common for avoiding the subjunctive of weak verbs, because this form of weak verbs is identical to the simple past; using würde prevents possible misunderstanding.Er fürchtete, er lernte die Vokablen nicht would usually be reworded:Er fürchtete, er würde die Vokabeln nicht lernen. (He was afraid he wouldn't learn the vocabulary).âüˆ"Œ, &€Å€€‚€€‚‚ÿAs in English, the subjunctive is on the way out and when the subjunctive is necessary, the circumscription with würde is becoming more and more common. The imperfect subjunctive is the most often used subjunctive form.; ‹]Œ1bð€]ŒŒ»ÁImperative3"ŒŒ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿImperative }"]Œ [ „€E€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe imperative form is used for commands and requests. To form it, the verb is in first position and the sentence ends with an exclamation point. In formal commands, the imperative verb is identical to the infinitive: Machen Sie die Tür zu! (Close the door, please!) For familiar commands, the pronoun (du or ihr) is dropped. For the du form, the stem of the du form is used and the personal ending -st is dropped. Mach die Tür zu! For the ihr form, the indicative verb is used and the pronoun is dropped: Macht die Tür zu!&Œ3# €€€‚ÿ\ A#R€6ì÷ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿIndicative:Imperative:r13 ÀA#R€bì÷ €€€‚ÿ€2€‚ÿÿÿSie machen die Tür zu.Machen Sie die Tür zu! À"Œk*xÀA#R€Tì÷ €€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿDu machst die Tür zu.Mach die Tür zu!l+ ÀäÀA#R€Vì÷ €€€‚ÿ€0€‚ÿÿÿIhr macht die Tür zu.Macht die Tür zu!×›xÀ»Á< F€7€€‚€€‚‚€‚€‚€€‚‚ÿA command can be softened by using bitte either preceding the verb or immediately following it.Bitte, mach die Tür zu!Mach bitte die Tür zu!IäÀÂ1ÞÏMƒÂDÂñÄActive and Passive Voice@»ÁDÂ% €6€Œ˜€‚ÿActive and Passive Voice‡?ÂËÄH ^€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿIn the active voice, the grammatical subject is the doer of the action expressed by the verb; e.g. Er kauft einen neuen Wagen. (He buys a new car). In the passive voice, the subject is acted upon: Ein neuer Wagen wird von ihm gekauft. (A new car is purchased by him). Note that the original direct object (einen neuen Wagen) becomes the subject of the verb, while the former subject (er) becomes the prepositional object (von ihm), taking the dative. To form the passive voice, a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb werden and a past participle are used. &DÂñÄ# €€€‚ÿ; ËÄ,Å1Wð€,Å_ÅrAdjectives3ñÄ_Å% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdjectives z,ÅÙÇ\ †€=€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿAdjectives describe or modify nouns. They agree in gender and number with the noun that they modify. Adjectives are affected by case and take different endings when placed before the noun. Adjectives which follow the noun do not change with case. Der reife Apfel (the ripe apple), der Apfel ist reif (the apple is ripe). Adjectives preceded by the definite article der, die, das (the) or the pronouns dieser (this), jener (that), solcher (such), jeder (each), welcher (which) , or all (all) have a weak declension:&_ÅÿÇ# €€€‚ÿy'ÙÇxÈR#t€Noß  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿsingularmasculinefeminine/neuterˆ*ÿÇÉ^#Œ€Toß  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿÿÿnom.der liebe Hunddas alte Buch‰+xȉÉ^#Œ€Voß  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€4€€€‚ÿÿÿacc.den lieben Hunddas alte BuchŠ,ÉÊ^#Œ€Xoß  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€4€€€‚ÿÿÿdat.dem lieben Hunddem alten BuchŽ0‰É¡Ê^#Œ€`oß  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€8€€€‚ÿÿÿgen.des lieben Hundesdes alten Buches®Ê»Ìl ¦€]€€‚‚€€‚€‚€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe plural endings for weak adjectives are the same for all three genders in all four cases: -en. Alle lieben Hunde (the good dogs), diese schönen Rosen (the beautiful roses), jene alten Bücher (the old books).Adjectives preceded by the indefinite article ein (a, one) or the pronouns mein (my, mine), sein (his), ihr (her), kein (no, none) unser (our), or euer (your) have an irregular declension:&¡ÊáÌ# €€€‚ÿŒ)»ÌmÍc#–€R_Ô Ø  €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€‚ÿ€B€‚ÿÿÿsingular:masculinefeminineneuter´?áÌ!Îu#º€~_Ô Ø  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€2€€€‚ÿ€Z€€€‚ÿÿÿnom.ein guter Hundeine schöne Roseein altes Buch¶AmÍ×Îu#º€‚_Ô Ø  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€6€€€‚ÿ€^€€€‚ÿÿÿacc.einen guten Hundeine schöne Roseein altes BuchºE!ΑÏu#º€Š_Ô Ø  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€6€€€‚ÿ€b€€€‚ÿÿÿdat.einem guten Hundeiner schönen Roseeinem alten Buch¾I×Î[u#º€’_Ô Ø  €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€:€€€‚ÿ€f€€€‘Ï[ñÄ‚ÿÿÿgen.eines guten Hundeseiner schönen Roseeines alten Buches¾a‘Ï] ˆ€Ã€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€‚€€€€€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe plural endings for irregular adjectives are the same for all three genders in all four cases: -en.Meine lieben Hunde (my good dogs), deine schönen Rosen (your beautiful roses), seine alten Bücher (his old books).Adjectives not preceded by any word and adjectives preceded by indefinite pronouns or numerals have a strong declension:‹([¤c#–€Pf²   è €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€,€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿsingularmasculinefeminineneuter§2Ku#º€df²   è €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿ€H€€€‚ÿÿÿnom.guter Hundschöne Rosealtes Buch§2¤òu#º€df²   è €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿ€H€€€‚ÿÿÿacc.guten Hundschöne Rosealtes Buch¨3Kšu#º€ff²   è €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€*€€€‚ÿ€J€€€‚ÿÿÿdat.gutem Hundschöner Rosealtem Buch¬7òFu#º€nf²   è €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿ€.€€€‚ÿ€N€€€‚ÿÿÿgen.guten Hundesschöner Rosealten Buches“RšÙA R€¤€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚‚‚ÿThe plural endings for strong adjectives are the same for all three genders:\F5G#^€* €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿnom.gute Hunde\Ù‘G#^€* €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿacc.gute Hunde^5ïG#^€. €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿdat.guten Hunden]‘LG#^€, €€€‚ÿ€€€€‚ÿÿÿgen.guter Hunde&ïr# €€€‚ÿ8Lª1ÞMƒpªÚ‡ Adverbs0 rÚ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdverbs ,Àª l ¦€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚‚€‚€€€€€€€€€‚ÿAdverbs do not have endings. They modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, and specify place, time, manner, and causality: Franz freut sich riesig. (Franz is enormously happy). Most German adjectives can be used as adverbs, but many words are adverbs only, with no adjectival form: Er steht draußen. (He stands outside).Adverbs of place are: hier (here), dort (there), nirgends (nowhere), draußen (outside), oben (above) etc.@ŸÚF ¡ ?€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿAdverbs of time are:heute (today), gestern (yesterday), sofort (immediately), nie (never), bald (soon) etc. Adverbs of manner and degree are:kaum (hardly), sehr (very), genug (enough), anders (differently), beinahe (almost) etc.Adverbs of causality are:darum (therefore), folglich (consequently), hierzu (to this, hereto), nötigenfalls (if necessary), sonst (otherwise) etc.A ‡ > L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿ; F  1…€  ô È@Comparison2 ‡ ô % €€Œ˜€‚ÿComparisonQß Er ²€¿€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚€‚‚‚ÿThe German comparative ("more...") and superlative ("most...") forms are basically the same as in English. For the comparative, an -er ending (-r if it ends in an -e) is added to the stem of the adjective. For the superlative, -st (-est if it ends in -d, -t, -s, -ß, or -z) is added to the adjective stem. heiß - heißer - heißest (hot - hotter - hottest)In addition, many adjectives of one syllable take an umlaut for the comparative or superlative form:wô È@[ „€9€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿkalt - kälter - kältest (cold - colder - coldest)The superlative form can also be formed bEÈ@‡ y using the preposition am before the adjective plus the ending -sten:am schönsten (the most beautiful)The two superlative forms are interchangeable and have the same meaning.= EA1rp\ƒ!A9AzEConjunctions4È@9A% €€Œ˜€‚ÿConjunctions—-AÐCj ¢€[€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚‚€‚€€€€€€€€€‚€€‚‚‚ÿConjunctions are words which join two or more phrases or clauses together. Coordinating conjunctions link two phrases or sentences of equal value; the position of the verbs in the joined phrases stay the same. The most important coordinating conjunctions are:und (and), oder (or), denn (for), aber (but), *sondern (rather or but)*sondern is always preceded by a negative in the previous clause.Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to the main clause; the verb of the subordinate clause moves to the end of the clause.ª 9AzEŠ â€A€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚ÿThe most important subordinating conjunctions are:als (but, than), bevor (before), da (as, when, since), damit (in order), daß (that), falls (in case), indem (as, while), nachdem (after), ob (if, whether), seit (since), weil (because, since), wenn (when, if)= ÐC·E1¢€Š‡"·EëE\KPrepositions4zEëE% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPrepositions¾1·E©H è€c€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚‚€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿPrepositions govern a noun or pronoun to form a prepositional phrase. In German, prepositions are very important because they determine the case of the noun or pronoun which follows. Prepositions governing the accusative are:durch (through, across) für (for), gegen (against), ohne (without), um (about, near), etc.Prepositions governing the dative are:aus (out of, by, from), bei (near on), dank (thanks to), entgegen (against), gemäß (according to), mit (with), nach (to, for) seit (since, for) von (from, of), zu (to) etc.rëëEK‡ Ü€×€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚ÿPrepositions governing the accusative or dative are:an (at, on), auf (on, at), hinter (behind), in (in, at), neben (by, against), über (over), unter (under), vor (in front of, before), zwischen (between) etc.When a preposition indicates direction, the accusative is used: Er legt die Bücher auf den Tisch.(He lays the books on the table.) When a preposition indicates location, the dative is used: Die Bücher liegen auf dem Tisch. (The books lie on the table.)A©H\K> L€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚ÿ8K”K1\ƒÈ #”KÃK‹Numbers/ \KÃK% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNumbers‰”KLMn ª€7€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ÿCardinal numbers, such as eins (one) and zwei (two), are used to express precise quantities. Cardinal numbers from one to nine are called Einer. Numbers such as zehn (ten), zwanzig (twenty), dreißig (thirty) are called Zehner.Cardinal numbers from 1 to 20 are:cÃK¯MR#t€"7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 0nullzerobLMNR#t€ 7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 1einsoneb¯MsNR#t€ 7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 2zweitwodN×NR#t€$7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 3dreithreecsN:OR#t€"7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 4vierfourc×NOR#t€"7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 5fünffivec:O €R#t€"7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 6sechssixO €\KfOr€R#t€(7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 7siebensevend €Ö€R#t€$7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 8achteightcr€9R#t€"7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 9neunninebÖ€›R#t€ 7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ10zehntend9ÿR#t€$7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ11elfelevenf›e‚R#t€(7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ12zwölftwelvekÿЂR#t€27’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ13dreizehnthirteenke‚;ƒR#t€27’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ14vierzehnfourteenjЂ¥ƒR#t€07’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ15fünfzehnfifteenj;ƒ„R#t€07’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ16sechzehnsixteenl¥ƒ{„R#t€47’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ17siebzehnseventeenk„æ„R#t€27’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ18achtzehneighteenk{„Q…R#t€27’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ19neunzehnnineteenh愹…R#t€,7’ „ €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ20zwanzigtwentyuQ…ºˆŒ æ€ë€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€‚€€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚€‚€€€‚‚€€€€€€€‚ÿNumbers from 21 to 99 are formed by an Einer and a Zehner joined by und:einundzwanzig (twenty-one), zweiunddreißig (twenty-two).From 100 on, und is not used between numbers:hundertachtzehn (one hundred and eighteen), viertausendsiebenhundertvierundvierzig (four thousand seven hundred and forty-four)Ordinal numbers, such as erste (first) and zweite (second), refer to a position in a series. They are formed by adding -te to the corresponding cardinal numbers. Ordinals can be declined like adjectives. When written as a number, ordinal numbers are always followed by a period, e.g. 1., 2., 3.¡I¹…[‰X €€’€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€‚€‚‚ÿNotice the three irregular forms, erste, dritte, and siebte.fºˆÁ‰R#t€(7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 1.erstefirsth[‰)ŠR#t€,7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 2.zweitesecondgÁ‰ŠR#t€*7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 3.drittethirdh)ŠøŠR#t€,7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 4.viertefourthgŠ_‹R#t€*7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 5.fünftefifthhøŠÇ‹R#t€,7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 6.sechstesixthi_‹0ŒR#t€.7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 7.siebteseventhgÇ‹—ŒR#t€*7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 8.achteeighthg0ŒþŒR#t€*7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ 9.neunteninthg—ŒeR#t€*7n q €€€‚ÿ€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ10.zehntetenth&þŒ‹# €€€‚ÿFeÑ19Š‡€ $ÑŽ2ÀNegative Construction=‹Ž% €0€Œ˜€‚ÿNegative ConstructionârÑ Àp ®€å€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€€€€€€€€€‚€€€€€€‚ÿTo form a negative statement in German, the word nicht is added. Nicht usually follows the verb, but there are exceptions to this rule. Other negatives include kein, niemand, and nie; their use is not as strictly regulated as that of nicht.Das Haus gehört ihm (the house belongs to him). Das Haus gehört ihm nicht (the house doesn't belong to him).Ž À‹&Ž2À# €€€‚ÿ? ÀqÀ1BÈ ›€ %ÿÿÿÿqÀtÁInterrogatives62À§À% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogatives͇qÀtÁF Z€€œ!iAõa©¡1yQ€€€‚‚ÿIn interrogative sentences, the verb comes first and is followed by the subject; e.g. Was hast du? (What's the matter with you?).: §À®Á1¡ € <Œ &®ÁßÁOÏSentences1 tÁßÁ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿSentences®Á^Ån ª€#€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿSentences are made up of one or more clauses. A clause consists of a subject (a noun or pronoun) and a predicate (what is said about the noun or pronoun). The predicate always contains a verb. In this simple sentence: Der König herrscht (The king rules); König is the subject and herrscht is the predicate.Adjectives or nouns used along with the verb in order to describe what is being asserted about someone or something, are in the predicative position. In the sentence Der König ist der Herrscher (The king is the sovereign); Herrscher is a predicate noun. In the sentence Der König ist wohlwollend (The king is benevolent), wohlwollend is a predicate adjective. Predicate adjectives and nouns have the same case as the nouns or pronouns they refer to.&ßÁ„Å# €€€‚ÿ\^ÅàÈV z€ €‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿNouns or pronouns which are related to the action of the verb or to a preposition are called objects. In German there are direct objects (accusative), indirect objects (dative), possessives (genitive) and objects of prepositions. The direct object of a verb is a noun or pronoun which receives the action of a verb directly. In the sentence Der König liebt die Königin (The king loves the queen), Königin is the direct object of the verb. In German, indirect objects are nouns or pronouns for whom, to whom, or in whose interest something is done, given, or said. They are always in the dative case. In the sentence Der König gibt der Königin eine Perle (The king gives a pearl to the queen.), eine Perle is direct object, der Königin is indirect object. ÅÏËV z€3€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿThe genitive case is used to show ownership. In the sentence Das Schloß des Königs liegt am See (The king's castle is located on the lake), ownership is indicated with the genitive case, des Königs. Possession of articles of clothing and parts of the body are indicated with a dative pronoun: Ich wasche mir die Hände (I'm washing my hands), Monika putzt sich die Zähne (Monica is brushing her teeth). With proper nouns, an -s is commonly added without an apostrophe to indicate possession: Bertas Bruder kommt morgen (Berta's brother is coming tomorrow), Die Geschichte Deutschlands is höchst interessant (Germany's history is most interesting).2ÜàÈÏV z€¹€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿSome German prepositions take the accusative case; they are bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, zu. Die Königin ging durch den Wald (The quenn walked through the woods). Other prepositions always take the dative case. They are aus, außer, bei, gegenüber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu. Ursula ging mit dem Hund spazieren. (Ursula went on a walk with her dog.) However, many can take either the accusative or the dative case, depending on how they are used in the sentence. When a preposition indicates direction, the accusative is used: Er legt die Bücher auf den Tisch (He lays the books on the table.) When a preposition indicates location, the dative is used: Die Bücher liegen auf dem Tisch (The books lie on the table.)(ÏË)Ï% €€‚€‚ÿ&ÏOÏ# €€€‚ÿ> )ÏÏ1›€ T 'ÏÄϧGrammar Pages7OÏÄÏ' € €Œ˜B˜€‚ÿGrammar Pages6 Ï + &€€¸˜ãÃt÷¶€ ‰‚ÿNumberÄÏ OÏ›TÄϧG ^€¨€˜ã+† V€ ‰‚ã‹—4뉂ã¥d?쉂ã̶²8‰‚ãö ‰‚ÿPersonGenderElisionVerbs: Strong ConjugationVerbs: Weak Conjugation7 Þ1ï<Œ _ (ÞÌ Number0 §' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿNumberm<Þ{1 2€x€¸˜€ € € € € ‚ÿThere are two numbers in German: singular and plural.[7Ö$ €n€˜€ ‚ÿMost nouns in German have singular and plural forms:c9{9* $€r€RÈ€ ‚€ ‚ÿdie Familie, die Familien (the family, the families))Öb& €€R˜€ ‚ÿ]'9¿6 <€N€R¤„´!€ ã4± Å€ ‰€ ‚ÿSee Number: Singular and Plural)bè& €€R˜€ ‚ÿT0¿<$ €`€˜€ ‚ÿPronouns also have singular and plural forms:)èe& €€R˜€ ‚ÿ˜c<ý5#:€Æ·/ €€€ ‚€ ‚ÿÿÿdu, ihr (mine [singular, masculine, feminine])mein,meine (mine [plural, masculine, feminine]) KeH6 <€*€R˜€ ‚€ ãìê\U€ ‰€ ‚ÿSee Pronouns-ýu* $€€RÈ„´!€ ‚ÿqKHæ& €–€R˜€ ‚ÿAdjectives and articles agree with nouns in number (and also in gender)..u+ &€€ R†:åí€ ‚ÿdæxE#Z€>þe €€ R€ ‚ÿ€ € R‚ÿÿÿder alte Hund(the old dog)j%âE#Z€Jþe €€ R€ ‚ÿ€(€ R‚ÿÿÿdas große Mädchen(the tall girl)2x* $€€ R„!€ ‚‚ÿSee DâX3 6€"€RÈ„Æ!ãú³ŽÕ€ ‰€ ‚ÿAdjectives X'°1 2€N€RÈ‚Æ㦠Š€ ‰€ ‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles œuXL' €ê€R˜€ ‚‚ÿVerbs and different verbal forms (present and past participles) agree with the subject of the sentence in number:f>°²( €|€RÈ€ ‚‚‚ÿWir tragen braune Schuhe. (We are wearing brown shoes.)½†Lo7 <€ €R˜€ ‚€ € € € € ‚ÿTragen is 1st person plural, present tense of the verb tragen agrees in number (and in gender) with the personal pronoun wir.2²¡* $€€ R„!€ ‚‚ÿSee ; oÜ/ .€€RÈãÉØ€ ‰€ ‚ÿVerbs M¡) . ,€>€Èãÿ½€ ‰€ ‚ÿActive and Passive Voice z:Ü£ @ P€t€R˜‚H€ ƒãÔit‰€ ‚€ ƒã½=®`‰€ ‚ÿPast Participle Present Participle (Gerund) )) Ì & €€R˜€ ‚ÿ7£  1\T € ) 3 j@Person0 Ì 3 ' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿPerson¶ é 7 <€ÿ€¸€ € € € € € € ‚ÿGrammatical person indicates the relationship of speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group (Ich, mir, mein, mich, wir, unser, uns). Second person refers to whomever is being spoken to (du, dir, dein, dich, ihr, euer, euch). Third person refers to the entity being spoken about (er, sich, sie, sich, sie, sich).Âa3 « a ’€Â€R˜‚H€ ‚‚€ ƒãtv]‰€ ‚€ ƒãæó«À‰€ ‚€ ƒã™eÓo‰€ ‚€ ƒãfƒÊ‰€ ‚ÿSeePersonal Pronouns Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Possessives (é Ó % €€R˜€ ‚ÿƒ\« V ' €¸€R˜€ ‚‚ÿVerbs are inflected (receive different endings) to agree with the person of the subject:|'Ó Ò U#z€NìJ¿  €€€ ‚ÿ€*€‚ÿ€>€‚ÿÿÿsprechen (to talk)SingularPlural}(V OU#z€PìJ¿  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿ1st personich sprechewir sprechen|'Ò ËU#z€NìJ¿  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿ2nd persondu sprichstihr sprechtƒ.ONU#z€\ìJ¿  €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€@€‚ÿÿÿ3rd personer/sie/es sprichtsie sprechen,Ëz) "€€ R„!€ ‚ÿINÃ3 6€,€R˜€ ‚€ ãÉ؉€ ‚ÿSee Verbs r@zA@2 4€€€˜€ ã̶²8‰‚ãö ‰‚ÿ VerbsÃA@Ì : Strong Conjugation Verbs: Weak Conjugation)Ãj@& €€R˜€ ‚ÿ7A@¡@1»_ àƒ *¡@Ñ@[GGender0 j@Ñ@' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿGender‚K¡@SA7 >€–€¸˜€ € € € € € € ‚ÿThere are three genders in German: masculine, feminine and neuter.fAÑ@¹A% €‚€˜€ ‚‚ÿAll nouns in German are either masculine, feminine or neuter.g<SA C+ $€y€˜„´!€ ‚‚ÿAlthough there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word.e"¹A…CC#V€D­AÒ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿder Mann(the man [masculine])e" CêCC#V€D­AÒ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿdie Hand(the hand [feminine])f#…CPDC#V€F­AÒ €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿdas Mädchen(the girl [neuter])2êC‚D+ &€€R˜„´!€ ‚‚ÿSee> PDÀD3 6€€RÈ„´!ãõ¬C€ ‰€ ‚ÿNouns?‚DÿE. *€#€R˜„´!€ ‚‚‚‚ÿKnowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, participles, and pronouns. They agree in the gender and in the number with the noun.Seex7ÀDwFA R€n€Ȉl´üEãú³ŽÕ€ ‰€ ‚㦠Š€ ‰€ ‚ÿAdjectives Definite and Indefinite Articles z:ÿEñF@ P€t€R˜‚H€ ƒãÔit‰€ ‚€ ƒã½=®`‰€ ‚ÿPast Participle Present Participle (Gerund) BwF3G4 8€€Ȉl´üEãìê\U€ ‰€ ‚ÿPronouns(ñF[G% €€RÈ€ ‚ÿ83G“G1È€ 4… +“GÄG[IElision1 [GÄG' €€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿElisionüÖ“GÀH& €­€¸˜€ ‚ÿIn most cases elision is optional in German. It occurs when the final vowel of a word is dropped before another word beginning with a vowel .The fact that the vowel has been elided is indicated by an apostrophe.›tÄG[I' €è€˜È€ ‚‚‚ÿHab' ich dir erzählt, daß die Großmutter zu Besuch kommt? (Have I told you that grandmother will be visiting?.)JÀH¥I1:àƒ °€ ,¥IèIÛCVerbs: Strong ConjugationC[IèI' €8€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿVerbs: Strong Conjugation)¥IJ& €€¸R˜€ ‚ÿl)èI}JC#V€R<® €€R€ ‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePresent Participleo)JìJF#\€R<® €€R€ € ‚ÿ€@€R‚ÿÿÿtragen (to carry or to wear)tragendW}JCKC#V€(<® €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿPast ParticipleP ìJ“KC#V€<® €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿgetragen:CKÍK* $€ €˜€ ‚€ ‚‚ÿwith habenr“K?LX#€€4К ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresentPasty!ÍK¸LX#€€BК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich trageich trugƒ+?L;MX#€€VК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu trägstdu trugstƒ+¸L¾MX#€€VК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie tragenSie trugenw;M5NX#€€>К ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer trägter trugy!¾M®NX#€€BК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie trägtsie trugw5N%OX#€€>К ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones trägtes truge ®NŠOX#€€Ðš ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural|$%O€X#€€HК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir tragenwir trŠO€[Iugenƒ+ŠO•€X#€€VК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr tragtihr trugtƒ+€X#€€VК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie tragenSie trugen|$•€”X#€€HК ‡ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie tragensie trugen(¼% €€˜€ ‚ÿ‚*”>‚X#€€TÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresent PerfectPast Perfect‹3¼É‚X#€€fÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich habe getragenich hatte getragen”<>‚]ƒX#€€xÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€N€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu hast getragendu hattest getragen”<É‚ñƒX#€€xÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€N€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie haben getragenSie hatten getragen‰1]ƒz„X#€€bÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Person er hat getragener hatte getragenŠ2ñƒ…X#€€dÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie hat getragensie hatte getragenˆ0z„Œ…X#€€`Óñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones hat getragenes hatte getragene …ñ…X#€€Óñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural5Œ…~†X#€€jÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir haben getragenwir hatten getragen•=ñ…‡X#€€zÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€P€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr habt getragenihr hattet getragen”<~†§‡X#€€xÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€N€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie haben getragenSie hatten getragenŒ4‡3ˆX#€€hÓñ î €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie haben getragensie hatte getragen(§‡[ˆ% €€˜€ ‚ÿw3ˆÒˆX#€€>Óá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿÿÿSingular Futur IFutur II8[ˆb‰X#€€pÓá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich werde tragenich werde getragen haben—?Òˆù‰X#€€~Óá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu wirst tragendu wirst getragen haben™Ab‰’ŠX#€€‚Óá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden tragenSie werden getragen habenŒ4ù‰‹X#€€hÓá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer wird tragener wird getragen habenŽ6’Š¬‹X#€€lÓá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie wird tragensie wird getragen habenŒ4‹8ŒX#€€hÓá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones wird tragenes wird getragen habene ¬‹ŒX#€€Óá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural’:8Œ/X#€€tÓá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir werden tragenwir werden getragen haben›CŒÊX#€€†Óá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€P€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr werdet tragenihr werdet getragen haben™A/cŽX#€€‚Óá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden tragenSie werden getragen haben’:ÊõŽX#€€tÓá M €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie werden tragensie werden getragen haben.cŽ#) "€ €˜€ ‚€ ‚ÿ“/õŽ¶d#˜€^äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€R‚ÿ€:€R‚ÿÿÿSingularSubjunctive I Subjunctive II #CÀe#š€8äÎ  €€Rÿ€€˜€ ‚ÿ€¶CÀ[I€˜‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Persontrage trüge'¶ÂÀX#€€NäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiartragesttrügest{#CÀ=ÁX#€€FäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PolitetragentrügenrÂÀ¯ÁX#€€4äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persontragetrüger=Á!ÂX#€€4äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persontragetrüger¯Á“ÂX#€€4äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persontragetrügee !ÂøÂX#€€äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPluralt“ÂlÃX#€€8äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Persontragentrügen}%øÂéÃX#€€JäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiartragettrüget{#lÃdÄX#€€FäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PolitetragentrügentéÃØÄX#€€8äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persontragentrügen[dÄ3ÅT#x€T' €€˜ÿ€€R€ ‚ÿ€€R€ ‚ÿÿÿRØÄ…ÅC#V€T' €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿImperativeP 3ÅÕÅC#V€T' €€R€ ‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿÿÿdutrage!a…Å6ÆR#t€T' €€Rÿ€€ R€ ‚ÿ€€ R‚ÿÿÿihrtragt!TÕÅŠÆE#Z€T' €€ R€ ‚ÿ€ € R‚ÿÿÿSietragen!J6ÆÔÆE#Z€ T' €€ R€ ‚ÿ€€ R‚ÿÿÿ.ŠÆÇ) "€ €˜€ ‚€ ‚ÿl)ÔÆnÇC#V€R<® €€R€ ‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePresent ParticiplebÇÐÇF#\€8<® €€R€ € ‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿÿÿlaufen/ to walklaufendWnÇ'ÈC#V€(<® €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿPast ParticipleQÐÇxÈC#V€<® €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿigelaufen5'È­È' €€˜€ ‚‚‚ÿwith seinsxÈ ÉX#€€6Í z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿÿÿSingular PresentPasty!­È™ÉX#€€BÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich laufeich liefƒ+ ÉÊX#€€VÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu läufstdu liefstƒ+™ÉŸÊX#€€VÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie laufenSie liefenwÊËX#€€>Í z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer läufter liefy!ŸÊËX#€€BÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie läuftsie liefwËÌX#€€>Í z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones läuftes liefe ËkÌX#€€Í z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural|$ÌçÌX#€€HÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir laufenwir liefenƒ+kÌjÍX#€€VÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr lauftihr lieftƒ+çÌíÍX#€€VÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie laufenSie liefen|$jÍiÎX#€€HÍ z €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie laufensie liefen(íÍ‘Î% €€˜€ ‚ÿ‚*iÎÏX#€€TÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresent PerfectPast Perfectˆ0‘ΛÏX#€€`ÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich bin gelaufenich war gelaufen’:Ï9X#€€tÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€N€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Fa›Ï9[Imiliardu bist gelaufendu warst gelaufen’:›ÏËX#€€tÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie sind gelaufenSie waren gelaufen†.9QX#€€\ÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer ist gelaufener war gelaufenˆ0ËÙX#€€`ÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie ist gelaufensie war gelaufen†.Q_X#€€\ÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones ist gelaufenes war gelaufene ÙÄX#€€ÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural‹3_OX#€€fÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir sind gelaufenwir waren gelaufen“;ÄâX#€€vÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€P€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr seid gelaufenihr wart gelaufen’:OtX#€€tÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie sind gelaufenSie waren gelaufen‹3âÿX#€€fÓÓ ä €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie sind gelaufensie waren gelaufen(t'% €€˜€ ‚ÿvÿX#€€<ÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularFutur IFutur II7',X#€€nÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich werde laufenich werde gelaufen sein–>ÂX#€€|ÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu wirst laufendu wirst gelaufen sein˜@,ZX#€€€ÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden laufenSie werden gelaufen sein‹3ÂåX#€€fÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer wird laufener wird gelaufen sein5ZrX#€€jÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie wird laufensie wird gelaufen sein‹3åýX#€€fÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones wird laufenes wird gelaufen seine rb X#€€ÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural‘9ýó X#€€rÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir werden laufenwir werden gelaufen seinšBb  X#€€„ÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€P€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr werdet laufenihr werdet gelaufen sein˜@ó % X#€€€ÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden laufenSie werden gelaufen sein‘9 ¶ X#€€rÐÖ / €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie werden laufensie werden gelaufen sein(% Þ % €€˜€ ‚ÿ+¶ m d#˜€VäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€R‚ÿ€6€R‚ÿÿÿSingularSubjunctive ISubjunctive II€Þ í e#š€6äÎ  €€Rÿ€€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personlaufeliefe'm l X#€€NäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarlaufestliefest{#í ç X#€€FäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Politelaufenliefenrl YX#€€4äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlaufelieferç ËX#€€4äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. PersonlaufelieferY=X#€€4äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlaufeliefee Ë¢X#€€äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPluralt="@X#€€8äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Pe¢"@[Irsonlaufenliefen}%¢Ÿ@X#€€JäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarlaufetliefet{#"@AX#€€FäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PolitelaufenliefentŸ@ŽAX#€€8äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlaufenliefen[AéAT#x€T' €€˜ÿ€€R€ ‚ÿ€€R€ ‚ÿÿÿRŽA;BC#V€T' €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿImperativeP éA‹BC#V€T' €€R€ ‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿÿÿdulaufe!a;BìBR#t€T' €€Rÿ€€ R€ ‚ÿ€€ R‚ÿÿÿihrlauft!T‹B@CE#Z€T' €€ R€ ‚ÿ€ € R‚ÿÿÿSielaufen!JìBŠCE#Z€ T' €€ R€ ‚ÿ€€ R‚ÿÿÿ(@C²C% €€˜€ ‚ÿ)ŠCÛC& €€¸R˜€ ‚ÿH²C#D1;4… ÿÿÿÿ-#DdD7Verbs: Weak ConjugationAÛCdD' €4€Œ˜B˜€‚ÿVerbs: Weak Conjugation)#DD& €€¸R˜€ ‚ÿl)dDùDC#V€R`Š €€R€ ‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePresent ParticipledD]EF#\€<`Š €€R€ € ‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿÿÿlernen (to learn)lernendWùD´EC#V€(`Š €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿPast ParticipleO ]EFC#V€`Š €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿgelernt6´E9F' €€˜€ ‚‚‚ÿwith habeny!F²FX#€€BÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresent Past Tense{#9F-GX#€€FÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich lerneich lernte…-²F²GX#€€ZÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu lernstdu lerntest„,-G6HX#€€XÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie lernenSie lernteny!²G¯HX#€€BÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer lernter lernte{#6H*IX#€€FÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie lerntsie lerntey!¯H£IX#€€BÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones lerntes lerntee *IJX#€€Ò£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural}%£I…JX#€€JÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir lernenwir lernten…-J KX#€€ZÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr lerntihr lerntet„,…JŽKX#€€XÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie lernenSie lernten}% K LX#€€JÒ£ « €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie lernensie lernten(ŽK3L% €€˜€ ‚ÿ‚* LµLX#€€TÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresent PerfectPast Perfect‰13L>MX#€€bÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich habe gelerntich hatte gelernt‘9µLÏMX#€€rÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿ€J€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familardu hast gelerntdu hattest gelernt’:>MaNX#€€tÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie haben gelerntSie hatten gelernt†.ÏMçNX#€€\ÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer hat gelernter hatte gelerntˆ0aNoOX#€€`ÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie hat gelerntsie hatte gelernt†.çN €X#€€\ÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones hat gelerntes hatte gelerntoO €ÛCe oOq€X#€€ÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural‹3 €ü€X#€€fÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir haben gelerntwir hatten gelernt“;q€X#€€vÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€N€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr habt gelerntihr hattet gelernt’:ü€!‚X#€€tÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie haben gelerntSie hatten gelernt‹3¬‚X#€€fÍÖ Õ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie haben gelerntsie hatten gelernt(!‚Ô‚% €€˜€ ‚ÿv¬‚JƒX#€€<äÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularFutur IFutur II7Ô‚ÙƒX#€€näÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich werde lernenich werde gelernt haben–>Jƒo„X#€€|äÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu wirst lernendu wirst gelernt habenÒDÙƒA…Ž#쀈äÌ  €€˜ÿ€€˜‚Z€ ‚ÿ€(€˜‚Zÿ€*€˜„$Z‚ÿ€P€˜„$Zÿ€R€˜‚Z‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden lernenSie werden gelernt haben¶6o„÷…€#ЀläÌ  €€˜‚Z€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚Zÿ€€˜„$Z‚ÿ€<€˜„$Zÿ€>€˜‚Z‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer wirst lernener wird gelernt habenÂ:A…¹†ˆ#à€täÌ  €€˜‚Zÿ€€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€˜‚$‚ÿ€B€˜‚$ÿ€D€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie werden lernensie wird gelernt haben­5÷…f‡x#À€jäÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€˜‚$‚ÿ€:€˜‚$ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones wird lernenes wird gelernt haben‡¹†í‡x#À€äÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€˜‚$‚ÿ€€˜‚$ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural´<f‡¡ˆx#À€xäÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€˜‚$‚ÿ€@€˜‚$ÿ€B€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir werden lernenwir werden gelernt haben šBí‡;‰X#€€„äÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€P€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr werdet lernenihr werdet gelernt haben˜@¡ˆÓ‰X#€€€äÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden lernenSie werden gelernt haben‘9;‰dŠX#€€räÌ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie werden lernensie werden gelernt haben(Ó‰ŒŠ% €€˜€ ‚ÿ+dŠ‹d#˜€VäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€R‚ÿ€6€R‚ÿÿÿSingularSubjunctive ISubjunctive IIŒŠœ‹e#š€8äÎ  €€Rÿ€€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personlernelernte€(‹ŒX#€€PäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarlernestlerntest|$œ‹˜ŒX#€€HäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PolitelernenlerntensŒ X#€€6äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlernelerntes˜Œ~X#€€6äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlernelerntes ñX#€€6äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlernelerntee ~VŽX#€€äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPluraluñËŽX#€€:äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personlernenlernten~&VŽIX#€€LäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarlernetlerntet|$ËŽÅX#€€HäÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PolitelernenlerntenuIFÀX#€€:äÎ  €€˜€ ‚ÿÅFÀÛC€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personlernenlernten[Å¡ÀT#x€T' €€˜ÿ€€R€ ‚ÿ€€R€ ‚ÿÿÿRFÀóÀC#V€T' €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿImperativeP ¡ÀCÁC#V€T' €€R€ ‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿÿÿdulerne!aóÀ¤ÁR#t€T' €€Rÿ€€ R€ ‚ÿ€€ R‚ÿÿÿihrlernt!TCÁøÁE#Z€T' €€ R€ ‚ÿ€ € R‚ÿÿÿSielernen!J¤ÁBÂE#Z€ T' €€ R€ ‚ÿ€€ R‚ÿÿÿ*øÁlÂ& €€˜€ ‚‚ÿl)BÂØÂC#V€R*À €€R€ ‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePresent Participlef lÂ>ÃF#\€@*À €€R€ € ‚ÿ€.€R‚ÿÿÿfolgen (to follow) folgendWØ•ÃC#V€(*À €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿPast ParticipleO >ÃäÃC#V€*À €€R€ ‚ÿ€€R‚ÿÿÿgefolgt5•ÃÄ' €€˜€ ‚‚‚ÿwith seinräËÄX#€€4Ò• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresentPast{#ÄÅX#€€FÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich folgeich folgte…-‹Ä‹ÅX#€€ZÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu folgstdu folgtest„,ÅÆX#€€XÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie folgenSie folgteny!‹ÅˆÆX#€€BÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer folgter folgte{#ÆÇX#€€FÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€.€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie folgtsie folgtey!ˆÆ|ÇX#€€BÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€,€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones folgtes folgtee ÇáÇX#€€Ò• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural}%|Ç^ÈX#€€JÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir folgenwir folgten…-áÇãÈX#€€ZÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€@€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr folgtihr folgtet„,^ÈgÉX#€€XÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie folgenSie folgten}%ãÈäÉX#€€JÒ• ˆ €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€0€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie folgensie folgten'gÉ Ê$ €€˜€ ‚ÿ‚*äÉÊX#€€TÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularPresent PerfectPast Perfect†. ÊËX#€€\ÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich bin gefolgtich war gefolgt8Ê£ËX#€€pÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu bist gefolgtdu warst gefolgt8Ë3ÌX#€€pÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€J€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie sind gefolgtSie waren gefolgt„,£Ë·ÌX#€€XÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer ist gefolgter war gefolgt†.3Ì=ÍX#€€\ÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie ist gefolgtsie war gefolgt„,·ÌÁÍX#€€XÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones ist gefolgtes war gefolgte =Í&ÎX#€€ÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural‰1ÁͯÎX#€€bÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir sind gefolgtwir waren gefolgt‘9&Î@ÏX#€€rÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€N€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr seid gefolgtihr wart gefolgt8¯ÎÐÏX#€€pÎÇ Ò €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€J€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie sind gefolgtSie waren gefolgt‰1@ÏeX#€€bÎÇ Ò €€ÐÏeÛC˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie sind gefolgtsie waren gefolgt'ÐÏŒ$ €€˜€ ‚ÿ(e´% €€˜€ ‚ÿvŒ*X#€€<ÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿSingularFutur IFutur IIŽ6´¸X#€€lÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personich werde folgenich werde gefolgt sein•=*MX#€€zÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiardu wirst folgendu wirst gefolgt sein—?¸äX#€€~ÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden folgenSie werden gefolgt seinŠ2MnX#€€dÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personer wird folgener wird gefolgt seinŒ4äúX#€€hÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€:€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie wird folgensie wird gefolgt seinŠ2n„X#€€dÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€8€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Persones wird folgenes wird gefolgt seine úéX#€€ÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿÿÿPlural8„yX#€€pÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personwir werden folgenwir werden gefolgt sein™AéX#€€‚ÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€P€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarihr werdet folgenihr werdet gefolgt sein—?y©X#€€~ÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€L€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person PoliteSie werden folgenSie werden gefolgt sein89X#€€pÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€>€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. Personsie werden folgensie werden gefolgt sein(©a% €€R˜€ ‚ÿ+9ðd#˜€VÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜ÿ€€R‚ÿ€6€R‚ÿÿÿSingularSubjunctive ISubjunctive IIaqe#š€8ÌÙ  €€Rÿ€€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€(€˜‚ÿÿÿ1. Personfolgefolgte€(ðñX#€€PÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€*€˜‚ÿ€<€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Familiarfolgestfolgtest|$qm X#€€HÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿ€6€˜‚ÿÿÿ2. Person Politefolgenfolgtensñà X#€€6ÌÙ  €€˜€ ‚ÿ€€˜‚ÿ€&€˜‚ÿÿÿ3. 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