?_`ÿÿÿÿñPGl"Æ×3French Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4ÿÿ ‚ ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXTXÔ|CTXOMAPŵ|FONT+Ÿ|KWBTREEúÃ|KWDATAÃ|KWMAPéÃ|SYSTEM|TOPIC|TTLBTREE)Ì|bm0‡ìÿ–…¯ ÿÿpassive-r‡¯l¯’¯ÿÿ%þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ5ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿuFÇPassive Conjugation-#¸ ÀIÿÿª’¯­ÿÿÿÿÔ4¯-#Ì ÔIÿÿ —¯­ÿÿÿÿ|’¯-#Ñ ÙIÿÿ­›e-#·¿OÿÿN—¯¹ÿÿÿÿ.ƒ¯ €R˜ÿÿÿÿbˆ¯-#TÝdlRÿÿX˜¯ÿÿÿÿ؈¯ø ¢µRú Å #‹EyD-#›‹“Gÿÿ,™¯‰ÿÿÿÿ~‘¯  ÿRŽ Ž Q Q ® 2nd_Conjugation_pageØ3rd_Conjugation_pagePassive_Conjugation_pageI ƒ,€˜‰Eôf‹ƒ.f‹›0f‰Eüs(‹E샸u…Étf»?°fÇEô@fÇEü‰EÔf‹U‹EŠMüÓèO‰EäÓï2+}äfHGÇEÜf#Ãf#Úf‰Eöf‰]ú‹] Eè@þÿÿPWQjÿuä‹M؃Áè …ÀŒûfÇEþf‹EôfHƒ}èf‰EøvÆ‹Eì+EÔ‰Eà·EþkÀ ‹´Dþÿÿ‹”Hþÿÿ;ús‹×fÿEþ+úUä…-#öf‰EZbEÿÿˆ™¯ðÿÿÿÿ‘¯-#MüÓæowœš“šÿÿÿÿ 9ÿÿÿÿE1ÿÿÿÿ¬ÿÿÿÿE)Contents6 {% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿFrench Grammar)_E¤Ê b¿€ã¡§9’€‰€‚‚ãõ¬C€‰€‚ã©gõÍ€‰€‚ãI¡bx€‰€‚㦠Š€‰€‚ãìê\U€‰€‚ãE!Ëò€‰€‚ãúߨ€‰€‚ãó'¡€‰€‚ã U €‰€‚ã›îª€‰€‚㔜IØ€‰€‚ã~“¨ü€‰€‚ÿAlphabet and Pronunciation Nouns Gender Plurals of Nouns Definite and Indefinite Articles Pronouns Subject Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Disjunctive Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns ,{·ç œY€€ã¦/t€‰€‚ã™eÓo€‰€‚ã½ä›€‰€‚ã°«f€‰€‚‚ã.·8€‰€‚ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ã¥f¼€‰€‚ãM?¬Ò€‰€‚ã§óµÿ€‰€‚ã…O‰€‰€‚ã>ø®q€‰€‚ãU™û€‰€‚ãèýUÓ€‰€‚㘃€‰€‚ãàFîo€‰€‚ÿ Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Pronouns "y" and "en" Partitive AdjectivesAdverbs ComparisonPrepositions ConjunctionsNumbers Negative ConstructionInterrogatives Imperative Sentences &Y¤ÝÍ h³€€‚ãÉØ€‰€‚ãnž€‰€‚ãëä~€‰€‚ãÔit€‰€‚ã½=®`€‰€‚ãí£lú€‰€‚ãÁ?° €‰€‚ã~Å7¿€‰€‚ãi"{€‰€‚㞊&˜€‰€‚ã ˆÓ“€‰€‚ãež‹€‰€‚ㆆ1)€‰€‚ÿVerbs Present Tense Imperfect Tense Past Participle Present Participle (Gerund) Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs Passé Composé Pluperfect Tense Future Tense Present Conditional Tense Future Perfect Tense Past Conditional Tense Present Subjunctive v9·S= J€r€€ãÿ½€‰€‚€ ãL“ƒ‰‚€‚ÿ Active and Passive Voice Grammar Pages°zÝ6 <€ö€„H~€‚€†"€€‚ÿFor Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu .&S)# €€€‚ÿKt1ýì‚t¶˜JAlphabet and PronunciationB)¶% €:€Œ˜€‚ÿAlphabet and Pronunciationi"t G#^€Dß €€€‚ÿ€,€€ €‚ÿÿÿa, à (accent grave)as in up{1¶š J#d€bß €€€€‚ÿ€B€€ €‚ÿÿÿ â (accent circonflexe)as in fatherZ ô G#^€&ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿaias in play_š S G#^€0ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿail, eilas in buy[ô ® G#^€(ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿauas in choreXS  G#^€"ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿbas in bed~1® „ M#j€bß €€€‚ÿ(€€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿcas in cook, before E, I or Y as in cityb æ G#^€6ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿç (cédille)as in sitZ„ @ G#^€&ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿchas in shipZæ š G#^€&ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿdas in dandy{4@  G#^€hß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿe(short) as in men, before a double consonant^š s G#^€.ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿ(long) as in furp/ ã A#R€^ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ(silent) at the end of a polysyllabic wordfs IG#^€>ß €€€‚ÿ€$€€ €‚ÿÿÿé (accent aigu)as in eh?j#ã ³G#^€Fß €€€‚ÿ€&€€ €‚ÿÿÿè (accent grave)as in ghettop)I#G#^€Rß €€€‚ÿ€2€€ €‚ÿÿÿê (accent circonflexe)as in ghettoX³{G#^€"ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿeaulike oh{4# @G#^€hß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿerat the end of a polysyllabic word, like eh?{ @)y2{…@G#^€dß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿat the end of a one-syllable word, like airY @Þ@G#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿeuas in furn'…@LAG#^€Nß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿezat the end of a word, like eh?YÞ@¥AG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿfas in fork‰<LA.BM#j€xß €€€‚ÿ(€€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿgbefore A, O, U as in get before E or I as in sure_¥ABG#^€0ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿgnas in companionM .BÚBA#R€ß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿhsilentcB=CG#^€8ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿi(long) as in machine_ÚBœCG#^€0ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿ(short) as in fitY=CõCG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿjas in surev/œCkDG#^€^ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿk(used in foreign words only) as in kindZõCÅDG#^€&ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿlas in label[kD EG#^€(ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿmas in masterWÅDwEG#^€ ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnas in no\ EÓEG#^€*ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿoas in foreverZwE-FG#^€&ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿouas in rootYÓE†FG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿpas in pairZ-FàFG#^€&ß €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿquas in kick†?†FfGG#^€~ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿras in carrot (but pronounced in the back of the throat)YàF¿GG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿsas in sinkYfGHG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿtas in timeŒ?¿G¤HM#j€~ß €€€‚ÿ(€€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿuas in music (use only second sound of vowel: meeusic)YHýHG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvas in vasei(¤HfIA#R€Pß €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿww sound used in foreign words onlyXýH¾IG#^€"ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿxas in axeYfIJG#^€$ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿyas in meet[¾IrJG#^€(ß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿzas in zinnia&J˜J# €€€‚ÿ6rJÎJ1c¬ÚƒÎJûJ-LNouns-˜JûJ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNouns2æÎJ-LL f€Í€€‚‚ã©gõÍ€‰€‚ãI¡bx€‰€‚㦠Š€‰€‚ÿA noun refers to a person, a place, an idea, or an object, for example: père (father), tour (tower), amour (love). Only proper nouns are capitalized.Gender Plurals of Nouns Definite and Indefinite Articles AûJnL1Íì‚Ý…nL§LCOPlurals of Nouns9-L§L% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿPlurals of Nouns vìnLOŠ â€Ù€€€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿPlurals are regularly formed, as in English, by adding -s, for example, le lac (the lake), les lacs (the lakes). Nouns ending in -eu, -eau and -au usually form the plural with -x, for example: le bateau (the boat), les bateaux (the boats). Nouns ending in -al usually form the plural with -aux: le cheval (the horse), les chevaux (the horses). Nouns ending in -s, -x, or -z do not change in the plural: le nez (the nose), les nez (the noses). &§LCO# €€€‚ÿ7OzO1þÚƒizO¨O…Gender. CO¨O% €€Œ˜€‚ÿGender£-zOW‚v º€[€€‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ¨OW‚CO€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿNouns in French are either feminine or masculine; there is no neuter gender. The names of countries and abstract and inanimate nouns may be feminine or masculine; these nouns and their articles are best learned together.Nouns require the article le, la, l', or les. Nouns naming males are masculine; nouns naming females are feminine. Nouns ending in -age or -âge, -ment, and -eau are masculine (except for eau (water), which is feminine): le mariage (marriage), l'âge (age), le paiement (payment), le couteau (knife). QΨO¨„ƒ Ô€€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿNouns ending -ance, -ence, -tion, and -ette are feminine: l'ambiance (atmosphere), la permanence (permanence), l'attention (attention), la serviette (napkin). Many nouns add -e to the masculine noun to form the feminine: un ami (male friend), une amie (female friend). There are nouns that change the -eur masculine ending to -euse for the feminine, for example: un chanteur (male singer), une chanteuse (female singer).Ù›W‚…> J€7€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚ÿThere are nouns that change the -eur masculine ending to -trice for feminine: le directeur (male director), la directrice (female director). Q ¨„Ò…1<Ý…¾Ò…†&ŠDefinite and Indefinite ArticlesI$…†% €H€Œ˜€‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles Á1҅܈ î€c€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe definite article for masculine singular nouns is le (plural les), for example: le boucher (the butcher). The definite article for feminine singular nouns is la (plural les), for example: la bonne (the maid). Both le and la elide before a noun beginning with a vowel or a mute "h", for example: l'air (the air), l'homme (the man). Le and les contract with the preposition à to form au in the singular and aux in the plural. They contract with the preposition de to form du in the singular and des in the plural. J†&ŠJ b€€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚ÿThe indefinite article is un for the masculine singular, une for the feminine singular, for example: un boucher (a butcher), une bonne (a maid). Des is used with the plural of both genders to mean "some": des étudiants (some students). : ܈`Š1ìiB`Š’ŠMPartitive2 &Š’Š% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPartitive àª`Šr‹6 :€U€€€ € €€ €‚‚‚‚ÿThe partitive denotes part of a whole. In English, the partitive is expressed by using some or any in front of the noun.The following forms are used in French:t'’Šæ‹M#j€N>Ö €€€‚ÿ(€,€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿmasculine singular:du or de l'v)r‹\ŒM#j€R>Ö €€€‚ÿ(€*€€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿfeminine singular:de la or de l'n'æ‹ÊŒG#^€N>Ö €€€‚ÿ€@€€ €‚ÿÿÿmasculine or feminine plural:desƒV\ŒM- *€¬€€ ‚€€ €‚ÿJ'ai du pain (I have some bread). Il prend de la confiture (He takes some jam).9ÊŒ†1¾€†¶­ÀPronouns0 M¶% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPronounsy†Éš ó€€€ €€ €‚‚‚ãE!Ëò€‰€‚ãúߨ€‰€‚ãó'¡€‰€‚ã U €‰€‚ã›îª€‰€‚㔜IØ€‰€‚ã~“¨ü€‰€‚ã¦/t€‰€‚ÿPronouns are words that are used in place of nouns, for example: il (Michel), vous (Brigitte and Monique). There are ten families of pronouns in French: Subject Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Disjunctive Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Possessive Pronouns ض­ÀW |€€ã™eÓo€‰€‚ã½ä›€‰€É­ÀM‚‚€ €€ €‚‚ã°«f€‰€‚‚ÿReflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns In addition there are the pronouns y and en: Pronouns "y" and "en" AÉîÀ1’BîÀ&Á‡ÄSubject Pronouns8­À&Á% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿSubject Pronouns nîÀÆÁ2 4€Ü€€€ €‚‚€ ‚€‚ÿSubject pronouns such as il (he) represent the subject in a sentence. Subject pronouns are:SingularR&ÁÂD#X€®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿje (j')I[ÆÁsÂD#X€.®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿtuyou (familiar)[ÂÎÂD#X€.®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyou (formal)bsÂ0ÃD#X€<®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, onhe, she, one8 ÎÂhÃ+ &€€€‚€ ‚€‚ÿPluralP 0øÃD#X€®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnousweQ hà ÄD#X€®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyouX¸ÃaÄD#X€(®ß €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿils, ellesthey& ćÄ# €€€‚ÿGaÄÎÄ1L€å‚ ÎÄ Å'ÉDirect Object Pronouns>‡Ä Å% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿDirect Object PronounsQÎÄ]Æ9 @€1€€€ €€ €‚‚€ ‚€‚ÿDirect object pronouns take the place of the direct object nouns. While the direct object noun follows the verb, the pronoun is placed in front of it, for example: Il viole la loi (he breaks the law), il la viole (he breaks it). Direct object pronouns are:SingularS Å°ÆD#X€Òñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿme (m')me`]ÆÇD#X€8Òñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿte (t')you (familiar)[°ÆkÇD#X€.Òñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyou (formal)f"ÇÑÇD#X€DÒñ €€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿle (l'), la (l')him, her, it8 kÇ È+ &€€€‚€ €‚‚ÿPluralP ÑÇYÈD#X€Òñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnoususQ ȪÈD#X€Òñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyouQ YÈûÈD#X€Òñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿlesthem,ªÈ'É' € €€‚€‚ÿIûÈpÉ1a¼„ pÉ°ÉàÍIndirect Object Pronouns@'É°É% €6€Œ˜€‚ÿIndirect Object PronounsdpÉËF Z€=€€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚‚€ €‚‚ÿIndirect object pronouns take the place of the indirect object nouns. Usually the prepositions à or pour are used with the indirect object noun, for example: Il parle à Jean (he speaks to John) becomes Il lui parle (he speaks to him). Indirect pronouns are: SingularV°ÉjËD#X€$Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿme (m')to mebËÌËD#X€<Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿte (t')to you (familiar)]jË)ÌD#X€2Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousto you (formal)WÌË€ÌD#X€&Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿluito him/her8 )̸Ì+ &€€€‚€ €‚‚ÿPluralS€Ì ÍD#X€Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnousto usT¸Ì_ÍD#X€ Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousto youU Í´ÍD#X€"Àñ €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿleurto them,_ÍàÍ' € €€‚€‚ÿE´Í%Î1¡å‚i %ÎaÎ{Disjunctive Pronouns<àÍaÎ% €.€Œ˜€‚ÿDisjunctive Pronouns;Û%Ψ` Ž€·€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿDisjunctive pronouns are used after prepositions, for example: avec moi (with me). Moi and toi are used in place of me and te as the direct and indirect object pronouns in affirmative commands, e.g., Aidez-moi! (Help me!) and Donnez-le-moi! (Give it to me!). They are also used for emphasis, as in: MaΨàÍoi, je suis belle (I for my part am lovely). They are also used after the expression c'est (it is) and in response to questions: Qui est là? - Moi.ùºaΡ? L€u€€€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿ(Who's there? I.) They are also used with même and mêmes, for example: Est-ce qu'ils y vont eux-mêmes? (Are they going themselves?). Disjunctive pronouns are: SingularR¨óD#X€·  €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿmoime, I\¡OD#X€0·  €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿtoiyou (familiar)[óªD#X€.·  €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyou (formal)n*OD#X€T·  €€€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿsoi, lui, elleoneself, him, her, she8 ªP+ &€€€‚€ €‚‚ÿPluralT¤D#X€ À  €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnousus, weQ PõD#X€À  €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyou^¤SD#X€4À  €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿeux, ellesthem, they(õ{$ €€€‚‚ÿCS¾1#¼„ ¾øêReflexive Pronouns:{ø% €*€Œ˜€‚ÿReflexive Pronouns Ö¾3 4€­€€€ €‚€ ‚€‚‚ÿReflexive verbs express an action that acts upon the subject, for example: Je me lave. (I wash myself.). Reflexive pronouns are placed in front of the conjugated verb. Reflexive pronouns are:Singular RøSD#X€®f €€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿmemyself`³D#X€8®f €€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿteyourself (familiar)`SD#X€8®f €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyourself (formal)n*³D#X€T®f €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿse himself, herself, oneself, itself8 ¹+ &€€€‚€ €‚‚ÿPluralWD#X€&®f €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿnousourselvesX¹hD#X€(®f €€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿvousyourselvesV¾D#X€$®f €€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿsethemselves,hê' € €€‚€‚ÿD¾. 1` i¼€ . i  BPossessive Pronouns;êi % €,€Œ˜€‚ÿPossessive Pronounsr3. Û ? L€g€€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚‚‚ÿPossessive pronouns indicate ownership. They replace a noun and agree in gender and number with the thing possessed rather than with the possessor, for example: son stylo (his or her pen), le sien (his or hers), sa maison (his or her house), la sienne (his or hers).Possessive pronouns are: k*i F A#R€TÛ9 €€€ ‚ÿ€,€‚ÿÿÿSingular, MasculineSingular, Feminine&Û l # €€€‚ÿdF Ð G#^€:Û: €€€ ‚ÿ€*€€€ ‚ÿÿÿle mien, la mienneminem)l = D#X€RÛ: €€€ ‚ÿ€*€€‚ÿÿÿle tien, la tienneyours (familiar)l(Ð © D#X€PÛ: €€€ ‚ÿ€,€€‚ÿÿÿle vôtre, la vôtre yours (formal)n'=  G#^€NÛ: €€€ ‚ÿ€*€€€ ‚ÿÿÿle sien, la siennehis, hers, itsd© { G#^€:Û: €€€ ‚ÿ€*€€€ ‚ÿÿÿle nôtre, la nôtreoursf á G#^€>Û: €€€ ‚ÿ€,€€€ ‚ÿÿÿle vôtre, la vôtre yours`{ AD#X€8Û: €€€ ‚ÿ€&€€‚ÿÿÿle leur, la leurtheirs&á g# €€€‚ÿg&AÎA#R€LÛ9 €€€ ‚ÿ€(€‚ÿÿÿPlural, MasculinePlural, Feminine&gô# €€€‚ÿu ÎiU#z€@¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿles miensles miennesmine…-ô @X#€€Z¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€ ‚ÿÿÿles tiensles tiennesyours (familiar)i @êƒ+i@X#€€V¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€ ‚ÿÿÿles vôtresles vôtresyours (formal)* @AU#z€T¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€‚ÿÿÿles siensles sienneshis, hers, itsy!@‡AX#€€B¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€ ‚ÿÿÿles nôtresles nôtresoursy!ABX#€€B¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€.€€€ ‚ÿÿÿles leursles leurstheirsz"‡AzBX#€€D¥  Ä €€€ ‚ÿ€€‚ÿ€2€€€ ‚ÿÿÿles vôtresles vôtresyours&B B# €€€ ‚ÿGzBçB1¢»‚çB%C–EDemonstrative Pronouns> B%C% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿDemonstrative PronounsKãçBpEh ž€Ç€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe singular demonstrative pronouns are masculine: celui (the one) and feminine: celle (the one). The plural forms are masculine: ceux (the ones) and feminine: celles (the ones), as shown in this sentence: J'aime tes robes et celles de Monique (I like your dresses and those of Monique). Ce or c', ceci, cela and its contracted form ça are invariable in form, for example: C'est juste (That's right), and Ça t'intéresse (That is of interest to you).&%C–E# €€€‚ÿBpEØE1‰¼€°„ØEFiHRelative Pronouns9–EF% €(€Œ˜€‚ÿRelative Pronouns2ÞØECHT v€½€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿRelative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause and refer to nouns or pronouns in the preceding clause (their antecedents). Dont (of which), ce que,(that which), lequel and its various forms (which), où (where, in which), and qui (who) are the most common relative pronouns: La fille qui danse (the girl who is dancing). Qui is used for both persons and things when they are the subject of the relative clause, que when they are the object of the clause. &FiH# €€€‚ÿGCH°H1~»‚È…°HîH;JInterrogative Pronouns>iHîH% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogative PronounsMÿ°H;JN j€ÿ€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿInterrogative pronouns are used to ask a question: qui?, quoi? (who, what) lequel? (which one?), quel? (which?). Quel and lequel agree in gender and number with the noun they ask a question about. Quel can also be used as an adjective. DîHJ1*°„}‡JºJ³LIndefinite Pronouns;;JºJ% €,€Œ˜€‚ÿIndefinite PronounsùŸJ³LZ ‚€?€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿIndefinite pronouns refer to persons or objects that are not identified. The most common indefinite pronouns are: on (one), quelque chose (something), tout (all), aucun (none), certain (certain one), personne (nobody), plusieurs (several), etc. On is used a great deal, and stands for an indefinite or global subject, for example: On dit qu'elle est belle. (They say that she's pretty). FºJùL1'È…=‰ùL6M,OPronouns "y" and "en"=³L6M% €0€Œ˜€‚ÿPronouns "y" and "en"ö¨ùL,ON j€Q€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe pronoun y replaces the preposition à (or sur, chez, dans), and its noun-object, for example: Est-ce que les verres sont sur la table? Oui, ils y sont. (Are the glasses on the table? Yes, they're there.) The pronoun en replaces the preposition de , and its noun-object, for example: Est-ce que tu prends des huîtres? Oui, j'en prends. (Do you want to eat some oysters? Yes, I'll have some of them.); 6MgO1Ø}‡×gO™OÚƒAdjectives2 ,O™O% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdjectivesÓgOÀH ^€§€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿAdjectives describe or modify ™OÀ,Onouns and pronouns. They agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the words they modify. The feminine is regularly formed by adding an -e to the masculine form; the plural is regularly formed by adding an -s to the singular form: le grand bateau (the big boat), les grands bateaux (the big boats); les jolies filles (the pretty girls). There are exceptions, which must be memorized.×™OÚƒC T€¯€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿDescriptive adjectives usually follow the noun they modify, but some of them always come before. There are even some descriptive adjectives that change meaning depending on whether they are placed before or after the noun (when they follow, they have a more literal sense), e.g.: Although both une femme pauvre and une pauvre femme can be translated as a poor woman the former means a woman with little money whereas the latter means a woman to be pitied.8À„1ø=‰\„A„†Adverbs/ ÚƒA„% €€Œ˜€‚ÿAdverbsÇ{„†L f€÷€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚€‚ÿAdverbs, which modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, never change their form. Adverbs of manner are regularly formed by adding -ment to the feminine form of an adjective: masculine doux (soft), feminine douce (soft), adverbal form doucement (softly). But many French adverbs, like bien (well) and mal, (badly), are not directly formed from an adjective. ; A„C†1€×QC†u†ĈComparison2 †u†% €€Œ˜€‚ÿComparison)åC†žˆD V€Ë€€€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚ÿThe comparative degree means "more"; the superlative means "most". For the comparative, plus que (more) and moins que (less) are used: Monique est plus grande que sa soeur (Monique is bigger than her sister), Jean est moins prudent que tu penses (John is less prudent than you think). The superlative is formed by adding the appropriate definite article in front of the comparative: Paris est la plus grande ville en France (Paris is the biggest city in France). &u†Ĉ# €€€‚ÿ= žˆ‰1 \§‰5‰ŒPrepositions4Ĉ5‰% €€Œ˜€‚ÿPrepositions³D‰è‹o ¬€‰€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ ‚ÿPrepositions have invariable forms and are followed by their object, for example: pour toi (for you), sans argent (without money). The prepositions à, pour, and de can introduce an infinitive: Rien à faire (nothing to do). In order to express an intention, pour (for, in order to) is used; on travaille pour vivre (one works in order to live). The preposition de is used to express possession, origin, or quantity: le chat de Claude (Claude's cat); il vient de Marseille (he comes from Marseille); un kilo de pommes de terre (a kilo of potatoes). &5‰Œ# €€€‚ÿ= è‹KŒ1ÀQÌ KŒŒConjunctions4ŒŒ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿConjunctionsiKŒèŽV z€'€€‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿConjunctions are words that join two or more phrases or clauses together. Coordinating conjunctions link two phrases or sentences of equal value: et (and), ou (or), mais (but) etc. If they link sentences in the main clause, they are always in the indicative mood. Subordinating conjunctions link a subordinate clause with the main clause: bien que (although), si (if), quand (when), car (for), comme (as, since), etc. Subordinating conjunctions can introduce either the indicative or subjunctive mood. &Œ# €€€‚ÿ8èŽF1G§P„Fu—ÏNumbers/ u% €€Œ˜€‚ÿNumbersº‰F;À1 0€€€ €€ €‚‚‚‚‚ÿCardinal numbers are used to express precise quantities: un, deux, trois (one, two, tu;Àhree). Cardinal numbers from 0 to 20 are:ju¥ÀX#€€$f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ0zérozerom;ÀÁX#€€*f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ1un, une onej¥À|ÁX#€€$f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ2 deuxtwolÁèÁX#€€(f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ3troisthreel|ÁTÂX#€€(f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ4quatrefourjèÁ¾ÂX#€€$f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ5cinqfivehTÂ&ÃX#€€ f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ6sixsixk¾Â‘ÃX#€€&f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ7septsevenk&ÃüÃX#€€&f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ8huiteightj‘ÃfÄX#€€$f² Í €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ9neufnineiüÃÏÄX#€€"f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ10dixtenmfÄ<ÅX#€€*f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ11onzeelevennÏĪÅX#€€,f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ12douzetwelveq<ÅÆX#€€2f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ13treizethirteensªÅŽÆX#€€6f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ14quatorzefourteenpÆþÆX#€€0f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ15quinzefifteenoŽÆmÇX#€€.f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ16seizesixteentþÆáÇX#€€8f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ17dix-septseventeensmÇTÈX#€€6f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ18dix-huiteighteensáÇÇÈX#€€6f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ19dix-neufnineteennTÈ5ÉX#€€,f² Í €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿ20vingttwentyÍŒÇÈËA P€€€‚‚€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €‚‚ÿA hyphen is used in numbers from 17 to 99 (except for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60): quatre-vingt-deux (eighty-two). But no hyphen is placed from 100 on: trois cent dix (three hundred and ten).Ordinal numbers refer to a position in a series: premier, deuxième, troisième. Ordinal numbers normally precede the nouns they modify. They agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.y!5É{ËX#€€BTû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€4€‚ÿÿÿ1.premier, premièrefirstqËìËX#€€2Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ2.deuxièmesecondq{Ë]ÌX#€€2Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿ3.troisièmethirdrìËÏÌX#€€4Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿ4.quatrièmefourthq]Ì@ÍX#€€2Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€$€‚ÿÿÿ5.cinquièmefifthoÏ̯ÍX#€€.Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ6.sixièmesixthr@Í!ÎX#€€4Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ7.septièmeseventhq¯Í’ÎX#€€2Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ8.huitièmeeighthp!ÎÏX#€€0Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€"€‚ÿÿÿ9.neuvièmenintho’ÎqÏX#€€.Tû ú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿ€ €‚ÿÿÿ10dixièmetenth&Ï—Ï# €€€‚ÿFqÏÝÏ1cÌ ]ÝÏ'Negative Construction>—Ï'% €2€Œ˜€ÝÏ'—Ï‚ÿNegative ConstructionsÅYÝÏìl ¦€³€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe most common negative construction in French is ne + verb + pas: je ne sais pas (I don't know). The negative construction with a compound verb tense is ne + auxiliary verb + pas + past participle: je n'ai pas mangé ce matin (I haven't eaten this morning). With an infinitive, both parts of the negative expression come first: ne pas oublier (not to forget). Similar negative constructions are ne...plus (no more), ne...rien (nothing), ne...jamais (never), and ne...personne (no one). It is best to think of ne as a negative particle without a translation of its own.('$ €€€‚‚ÿ?ìS1qP„`S‰ÉInterrogatives6‰% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿInterrogatives@òSÉN j€å€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿQuestions can be formed by inverting the subject and verb: Avez-vous entendu le bruit? (Did you hear the noise?). When inverted, they are connected by a hyphen. An additional -t is added for ease of pronunciation when the verb ends in a vowel and is followed by il or elle: Va-t-il manger? (Is he going to eat?). Questions can also be formed with est-ce que in front of the subject and verb, without inversion but with rising intonation: Est-ce que tu viens? (Are you coming?). ; ‰1}]B6‚Imperative2 É6% €€Œ˜€‚ÿImperative&Ò\T v€¥€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe imperative form is used for commands and requests with tu (familiar you), vous (polite you) or nous (we) as the subject. It is formed by dropping the subject noun or pronoun and using the present tense form, with an exclamation mark at the end of the sentence. The tu form of all regular ER verbs, however, loses its final s: Mange! (Eat!). Reflexive and object pronouns are attached by a hyphen to positive commands: Dites-moi! (Tell me!).&6‚# €€€‚ÿ: \¼1¶`à ¼ñvSentences5 ‚ñ( €€Œ˜€€ ‚ÿSentencesƒ¼t t ¶€€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿSentences are made up of one or more clauses. A clause consists of a subject (a noun or pronoun) and a predicate (what is said about the noun or pronoun). The predicate always contains a verb. In this simple sentence: Le roi régne. (The king rules); roi is the subject and régne is the predicate.Adjectives or nouns used along with the verb in order to describe what is being asserted about someone or something, are in the predicative position. In the sentence Le roi est le souverain. (The king is the sovereign); souverain is a predicate noun. In the sentence Le roi est bienveillant. (The king is benevolent); bienveillant is a predicate adjective. Predicate adjectives and nouns have the same case as the nouns or pronouns they refer to.ÜñP] ˆ€ÿ€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿNouns or pronouns which are related to the action of the verb or to a preposition are called objects. There are direct and indirect objects. The direct object of a verb is a noun or pronoun which receives the action of a verb directly. In the sentence Le roi aime la reine. (The king loves the queen), reine is the direct object of the verb.Some verbs take an indirect object. Nouns that are indirect objects are always preceded by the preposition à. In the sentence Le roi donne une perle à la reine. (The king gives a pearl to the queen), une perle is the direct object and à la reine is the indirect object.&t v# €€€‚ÿ6P¬1ÜB\¬Ù‘DVerbs-vÙ% €€Œ˜€‚ÿVerbsV"¬;B4 6€E€€‚‚€ Ù;Bv€€ €‚‚‚ÿVerbs describe an action, a process or a state of being. Verbs agree with the person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) of the subject and with its number (singular or plural).There are two parts to all French verbs: the stem and an ending. The stem and the endings -ER, -IR,-RE, or -OIR form the infinitive.When conjugated, verbs indicate tense (present, past, etc.), mood (indicative, subjunctive, etc.), voice (active or passive), person, and number. The rules for the formation of the forms of a verb are different for each of these four groups. <ÙDDÍ hy€€‚ãnž€‰€‚ãëä~€‰€‚ãÁ?° €‰€‚ãÔit€‰€‚ã½=®`€‰€‚ãí£lú€‰€‚ãóT €‰€‚ã~Å7¿€‰€‚ãi"{€‰€‚㞊&˜€‰€‚ã ˆÓ“€‰€‚ãež‹€‰€‚ㆆ1)€‰€‚ÿPresent Tense Imperfect Tense Passé Composé Past Participle Present Participle (Gerund) Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs Passé SimplePluperfect Tense Future Tense Present Conditional Tense Future Perfect Tense Past Conditional Tense Present Subjunctive M ;B‘D- *€@€ãÿ½€‰€‚‚ÿActive and Passive Voice > DDÏD1Ôà øÏDEĈPresent Tense5‘DE% € €Œ˜€‚ÿPresent TenseÄÏD GD V€‰€€€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe present tense is used to express what happens in the present time. The present tense is regularly formed by dropping the ending of the infinitive and adding a special personal ending to the resulting stem: mang-er (to eat), il mang-e (he eats). The present tense of the first group (-er ending) is formed by removing the -er ending and adding a new ending to the resulting stem: je -e, tu -es, il -e, nous -ons, vous -ez, ils -ent.K EWG+ &€@€€‚€ €‚‚ÿmonter (to go up)singularU G¬GG#^€Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿjemontejWGHM#j€:Òú "€€€€ €‚ÿ€&€€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)montesa¬GwHG#^€4Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)montez`H×HG#^€2Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on monte. wHI$ €€€‚‚ÿpluralY×H^IG#^€$Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnousmontonsXI¶IG#^€"Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvousmontez_^IJG#^€0Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, ellesmontentÁ‡¶IÖJ: B€€€‚€ €€ ‚€‚€ €‚‚ÿThe endings for the 2nd group (-ir ending) are: je -s, tu -s, il -t, nous -ons, vous -ez, ils -ent.courir (to run)singularUJ+KG#^€Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿjecours`ÖJ‹KG#^€2Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)coursb+KíKG#^€6Òú €€€‚ÿ€"€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal) courez`‹KMLG#^€2Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on court. íK{L$ €€€‚‚ÿpluralYMLÔLG#^€$Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnouscouronsX{L,MG#^€"Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvouscourez_ÔL‹MG#^€0Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, ellescourentÙ™,MdN@ N€3€€‚€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿPart of this group adds -is, or -iss to the root: je -is, tu -is, il -it, nous -issons, vous -issez, ils -issent.remplir (to fill)singularX‹M¼NG#^€"Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿje remplism&dN)OG#^€LÒú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)remplis (familiar)e¼NŽOG#^€<Òú €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)remplisseza)O €G#^€4Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, onremplitŽO €‘D. ŽO:€$ €€€‚‚ÿplural^ €˜€G#^€.Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous remplissons]:€õ€G#^€,Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous remplissezd˜€YG#^€:Òú €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles remplissentÉõ€‚: B€€€‚€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿThe endings for the 4th group (-oir ending) are: je -s, tu -s, il -t, nous -ons, vous -ez, ils -ent.savoir (to know)singularT Yp‚G#^€œŽ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿjesais_‚Ï‚G#^€0œŽ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)sais`p‚/ƒG#^€2œŽ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)savez_Ï‚ŽƒG#^€0œŽ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on sait. /ƒ¼ƒ$ €€€‚‚ÿpluralYŽƒ„G#^€$œŽ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous savonsX¼ƒm„G#^€"œŽ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous savez_„Ì„G#^€0œŽ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles saventÓ“m„Ÿ…@ N€'€€‚€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿThe endings for the 3rd group (-re ending) are: je -s, tu -s, il -no ending, nous -ons, vous -ez, ils-ent.perdre (to lose) singularVÌ„õ…G#^€ÛÍ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿje perds`Ÿ…U†G#^€2ÛÍ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)perdsaõ…¶†G#^€4ÛÍ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)perdezVU† ‡A#R€*ÛÍ €€€‚ÿ€€‚ÿÿÿil, elle, onperd. ¶†:‡$ €€€‚‚ÿpluralZ ‡”‡G#^€&ÛÍ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous perdons^:‡ò‡J#d€(ÛÍ €€€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿ vous perdez`”‡RˆG#^€2ÛÍ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles perdentrLò‡Ĉ& €˜€€‚‚‚‚ÿThese verbs change their root, and must be learned as irregular verbs.> Rˆ‰1\¢‰8‰‹Passé Composé6Ĉ8‰% €"€Œ˜€‚ÿPassé Composé ß™‰‹F Z€3€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚€‚ÿThe passé composé describes actions or states of being that may have lasted a certain time in the past but are now over: It is the tense most used in everyday French for past actions. The passé composé is a compound tense and is formed using the present tense of the auxiliary verb avoir or être and the past participle of the main verb, for example: J'ai mangé à la maison (I ate at home.)@8‰W‹1?ø€ W‹‹•ÀImperfect Tense8‹‹% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿImperfect Tense ÅW‹“? L€‹€€€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿThe imperfect tense describes an action that was ongoing at the same time as other actions went on or occurred: J'attendais le bus quand j'ai vu Madeleine (I was waiting for the bus when I saw Madeleine). It is formed on the stem of the first person plural (nous = we) form of the present tense. All four conjugations add the same personal endings: (je -ais, tu -ais, il -ait, nous -ions, vous -iez, ils -aient).montrer (to show)singularX‹ëG#^€"Òè €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿjemontraisc“NŽG#^€8Òè €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)montraisc뱎G#^€8Òè €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)montriezcNŽG#^€8Òè €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on montrait. ±ŽB$ €€€‚‚ÿplural\žG#^€*Òè €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous montrions[B ÀG#^€(Òè €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous montriezž À‹cžoÀG#^€8Òè €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles montraient& À•À# €€€‚ÿ@oÀÕÀ14¢tƒ!ÕÀ ÁÅPast Participle7•À Á% €$€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Participle=ßÕÀIÃ^ Š€¿€€€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €‚ÿAs part of a compound verb form, the past participle is always used with an auxiliary verb: il a chanté (he sang), elle est venue (she came). When used alone, it has the force of an adjective, agreeing in gender and number with the word it modifies: une fille gâtée (a pampered girl). For -ER verbs, the past participle consists of the ending -é added to the stem: manger - mangé (eaten).For -IR verbs, -i is added to the stem: finir - fini (finished). Æd ÁÅb ’€É€€‚€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €‚‚‚€ ‚€€ €€ €€ €‚‚ÿFor -RE verbs, -u is added to the stem: entendre - entendu (understood).The participles of verbs in -OIR are irregular: savoir - su (known). There are some exceptions to these rules. Irregular past participles are best memorized, e.g.:mettre - mis (put); offrir - offert (offered); prendre - pris (taken); boire - bu (drunk).LIÃ[Å1¡€…"[ÅžÅÈPresent Participle (Gerund)CÅžÅ% €<€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Participle (Gerund)Dö[ÅâÇN j€í€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThe present participle corresponds to the English -ing form of the verb. It is most often used as an adjective: un jeu amusant (an amusing game). The present participle is formed by adding the ending -ant to the stem of the 1st person plural of the present tense: nous donnons (we give) - donnant (giving). The present participle is also found in a construction called the gerund, which in French consists of the preposition en with a present participle: en dansant (while dancing). ,žÅÈ' € €€‚€‚ÿJâÇXÈ1‡tƒˆ‡#XÈ™ÈïÊAuxiliary (Helping) VerbsAÈ™È% €8€Œ˜€‚ÿAuxiliary (Helping) Verbs0ÜXÈÉÊT v€¹€€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿThere are two auxiliary verbs in French: avoir (to have) and être (to be). Both are irregular. Most verbs are conjugated with avoir. All compound tenses of reflexive verbs are formed with être, as are intransitive verbs describing movement or some change of condition: aller (to go), entrer (to enter), venir (to come), mourir (to die) etc. Auxiliary verbs are used in conjunction with other verbs to form compound tenses, but they can also stand alone. &™ÈïÊ# €€€‚ÿ= ÉÊ,Ë1— …€$,ËaË‚Passé Simple5ïÊaË% € €Œ˜€‚ÿPassé Simple ±j,ËÍG \€Õ€€€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿThe passé simple tense describes an action begun and then terminated once and for all in the past. It is used as a literary tense. The passé simple is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding the following endings to the stem: Group with -ER ending: je -ai, tu -as, il -a, nous -âmes, vous -âtes, il -èrentparler (to speak)singularVaËhÍG#^€ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿjeparlaiaÍÉÍG#^€4ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)parlasghÍ0ÎJ#d€:ÿÖ €€€€ ‚ÿ€"€€€ ‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)parlâtes_ÉÍÎG#^€0ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, onparla. 0νÎ$ €€€‚‚ÿplural[ÎÏG#^€(ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous parlâmes[½ÎsÏG#^€(ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous parlâtesbÏÕÏG#^€6ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles parlèrentÄ„sÏ¥@ N€ €€‚€ €€ ÕÏ¥ïÊ€€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿGroups with -IR and -RE ending: je -is, tu -is, il -it, nous -îmes, vous -îtes, ils -irentchoisir (to choose)singularWÕÏüG#^€ ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿjechoisisb¥^G#^€6ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)choisisdüÂG#^€:ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)choisîtesa^#G#^€4ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, onchoisit. ÂQ$ €€€‚‚ÿplural\#­G#^€*ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous choisîmes\Q G#^€*ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous choisîtesc­lG#^€8ÿÖ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles choisirentÎ ‚H ^€€€‚€ €€ €‚‚‚€ ‚€€ €€ €‚‚ÿGroup with -OIR ending: je -us, tu -us, il -ut, nous -ûmes, vous -ûtes, ils -urentThere are many irregular forms in this group:recevoir (to receive) - je reçus; savoir (to know) - je sus.AlÃ1¤ˆ‡Ì%ÃûnPluperfect Tense8‚û% €&€Œ˜€‚ÿPluperfect Tenses9Ãn: B€s€€€ €€ €€ €‚€‚ÿThis compound tense describes an action completed prior to another action in the past: Quand je suis arrivé tout le monde avait fini de manger (When I arrived everybody HAD FINISHED eating). The pluperfect tense is formed with the imperfect of the auxiliary verb avoir or être and the past participle.= û«1š€‘&«ßH Future Tense4nß% €€Œ˜€‚ÿFuture Tenseg«FI `€=€€€ €‚€ €€ €‚‚€ ‚€‚‚€ €‚‚ÿThe future tense describes actions in the future: J'achèterai cette robe (I will buy this dress). It is formed by adding personal endings to the complete infinitive for -ER and -IR verbs: je -ai, tu -as, il -a, nous -ons, vous -ez, ils -ont:manger (to eat) singularYߟG#^€$Ò €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿje mangeraicF G#^€8Ò €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)mangerascŸe G#^€8Ò €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)mangerezb Ç G#^€6Ò €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on mangera. e õ $ €€€‚‚ÿplural\Ç Q G#^€*Ò €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous mangerons[õ ¬ G#^€(Ò €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous mangerezbQ  G#^€6Ò €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles mangeront:å¬ H U x€Ë€€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚€ €€ €‚‚€‚ÿFor -OIR and -RE verbs, the -oi and -e of the infinitives are omitted: recevoir (to receive), je recevrai (I will receive), je rendrai (I will give back). There are many irregular forms of the future tense.J ’ 1bÌà€'’ Ó  BPresent Conditional TenseAH Ó % €8€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Conditional Tense€D’ S< F€‰€€€ ‚€‚€ ‚€‚‚€ €‚‚ÿThe present conditional tense describes an action which is possible but not a fact: je donnerais de l'argent si j'en avais (I would give some money if I had any). It is formed by adding personal endings to the infinitive: je -ais, tu -ais, il -ait, nous -ions, vous -iez, ils -aient.partir (to leave)singularZÓ ­G#^€&äÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿje partiraisdSG#^€:äÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)partiraisd­uG#^€:äÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)partiriezdÙG#^€:äÖ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on partirait. u@$ €€€‚‚ÿpÙ@H lural]Ùp@G#^€,äß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous partirions\@Ì@G#^€*äß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous partiriezfp@2AG#^€>äß €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles partiraient Ø–Ì@ BB R€-€€‚€ €€ €‚€ €€ €‚€‚ÿVerbs with infinitives ending in -RE lose the -e before adding the conditional endings: prendre (to take), je prendrais (I would take).G2AQB1ÑN‚(QBB!DPast Conditional Tense> BB% €2€Œ˜€‚ÿPast Conditional Tense’UQB!D= H€«€€‚€ €‚‚€ €€ €‚€‚ÿThis compound tense describes a possible action which might have taken place after another action in the past: J'aurais eu de l'argent si je n'avais pas perdu ma bourse (I WOULD HAVE HAD some money if I hadn't lost my purse). It is formed with the auxiliary verb avoir or être in the conditional tense and the past participle.DBeD1ÿà€“…)eD DnJPresent Subjunctive;!D D% €,€Œ˜€‚ÿPresent Subjunctive[#eDûF8 >€G€€‚€ €‚‚€ €‚‚€ ‚ÿThe subjunctive is used when a fact is doubtful, when it is perceived through a strong emotion, or when it follows an impersonal expression: il faut que tu viennes (it is mandatory that you come, you have to come). The subjunctive almost always occurs in subordinate clauses introduced by "que" (that): je regrette qu'elle soit malade (I'm sorry that she's sick). The present subjunctive is regularly formed by adding personal endings to the stem of the first person plural ("we") verb form: je -e, tu -es, il -e, nous -ions, vous -‘b DŒG/ .€Ä€€ €‚‚€ €‚‚ÿiez, ils -ent, but many verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.penser (to think) singularVûFâGG#^€ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿje penseaŒGCHG#^€4ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿtu (familiar)pensesbâG¥HG#^€6ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿvous (formal)pensiez`CHIG#^€2ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€ €€ €‚ÿÿÿil, elle, on pense. ¥H3I$ €€€‚‚ÿplural[IŽIG#^€(ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿnous pensionsZ3IèIG#^€&ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿvous pensiez`ŽIHJG#^€2ÉÄ €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿÿÿils, elles pensent&èInJ# €€€‚ÿIHJ·J1ôN‚3‡*·J÷JºLActive and Passive Voice@nJ÷J% €6€Œ˜€‚ÿActive and Passive VoiceÃ…·JºL> J€ €€‚€ €‚€ €‚€ €‚‚€‚ÿIn the active voice the subject is in control of the action which is expressed by the verb:Georges mange le poisson (George eats the fish). In the passive voice the subject is acted upon: Le poisson est mangé par Georges (The fish is eaten by George). The passive voice is formed with être and a past participle; the participle agrees with the subject in gender and number.E÷JÿL1a“…‰+ÿL;MkOFuture Perfect Tense<ºL;M% €.€Œ˜€‚ÿFuture Perfect Tense ÏÿLEO; D€Ÿ€€‚€ ‚€‚‚€ €€ €‚‚ÿThe future perfect (futur antérieur) is a compound tense describing an action that will becarried out in the future prior to another future action: Il viendra dans une semaine quandtu seras parti pour les montagnes (he will come in a week after YOU WILL HAVELEFT for the mountains). It is used both in conversation and in formal writing. The future perfect is formed by the future tense of the auxiliary verb avoir or être and the past participle.&;MkO# €€€‚ÿ1EOœO1Wÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ,ÿÿÿÿœOÂO&kOÂO# €€€‚ÿ> œO €1&3‡…- €C€8Grammar PagesÂO €ÂO7ÂOC€' € €Œ˜B˜€ ‚ÿGrammar Pages6 €y€+ &€€¸˜ãÃt÷¶€‰‚ÿNumber¿jC€8U z€Ô€˜ã+† V€‰‚ã‹—4뉂ã¥d?쉂ã̶²8‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ãÔꉂÿPersonGenderElision1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd ConjugationPassive Conjugation7y€o1‰L.oŸt‰Number0 8Ÿ' €€Œ˜B˜€ ‚ÿNumberm<o ‚1 2€x€¸˜€€ €€ €‚ÿThere are two numbers in French: singular and plural.[7Ÿg‚$ €n€˜€‚ÿMost nouns in French have singular and plural forms:b8 ‚É‚* $€p€RÈ€ ‚€‚ÿla famille, les familles (the family, the families))g‚ò‚& €€R˜€ ‚ÿQÉ‚Cƒ5 :€8€ R„´!€ãI¡bx€‰€‚ÿSee Plurals of Nouns )ò‚lƒ& €€R˜€‚ÿT0CƒÀƒ$ €`€˜€‚ÿPronouns also have singular and plural forms:‘QlƒQ„@#P€¢Fe6€€€ €‚‚€ €‚€ ‚ÿÿÿle mien(mine [singular, masculine])les miens(mine [plural, masculine]) )Àƒz„& €€R˜€ ‚ÿDQ„¾„1 2€&€ R€ãìê\U€‰€‚ÿSee Pronouns-z„ë„* $€€RÈ„´!€‚ÿqK¾„\…& €–€R˜€‚ÿAdjectives and articles agree with nouns in number (and also in gender).2ë„Ž…* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee C\…Ñ…3 6€ €RÈ„Æ!ãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚ÿAdjectivesX'Ž…)†1 2€N€RÈ‚Æ㦠Š€‰€‚ÿDefinite and Indefinite Articles œuÑ…ņ' €ê€R˜€‚‚ÿVerbs and different verbal forms (present and past participles) agree with the subject of the sentence in number:xJ)†=‡. ,€”€RÈ€‚€ ‚€‚ÿNous portons des chaussures marron. (We are wearing brown shoes.)Ìņˆ7 <€€R˜€ ‚€€ €€ €‚ÿPortons is 1st person plural, present tense of the verb porter and agrees in number (and in gender) with the personal pronoun nous.2=‡2ˆ* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee c(ˆ•ˆ; F€P€ÈãÉØ€‰€‚ãÿ½€‰€‚ÿVerbsActive and Passive Voices72ˆ‰< H€n€RÈãÔit€‰€‚ã½=®`€‰€‚ÿPast Participle Present Participle (Gerund) C•ˆK‰+ &€0€ÈãÔꀉ‚ÿPassive Conjugation)‰t‰& €€R˜€‚ÿ7K‰«‰1…˜€/«‰Û‰ÐÁPerson0 t‰Û‰' €€Œ˜B˜€ ‚ÿPerson¤Ý«‰ŒÇ \»€¸€€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿGrammatical person indicates the relationship of speaker or writer to the rest of the sentence. First person refers to the speaker or to the speaker group (je, me, moi, le mien, nous, le nôtre). Second person refers to whomever is being spoken to (tu, te, toi, le tien,vous, le vôtre). Third person refers to the entity being spoken about (il, elle, le, la, lui, le sien, ils, elles, les, leur, eux, elles, le leur, se).*Û‰©Œ$ € €¸€‚ÿSee&²ŒÏt ¶€e€R˜€ãE!Ëò€‰€‚ãúߨ€‰€‚ãó'¡€‰€‚ã›îª€‰€‚ã¦/t€‰€‚ã™eÓo€‰€‚ÿ Subject Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns Disjunctive Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns (©Œ÷% €€R˜€‚ÿƒ\ÏzŽ' €¸€R˜€‚‚ÿVerbs are inflected (receive different endings) to agree with the person of the subject:~&÷øŽX#€€L±Jµ Ó €€€ €‚ÿ€(€‚ÿ€<€‚ÿÿÿparler (to talk)singularpluralŠ)zŽ‚a#’€R±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€2€€ €‚ÿÿÿ1st personje parlenous parlonsŠ)øŽÀa#’€R±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€4€€ €‚ÿÿÿ2nd persontu parlesvou‚Àt‰s parlez”3‚¬Àa#’€f±Jµ Ó €€€‚ÿ€€€ €‚ÿ€<€€ €‚ÿÿÿ3rd personil/elle parleils/elles parlent2ÀÞÀ* $€€ R„!€‚‚ÿSee ; ¬ÀÁ/ .€€R˜ãÉØ€‰€‚ÿVerbs ŽNÞÀ§Á@ P€œ€˜ã̶²8€‰‚ãö ‰‚ãÉG|׉‚ãÔꉂÿ1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd ConjugationPassive Conjugation)ÁÐÁ& €€R˜€‚ÿ7§ÁÂ1WL„0Â7Â]ÇGender0 ÐÁ7Â' €€Œ˜B˜€ ‚ÿGenderp?§Â1 2€~€¸˜€€ €€ €‚ÿThere are two genders in French: masculine and feminine.^97ÂÃ% €r€˜€‚‚ÿAll nouns in French are either masculine or feminine.e;§ÂjÄ* "€w€˜„´!€‚ÿAlthough there are no rules by which the gender of all nouns can be determined, the gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending. The gender of other nouns must be learned individually. The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word.2ÃœÄ+ &€€R˜„´!€‚‚ÿSee? jÄÛÄ3 6€€RÈ„´!ã©gõÍ€‰€‚ÿGender7 œÄÆ. *€€R˜„´!€‚‚‚‚ÿKnowing the gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles, participles, and pronouns. They agree in gender and in number with the noun.Seew6ÛĉÆA R€l€Ȉl´üEãú³ŽÕ€‰€‚㦠Š€‰€‚ÿAdjectivesDefinite and Indefinite Articles s7ÆüÆ< H€n€RÈãÔit€‰€‚ã½=®`€‰€‚ÿPast Participle Present Participle (Gerund) a%‰Æ]Ç< H€J€Ȉl´üEãìê\U€‰€‚ãÔꉂ‚ÿPronounsPassive Conjugation8üÆ•Ç1ž˜€ýˆ1•ÇÆÇ3ÏElision1 ]ÇÆÇ' €€Œ˜B˜€ ‚ÿElision蛕ǮÉM h€7€¸˜€€ €‚‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿElision in French occurs when the final vowel of a word is dropped before another word beginning with a vowel. This term includes words beginning with mute h. The fact that the vowel has been elided is indicated by an apostrophe.Elision occurs in the following circumstances:1.The e of the pronouns je, me, te, se, le, ce, and a of la is elided before a verb beginning with a vowel or mute h :‚OÆÇ0Ê3 6€ž€˜È€‚€ €‚€ €‚ÿIl m'avait vu. (He had seen me.)Je t'en donnerai. (Ill give you some.)»}®ÉëÊ> L€ú€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ2.The e of the definite article le and la is elided before a noun or adjective beginning with a vowel or mute h:L#0Ê7Ë) "€F€˜È€ ‚€‚ÿl'autre homme. (The other man)RëÊÇË> L€¤€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ3.The e of de, ne, que and jusque is elided before a vowel or mute h:Z17Ë!Ì) "€b€˜È€ ‚€‚ÿN'ouvrez pas la porte! (Dont open the door!)‰ÇËãÌ9 @€€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ4.The e of conjunctions lorsque (when) and puisque (since) is elided before the personal pronouns and the indefinite articles:i@!ÌLÍ) "€€€˜È€ ‚€‚ÿPuisqu'on ne peut pas partir... (Since one cannot leave...)¬nãÌøÍ> L€Ü€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ5.The e of presque (almost) and quelque (some) is elided only in the words quelqu'un, quelqu'une:kBLÍcÎ) "€„€˜È€ ‚€‚ÿQuelquune de mes publications... (Some of my publications...)IøÍäÎ8 @€’€˜€‚ƒ€ €€ €€ €‚ÿ6.The i of si (if) is elided only before the pronouns il, ils:O"cÎ3Ï- *€D€˜È€ ‚€‚€ ‚ÿS'il peut... (If he can...)@äÎsÏ1V"„f 2sϬÏÐ1st Conjugation93ϬÏ' €$€Œ˜B˜€ ‚ÿ1st Conjugation)sÏÕÏ& €€¸R˜€‚ÿu)¬ÏVL#h€R<K €€ÕÏV3ÏR€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresent InfinitivePast Infinitiveu&ÕÏËO#n€L<K $€€R€€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿchanter (to sing)avoir chantéu)V@L#h€R<K €€R€€‚ÿ€,€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresent ParticiplePast ParticiplelˬO#n€:<K $€€R€€€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿchantantayant chanté)@Õ& €€R˜€ ‚ÿ€¬Ua#’€>Rß K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿÿÿPresentPassé ComposéÕâp#°€:Rß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€€R‚ÿ€(€R€‚ÿÿÿjechanteai chantéŽUpp#°€<Rß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€ €R‚ÿ€*€R€‚ÿÿÿtuchantesas chanté’"âp#°€DRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€*€R‚ÿ€2€R€‚ÿÿÿill/ellechantea chanté”$p–p#°€HRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€6€R€‚ÿÿÿnouschantonsavons chanté’"(p#°€DRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€$€R‚ÿ€2€R€‚ÿÿÿvouschantezavez chanté—'–¿p#°€NRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€0€R‚ÿ€<€R€‚ÿÿÿils/elleschantentont chanté((ç% €€R˜€‚ÿ¿fa#’€<Rß K €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿÿÿImperfectPluperfect•"çûs#¶€DRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€"€R‚ÿ€0€R€€‚ÿÿÿjechantaisavaischanté•"fs#¶€DRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€ €R€€‚ÿ€"€R‚ÿ€0€R€€‚ÿÿÿtuchantaisavaischanté›(û+s#¶€PRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€.€R‚ÿ€<€R€€‚ÿÿÿill/ellechantaitavaitchanté™&Äs#¶€LRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€(€R‚ÿ€8€R€€‚ÿÿÿnouschantionsavionschanté—$+[ s#¶€HRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€&€R‚ÿ€4€R€€‚ÿÿÿvouschantiezaviezchanté -Äû s#¶€ZRß • « €€R€‚ÿ€€R€€‚ÿ€4€R‚ÿ€F€R€€‚ÿÿÿils/elleschantaientavaientchanté([ # 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