?__’’’’łĀOFltvé6Czech Grammar BasicsBrowseButtons()/&;)z4^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’’ ‚ ’’’’|CONTEXTĮµ|CTXOMAPV–|FONT|†|KWBTREEc„|KWDATA„|KWMAPR„|SYSTEM|TOPICŽ|TTLBTREE’­|bm0š½÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=ą=÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^’’’’’’<’’’’’’÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=ļ=÷^’’÷^’’÷^÷^’’÷^’’÷^<÷^’’÷^’’÷^÷^{o’÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^.+ÉĆD³(ĄõĄqĄč’Ä+ÉĆsC/Ą+ÉĆŲ*ÉĆõĄqĄč’Ä.ĄM#Ą Ąä#ĄąüĄ,+ÉĆõĄqĄ +Éīå’’’’ 9’’’’E1œ’’’’iEsŽContents. s# €€€‚’ContentssįEę’ ņ€Ć€€‚‚‚ć=Ž˜‰‚ć·¼\7‰€‚ćvK%€‰€‚ćā2Œ€‰‚ćģź\U‰€‚ćś³ŽÕ€‰‚ć„f¼‰€‚ćG·.€‰€‚ćŹĆĪa€‰‚ć§óµ’‰‚ć…O‰‰‚‚’The following Help Topics are available: Overview of CzechAlphabet and PronunciationNounsNoun DeclensionsPronounsAdjectivesAdverbsVerbsVerb ConjugationsPrepositionsConjunctionsQ*s7' €T€¤„H~€‚’For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.Oęø2 4€ €0¤‘€„H~€†"€‚’For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu.&7Ž# €€€‚’< ø1ķĮR Overview of8ŽR# €*€€‚’ Overview of Czech?‘/ ,€!€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚’Vķtįme vįs!Welcome, and congratulations on your choice to learn Czech! This Grammar Basics help file will serve as your introduction to the most basic aspects of Czech grammar. The Overview will give you more information about this unique language.Czech is a Balto-Slavic language. Other members of this language family developed throughout Central and Eastern Europe; these include Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croat, and Lithuanian, among others. Within the West Slavic group, Czech is most similar to Slovak. In fact, a Czech and a Slovak can converse in their respective languages and still understand one another! Czech is spoken by nearly ten million people in the Czech Republic, as well as many others across Central Europe and the Americas who are of Czech descent.W0Rč ' €a€€‚‚‚‚’You have probably already noticed that spelling and pronunciation correspond much more closely in Czech than they do in English, making that much easier the task of learning to pronounce Czech. However, you will need to distinguish between long and short vowels, and consonant clusters may twist your tongue in unfamiliar ways.Czech has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and two numbers (singular and plural). In addition, it has seven cases, among the most in any modern European language. Case, like gender and number, affects the endings on nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs, too, are quite complex in Czech and will merely be touched on here. We hope this help file will encourage you to further study of this intriguing language, with its proud literary tradition and rich variety.&‘ # €€€‚’9č G 1siʅG ‡ ģKAlphabet@ ‡ # €:€€‚’Alphabet and PronunciationĢG Ž ; D€™€€‚€€€€€€€‚‚’Czech dictionaries are alphabetized in the following order. Letters sharing a line below are mixed together in alphabetical lists. Ch is considered a single character, distinct from c and h.N ‡ Ü A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’A, Įa, įHŽ $ A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’BbHÜ l A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’CcH$ “ A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’ƒ“Pl  A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’D, D'd, d'U“ Y A#R€(Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’E, É, ‡e, é, — H ” A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’FfHY é A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’GgH” 1A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’HhJ é {A#R€Š €€€‚’€ €‚’’’ChchN 1ÉA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’I, Ķi, ķH{A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’JjHÉYA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’KkH”A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’LlHY @A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’Mm” @ O”[@A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’N, †n, – V @±@G#^€Š €€€€‚’€€€‚’’’O, Óo, óH[@ł@A#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’PpH±@AAA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’QqHł@‰AA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’RrHAAŃAA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’ŠšH‰ABA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’SsHŃAaBA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’„”PB±BA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’T, T't, t'UaBCA#R€(Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’U, Ś, ‚u, ś, ’ H±BNCA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’VvHC–CA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’WwHNCŽCA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’XxN –C,DA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’Y, Ży, żHŽCtDA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’ZzH,D¼DA#R€Š €€€‚’€€‚’’’…•©tDÓFn Ŗ€S€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚’VOWELSVowels, including y, are long when accented and short when unaccented. Long u is written ’ instead of ś where it replaces historical o. Short e also has a second form, —, which indicates that the preceding consonant is soft (see below). In vowel pairs, or diphthongs, each vowel is pronounced separately. Czech has three diphthongs: au, eu, and ou. Au and eu appear only in loanwords.՜¼DØG9 @€9€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚’CONSONANTSTraditionally, Czech consonants have been divided into hard, soft, and neutral groups. This system makes declensions easier to learn.m,ÓFHA#R€XĒ„ €€€‚’€&€‚’’’Hard consonants:d, g, h, ch, k, n, r, tt0ØG‰HD#X€`Ē„ €€€‚’€&€€‚’’’Soft consonants:c, “, d', j, –, š,”, t', •o.HųHA#R€\Ē„ €€€‚’€,€‚’’’Neutral consonants:b, f, l, m, p, s, v, zĪZ‰HĘKt ¶€µ€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚’(Q, w, and x occur only in loanwords.)Among the soft consonants, d', t', and – are spelled d, t, and n, respectively, when they precede i, ķ, or —. These consonant-vowel combinations themselves show the softness of the consonant, making unnecessary the accent mark which usually does so.STRESSCzech words are always stressed on the first syllable. Words over two syllables long have secondary stresses on every other syllable. Note that vowel length does not indicate stress. Unstressed syllables can have long vowels, and stressed syllables can have short vowels.&ųHģK# €€€‚’6ĘK"L1³ ĮW"LMLŪ†Nouns+ģKML# €€€‚’NounssN"LĄL% €œ€€‚‚‚’A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, action, thing, or idea.SMLM6#<€:"J"€€€€€‚’’’Mįte jednol’•kovż pokoj?UĄLhM6#<€>"J"€€€€€‚’’’Do you have a single room?u*MŻNK d€U€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚‚ƒ€‚’The endings on Czech nouns reflect their case, number, gender, animacy, and hardness. Case and number can vary for an individual noun, but its gender, animacy, and hardness are always the same.CASECzech has seven cases. The case a noun takes depends on its role in a sentence.žIhM{OU#z€’Ž. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€&€‚’’’Nominative(N)marks the subject of a sentence; the dictionary form;ŻN€U#z€vŽ. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€"€‚’’’Genitive(G)marks possession, measurement, {O€ģKor source‚*{O™€X#€€TŽ. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€€€‚’’’Dative(D)marks an indirect object*€U#z€TŽ. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€&€‚’’’Accusative(A)marks a direct object{&™€“U#z€LŽ. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€"€‚’’’Locative(L)marks time or place€+‚U#z€VŽ. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€(€‚’’’Instumental(I)marks method or meansšE“­‚U#z€ŠŽ. 5 €€€‚’€€€‚’€"€‚’’’Vocative(V)marks the name or other animate noun in a greetingLó‚ł„Y €€ē€€‚‚€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚’NUMBERWhen there is one of an item, a noun is singular. When there are two or more, it is plural.GENDER AND ANIMACYPeople, animals, deities, and the like are animate nouns, while plants and other objects are inanimate. Among animate nouns, male beings are masculine; female beings are feminine; children and young animals are neuter. Some inanimate nouns are masculine, while some are feminine and others neuter. Only masculine nouns vary in endings according to animacy.āz­‚Ū†h ž€õ€€‚‚€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚ćā2Œ‰‚’HARDNESSIn general, nouns are hard if their final consonant in the nominative singular is hard. They are soft if their final consonant is soft. Some nouns with neutral final consonants are hard, while others are soft.ARTICLESCzech has no articles (English a, an, the). For example, auto can mean car, a car, or the car.See Also:Noun Declensions@ł„‡1ŻʅCƒ‡U‡ ĻNoun Declension:Ū†U‡& €(€€€‚’Noun Declensionsg8‡¼ˆ/ ,€q€€‚€€‚€ ‚’The full set of variations in a Czech noun (or pronoun or adjective) according to case and number constitute its declension. A noun's gender, animacy, and hardness determine which declension it belongs to. Czech has some one dozen regular noun declensions, of which the nouns below are merely examples.®U‡j‰˜#,A .  ¢ €€€‚’€€’€€‚’€€’€€‚’€€’€€‚’€(€‚’’’HARDSOFT»*¼ˆ%Š‘#ņ€T± ° ° h ¢ €€’€€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€,€‚’€@€‚’€P€‚’’’SINGULARPLURALSINGULARPLURAL’ j‰·Š…#Ś€± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’ŗ/%Šq‹‹#ę€^± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€,€‚’€8€‚’€L€‚’€X€€‚’’’Npįn = gentlemanpįnimu•= manmu•i« ·ŠŒ‹#ę€@± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€"€‚’€.€‚’€:€€‚’’’Gpįnapįn’mu•emu•’ŗ/q‹ÖŒ‹#ę€^± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€8€‚’€F€€‚’’’Dpįnovipįn’mmu•ovimu•’mMASCULINE²'Œˆ‹#ę€N± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€"€‚’€.€‚’€:€€‚’’’Apįnapįnymu•emu•eANIMATE±&֌9Ž‹#ę€L± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’€6€‚’€F€€‚’’’Lpįnovipįnechmu•imu•ķch­"ˆęŽ‹#ę€D± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€2€‚’€>€€‚’’’Ipįnempįnymu•emmu•i« 9Ž‘‹#ę€@± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€"€‚’€.€‚’€:€€‚’’’Vpanepįnimu•imu•i&ꎷ# €€€‚’¾3‘Ą‹#ę€f± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€·ĄŪ†€‚’€&€‚’€4€‚’€P€‚’€`€€‚’’’Nst’l = tablestolypokoj = roompokoje±&·2Į‹#ę€L± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€&€‚’€6€‚’€F€€‚’’’Gstolustol’pokojepokoj’¼1ĄīĮ‹#ę€b± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€8€‚’€J€€‚’’’Dstolustol’mpokojipokoj’mMASCULINEø-2Į¦Ā‹#ę€Z± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€2€‚’€B€€‚’’’Ast’lstolypokojpokojeINANIMATEµ*īĮ[Ƌ#ę€T± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’€:€‚’€N€€‚’’’Lstolustolechpokojipokojķch³(¦Āċ#ę€P± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€:€‚’€J€€‚’’’Istolemstolypokojempokoji›[Ć©Ä…#Ś€,± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€(€‚’’’V--------&ÄĻÄ# €€€‚’¾3©ÄÅ‹#ę€f± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€&€‚’€2€‚’€R€‚’€`€€‚’’’N•ena = woman•enyulice = streetulice« ĻÄ8ʋ#ę€@± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€.€‚’€:€€‚’’’G•eny•enuliceulicÆ$Åēʋ#ę€H± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€2€‚’€B€€‚’’’D•en—•enįmuliciulicķmµ*8ʜĒ‹#ę€T± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€"€‚’€0€‚’€>€€‚’’’A•enu•enyuliciuliceFEMININE±&ēĘMȋ#ę€L± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€&€‚’€4€‚’€F€€‚’’’L•en—•enįchuliciulicķch²'œĒ’ȋ#ę€N± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€6€‚’€H€€‚’’’I•enou•enamiulicķulicemi§MȦɋ#ę€8± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€"€€‚’€,€‚’€4€‚’’’V•eno•eny----&’ČĢÉ# €€€‚’ŗ/¦É†Ź‹#ę€^± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€&€‚’€4€‚’€L€‚’€X€€‚’’’Nm—sto = townm—stamoše = seamoše¬!ĢÉ2Ė‹#ę€B± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€0€‚’€<€€‚’’’Gm—stam—stmošemošķÆ$†ŹįĖ‹#ę€H± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€4€‚’€B€€‚’’’Dm—stum—st’mmošimošķm³(2Ė”Ģ‹#ę€P± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€&€‚’€2€‚’€>€€‚’’’Am—stom—stamošemošeNEUTER±&įĖEĶ‹#ę€L± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’€6€‚’€F€€‚’’’Lm—st—m—stechmošimošķchÆ$”ĢōĶ‹#ę€H± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€6€‚’€B€€‚’’’Im—stemm—stymošemmoši›EĶĪ…#Ś€,± ° ° h ¢ €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€(€‚’’’V--------~KōĶ Ļ3 6€–€€ ‚€‚‚€ ‚ćvK%‰‚’Irregular nouns have their own unique declensions.See Also:Nouns9ĪFĻ1‡WkFĻtĻ«Pronouns. ĻtĻ# €€€‚’PronounsžÓFĻ~+ $€§€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’A pronoun is a word that stands for a previously mentioned or understood noun.Czech pronouns tĻ~ Ļagree in case, number, gender, and animacy with the noun they replace.PERSONAL PRONOUNS(given in nominative)M tĻĖD#X€ņ„ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’Ijįq-~<D#X€Zņ„ €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’youty (singular), vy (plural or formal)N ĖŠD#X€ņ„ €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’heonP <ŚD#X€ņ„ €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’sheonaO Š)D#X€ņ„ €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’itonoN ŚwD#X€ņ„ €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’wemyl()ćD#X€Pņ„ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’theyoni (animate), ony (inanimate)yMw\, (€š€€ ‚€‚‚€ ‚’OTHER COMMON PRONOUNS(given in masculine animate nominative singular)ać½D#X€:ņ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’this (one)tento, tenhlee!\"D#X€Bņ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’that (one)ten, tamten, onenk'½D#X€Nņ €€€‚’€2€€‚’’’(one) who, (one) whichkterż, jen•R"ßD#X€ņ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’who?kdo?V5D#X€$ņ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’which?kterż?R߇D#X€ņ €€€‚’€€€‚’’’what?co?$5«" €€€’; ‡ę1Cƒ?ę÷ Adjectives0 «# €€€‚’Adjectivesj?ę€+ &€~€€‚€€‚‚’An adjective is a word that limits, or modifies, a noun.SÓ6#<€:4J"€€€€€‚’’’Mįte jednol’•kovż pokoj?U€(6#<€>4J"€€€€€‚’’’Do you have a single room?‰4Ó± U x€i€€‚€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚’Czech adjectives precede the noun they modify, and they agree in case, number, gender, and animacy with that noun. However, their hardness depends on their own final letter (soft adjectives end with -ķ in the masculine singular nominative), not the final consonant of the noun.COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVESMost comparatives consist of the base adjective plus the suffix -ej”ķ or -—j”ķ. Superlatives consist of the prefix nej- plus the comparative adjective. Many common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.F(÷ . ,€0€€‚€ ‚ć„f¼‰‚’See Also:Adverbs8± / 1MkM/ ` | Adverbs1 ÷ ` & €€€€‚’Adverbs£~/  % €ü€€‚‚‚’An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb by expressing time, place, manner, degree, or cause.I` L 6#<€&+J"€€€€€‚’’’Rozumķm dobše.R ž 6#<€8+J"€€€€€‚’’’I understand perfectly.Z$L ų 6#<€H+J"€€€€€‚’’’(Literally: I understand well.)„2ž | R r€e€€‚€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€ ‚ćś³ŽÕ‰‚’Czech adverbs generally consist of an adjective stem plus the ending -e or -—. (Adjective stems are the masculine nominative singular form minus the final -ż or -ķ.) When a stem ends in a hard consonant, however, the consonant becomes soft in the resulting adverb.See Also:Adjectives5ų ± 1r?P‰± å ZOVerb4 | å ) "€€€€€‚’ Verbs\7± A% €n€€‚‚‚’A verb expresses action, existence, or occurrence.Eå †3#6€$\€€€€‚’’’Rozumķm dobše.NAŌ3#6€6\€€€€‚’’’I understand perfectly.b7†6+ &€n€€‚€€‚‚’The dictionary form of a verb is its infinitive.: Ōp0#0€\€€€‚’’’rozum—t@6°0#0€ \€€€‚’’’to understandXįpCw ¼€Ć€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚°C| ‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚’ASPECTMost Czech verbs have two forms, or aspects: the imperfective and the perfective. Imperfective verbs describe ongoing or incomplete action, while perfective verbs describe completed action. Perfectives often consist of a prefix (u-, po-, do-, etc.) plus the corresponding imperfective.TENSECzech verbs can express three time periods, or tenses: past, present, and future. Both imperfectives and perfectives have past and future tenses, but only imperfectives have a present tense. Perfective verbs with the same endings as present-tense imperfectives actually express the future tense. Imperfective verbs express the future with the future tense of the verb bżt (to be) plus their infinitive.ém°żE| ʀŪ€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚’AGREEMENTThe verb in a Czech sentence generally agrees with the subject in number and person. The I and we forms are the first person; the you forms are the second person; and the he, she, it, and they forms are the third person. Because the verb contains information about number and person, subject pronouns are often omitted.The past tense consists of a past participle plus a helping verb--in this instance, the present tense of bżt. Participles agree with the subject of a sentence in number, gender, and animacy, while helping verbs agree with the subject in number and person.żÆCśGN j€_€€‚‚€€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€‚‚’IMPERATIVESImperative constructions express commands. A Czech verb has three imperatives: the we form, the singular you form, and the plural (or formal singular) you form.NEGATIONThe prefix ne- makes verbs negative in Czech. Generally, when a verb includes a participle and a helping verb, the participle has the prefix, but when it includes a helping verb and an infinitive, the helping verb has the prefix.AżE;H3#6€ćn€€€€‚’’’Nerozumķm.NśG‰H6#<€0ćn"€€€€€‚’’’I don't understand.‹4;HJW |€i€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚’REFLEXIVE VERBSReflexive verbs in Czech express action on or toward the subject of a sentence. A reflexive pronoun (se or si) always accompanies them; it can often be translated as -self (myself, themselves, and so on). Many other verbs become reflexive with the addition of se or si.f*‰HzJ<#H€T0n.€€€€€€€‚’’’Jak se jmenujete? Jmenuji se Jana.W'JŃJ0#0€N0n€€€‚’’’What is your name? My name is Jana.o?zJ@K0#0€~0n€€€‚’’’(Literally: What do you call yourself? I call myself Jana.)"ūŃJbL' €÷€€‚‚‚‚’A NOTE ON WORD ORDERReflexive pronouns may precede the verb they accompany or they may follow it, depending on context. Similarly, when verbs contain a helping verb and a participle, the helping verb may either precede or follow the participle.›S@KżLH#`€¦@nF€€€€€€€€€€€‚’’’Kdy jste si jej rezervoval? Rezervoval jsem si pokoj v“era telefonicky.ƒSbL€M0#0€¦@n€€€‚’’’When did you make your reservation? I reserved the room by telephone yesterday.Ś©żLZO1 0€S€€‚‚‚€ ‚ćŹĆĪa‰‚’Word order in Czech is quite variable because the endings on words provide much of the information that their order does in English. The rules that govern placement of reflexive pronouns, helping verbs, and so on have as much to do with style as with intelligibility. But these are the fine points of Czech grammar. Right now, you'll want to focus on understanding and being understood.See Also:Verb ConjugationsB€MœO1¹M§ œO×O¹ÅVerb Conjugations;ZO×O& €*€€€‚’Verb Conjugations֜Oå€, &€­€€‚€€×Oå€ZO‚‚’The full set of variations in a verb according to number, person, gender, and animacy make up its conjugation. Most Czech verbs fall into one of three basic conjugations. Here is an example of one of them.|×Oa^#Œ€<œ  €€€‚’€€’€€‚’€$€‚’’’IMPERFECTIVEPERFECTIVE˜+å€łm#Ŗ€Vœ  €€’€€€‚’€€’€€€‚’€B€‚’’’INFINITIVEprosit = to askpoprosity ar‚o#®€œĀ Ā  €€’€€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’’’łó‚c#–€<œĀ Ā  €€€‚’€€‚’€(€‚’€8€‚’’’PRESENTSINGULARPLURALÕCr‚ȃ’#ō€†q Ā Ā  €€’€€€‚’€€’€ €‚’€€€‚’€"€‚’€4€€‚’’’1prosķmprosķmeperfective verbs have no present tenseÆó‚w„’#ō€:q Ā Ā  €€’€€€‚’€€’€ €‚’€€€‚’€"€‚’€4€€‚’’’2prosķ”prosķte¬ȃ#…’#ō€4q Ā Ā  €€’€€€‚’€€’€ €‚’€€€‚’€ €‚’€.€€‚’’’3prosķprosķ w„¢…t#ø€œĀ Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’Ÿ+#…A†t#ø€VœĀ Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€"€‚’€2€‚’€F€‚’’’PASTSINGULARPLURALSINGULARPLURALŅJ¢…‡ˆ#ą€”q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€€€‚’€:€‚’€V€‚’€t€‚’’’masc anim1prosil jsemprosili jsmepoprosil jsempoprosili jsmeĒ?A†Ś‡ˆ#ą€~q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€&€‚’€B€‚’€^€‚’’’2prosil jsiprosili jstepoprosil jsipoprosili jsteµ-‡ˆˆ#ą€Zq Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€€‚’€0€‚’€D€‚’’’3prosilprosilipoprosilpoprosiliŅJŚ‡a‰ˆ#ą€”q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€€€‚’€:€‚’€V€‚’€t€‚’’’masc inan1prosil jsemprosily jsmepoprosil jsempoprosily jsmeĒ?ˆ(Šˆ#ą€~q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€&€‚’€B€‚’€^€‚’’’2prosil jsiprosily jstepoprosil jsipoprosily jsteµ-a‰ŻŠˆ#ą€Zq Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€€‚’€0€‚’€D€‚’’’3prosilprosilypoprosilpoprosilyÓK(Š°‹ˆ#ą€–q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€€€‚’€:€‚’€V€‚’€v€‚’’’feminine1prosila jsemprosily jsmepoprosila jsempoprosily jsmeÉAŻŠyŒˆ#ą€‚q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€(€‚’€D€‚’€b€‚’’’2prosila jsiprosily jstepoprosila jsipoprosily jste·/°‹0ˆ#ą€^q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€ €‚’€2€‚’€H€‚’’’3prosilaprosilypoprosilapoprosilyŃIyŒŽˆ#ą€’q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€€€‚’€6€‚’€R€‚’€r€‚’’’neuter1prosilo jsemprosila jsmepoprosilo jsempoprosila jsmeÉA0ŹŽˆ#ą€‚q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€(€‚’€D€‚’€b€‚’’’2prosilo jsiprosila jstepoprosilo jsipoprosila jste·/Žˆ#ą€^q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€ €‚’€2€‚’€H€‚’’’3prosiloprosilapoprosilopoprosila’ ŹŽĄ…#Ś€q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’€€‚’€€ĄZO‚’’’“/ÓĄ…#Ś€^q Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’€:€‚’€N€‚’’’FUTURESINGULARPLURALSINGULARPLURALĄ8Ą“Įˆ#ą€pq Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€(€‚’€F€‚’€Z€‚’’’1budu prositbudeme prositpoprosķmpoprosķmeĮ9ÓĄTĀˆ#ą€rq Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€*€‚’€H€‚’€\€‚’’’2bude” prositbudete prositpoprosķ”poprosķte¼4“ĮĆˆ#ą€hq Ā Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €€‚’€(€‚’€D€‚’€V€‚’’’3bude prositbudou prositpoprosķpoprosķ TĀĆt#ø€œĀ Ā Ć Ā €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’ąGĆoÄ™#Žœ~ ~ } ~ ~ ~ €€€ €‚’€€‚’€.€‚’€B€‚’€V€‚’€f€‚’€z€‚’’’ IMPERATIVE2 SING1 PLURAL2 PL/FML2 SING1 PLURAL2 PL/FMLĻ6Ć>Å™#lœ~ ~ } ~ ~ ~ €€€‚’€€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€4€‚’€D€‚’€X€‚’’’prosprosmeprostepoprospoprosmepoproste{KoĹÅ0 0€–€€‚‚‚€ ‚ćG·.‰‚’Irregular verbs have their own unique conjugations.See Also:Verbs= >ÅöÅ1MP‰Śƒ öÅ,ĘHĖPrepositions6¹Å,Ę& € €€€‚’PrepositionsköżĘ% €Ö€€‚‚‚’A preposition is a word that precedes a noun and shows how it relates to other elements of a sentence.j7,Ę&Ē3#6€nśJ€€€€‚’’’Na sv—tlech zahn—te doprava a jd—te pšes dv— ulice.g1¼ĘĒ6#<€bśJ"€€€€€‚’’’Turn right at the light and walk two blocks.šČ&Ē}Č( €‘€€‚‚‚‚‚’Nouns following a preposition in Czech take the case associated with that preposition. Some prepositions are associated with different cases depending on their meaning.SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONSQ ĒĪČD#X€7 €€€‚’€€€‚’’’k, ketob}Č0ÉD#X€<7 €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’nafor, at, on, to, aboutVĪȆÉD#X€$7 €€€‚’€€€‚’’’oof, for, byP 0ÉÖÉD#X€7 €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’proforS†É)ŹD#X€7 €€€‚’€€€‚’’’s, sewithQ ÖÉzŹD#X€7 €€€‚’€€€‚’’’uby, atY)ŹÓŹD#X€*7 €€€‚’€€€‚’’’v, veat, in, onO zŹ"ĖD#X€7 €€€‚’€€€‚’’’zfrom&ÓŹHĖ# €€€‚’= "Ė…Ė1(§’’’’ …Ė»Ė“Conjunctions6HĖ»Ė& € €€€‚’ConjunctionssN…Ė.Ģ% €œ€€‚‚‚’A conjunction is a word that connects other words, phrases, or sentences.n8»ĖœĢ6#<€pJ"€€€€€‚’’’Na sv—tlech zahn—te doprava a jd—te pšes dv— ulice.g1.ĢĶ6#<€bJ"€€€€€‚’’’Turn right at the light and walk two blocks.H#œĢKĶ% €F€€‚‚‚’SOME COMMON CZECH CONJUNCTIONSQ ĶœĶD#X€b] €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’anda, iSKĶļĶD#X€b] €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’or(a)neboP œĶ?ĪD#X€b] €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’noraniSļĶ’ĪD#X€b] €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’fornebot'Y?ĪėĪD#X€*b] €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’butale, (a)v”akb’ĪMĻD#X€<b] €€€‚’€€€‚’’’becauseproto•e, pon—vad•\ėĪ©ĻD#X€0b] €€€‚’€€€‚’’’althougha“, a“kolio+MĻ$D#X€Vb] €€€‚’€ €€‚’’’ifjestli, jestl©Ļ$HĖi•e, -li, kdyby, zdali^©Ļ‚D#X€4b] €€€‚’€€€‚’’’whilekde•to, zatķmcoQ $ÓD#X€b] €€€‚’€€€‚’’’untila•P ‚#D#X€b] €€€‚’€€€‚’’’that•ek'ÓŽD#X€Nb] €€€‚’€€€‚’’’therefore(a) proto, (a) tak, tedy&#“# €€€‚’1Ž’’’’1’’’’’’’’ ’’’’’’’’’’’’ŚŃÄ XHelv^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Tms Rmn÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Symbol^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Courier÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Times New Roman÷^÷^Arial÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^MS Serif=MS Sans SerifTimesHelveticaSystemCourier New{oNew York^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Geneva÷^÷^÷^LinePrinter÷^÷^÷^÷^CG Times^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Univers÷^÷^÷^÷^Univers Condensed÷^Antique Olive÷^÷^÷^Garamond^÷^÷^CG Omega^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Albertus Medium÷^÷^Albertus Extra BoldClarendon CondensedCoronet÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Letter Gothic÷^÷^÷^Marigold^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Wingdingsļ=MarlettArial CECourier New CETimes New Roman CEMT ExtraArial NarrowĆD³Arial Black#Ą‰< ’’Arial Rounded MT BoBook Antiqua‹ĄMBookman Old StyleCentury Gothic&#ĄąCentury SchoolbookMonotype SortswĄčMap SymbolsŠ]õĄHaettenschweilerĄčAlgerianĄ ĄŌ#ĄąBraggadocio#ĄąüĄČBritannic BoldõĄšwBrush Script MTČĆColonna MTąüĄč’Ä‹DesdemonaŌ#ĄąüĄšwFootlight MT Light:ImpactõĄšwĄčKino MT.Ą`ˆČĆõĄšwWide Latine.Ą/e.Ą]Matura MT Script CaPlaybill^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^MS LineDraw÷^÷^÷^Bookshelf Symbol 1^Bookshelf Symbol 2^Bookshelf Symbol 3^TL SS Cyrillic StreTL SS Cyrillic UnstTLAsian÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^MS Reference 1^÷^÷^MS Reference 2^÷^÷^News Gothic MT^÷^÷^Lucida Handwriting^Lucida Sans÷^÷^÷^÷^Lucida Sans UnicodeOCR A Extended^÷^÷^Calisto MT^÷^÷^÷^÷^Abadi MT Condensed^Copperplate Gothic^Comic Sans MS÷^÷^÷^Lucida Console^÷^÷^Tahoma^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^MS Outlook^÷^÷^÷^÷^TL Naskh^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Verdana÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^TLPolishTurkish÷^÷^Turkish Courier NewTLCentralEurope÷^÷^Georgia÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Trebuchet MS^÷^÷^÷^TL Naskh Help31÷^÷^TLCyrillic2÷^÷^÷^÷^TLEastEurope2÷^÷^÷^Modern^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^MS Dialog÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^TL Help Cyrillic^÷^Arial Greek÷^÷^÷^÷^Arial Cyr÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Courier New Greek÷^Courier New CyrTimes New Roman GreTimes New Roman CyrEnyaCyrillic TestCelticHand{o’Celtic^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^Celtic Gaelige÷^÷^TLAsianTransliteratEasternEurope1^÷^÷^CouriMCY^÷^÷^ļ=ļ=ļ=NimbuSanLCYļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=TimelTCY=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=CouriMEE=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=NimbuSanLEEļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=TimelTEE=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=CouriMGR=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=NimbuSanLGRļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=TimelTGR=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=CouriMTU=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=NimbuSanLTUļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=TimelTTU=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=AvantGarGotItcTļ=ļ=AlteSchD=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=BauerBodTļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=BlippBlaDļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=BalloDDroSha=ļ=ļ=ļ=CoopeBlaDBol=ļ=ļ=ļ=CoppeTMedļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=CouriM=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=GaramItcTļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=MurraHilDļ=NimbuSanLOptusTRegOptusTMedParkAveDTimelTVanDijDļ=ļ=ĘŒ1Œ1Œ1Malik Lt BTŒ1Œ1J)!DavidFix=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=KivunPiļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Davidļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Miriam=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Times New Roman TurTimes New Roman BalArial Turļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Arial Baltic=ļ=ļ=ļ=Courier New Turļ=ļ=Courier New Baltic=Tahoma CEļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Tahoma Cyr=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Tahoma Greek=ļ=ļ=ļ=Tahoma Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Tahoma Balticļ=ļ=ļ=Garamond CEļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Garamond Cyr=ļ=ļ=ļ=Garamond Greek=ļ=ļ=Garamond Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=Garamond Balticļ=ļ=Lucida Console CEļ=Lucida Console Cyr=Lucida Console GreeLucida Console Tur=Arial Narrow CEļ=ļ=Arial Narrow Cyr=ļ=Arial Narrow Greek=Arial Narrow Tur=ļ=Arial Narrow BalticArial Black CE=ļ=ļ=Arial Black Cyrļ=ļ=Arial Black Greekļ=Arial Black Turļ=ļ=Arial Black Baltic=Bookman Old Style CBookman Old Style GBookman Old Style TBookman Old Style BImpact CEļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Impact Cyr=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Impact Greek=ļ=ļ=ļ=Impact Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=Impact Balticļ=ļ=ļ=Enya Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=AvantGarGotItcT TurAlteSchD Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=BauerBodT Turļ=ļ=ļ=BlippBlaD Turļ=ļ=ļ=BalloDDroSha Tur=ļ=CoppeTMed Turļ=ļ=ļ=CouriM Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=GaramItcT Turļ=ļ=ļ=MurraHilD Turļ=ļ=ļ=NimbuSanL Turļ=ļ=ļ=OptusTReg Turļ=ļ=ļ=OptusTMed Turļ=ļ=ļ=ParkAveD Tur=ļ=ļ=ļ=TimelT TurVanDijD TurTLCyrillic2 CETLCyrillic2 CyrTLCyrillic2 TurTLEastEurope2 CEo’TLEastEurope2 Cyrļ=TLEastEurope2 Turļ=UUUĆŗ×ʅ’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ ’’’’ ’’’’ ’’’’ ’’’’ ’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’O’’’’’’’’ 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declensionnounsOverviewprepositions Pronoun$Verb(Verb Conjugations,onjugations 28950 prepositions 381A7 Conjunctions 383DA s 383DA =’{o÷^÷^ļ=’ļ=ļ=÷^ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=’{o÷^ļ=ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=ą=÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^’’’’’’<’’’’’’÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=ļ=÷^’’÷^’’÷^÷^’’÷^’’÷^<÷^’’÷^’’÷^÷^{o’÷^G ÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^.+ÉĆD³(ĄõĄqĄč’Ä+ÉĆsC/Ą+ÉĆŲ*ÉĆõĄqĄ ‘č’Ä.ĄM#Ą Ąä#ĄąüĄ,+ÉĆõĄqĄ +Éį’’’’|SYSTEM|TOPICŽ÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=’{o÷^÷^ļ=’ļ=ļ=÷^ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=’{o÷^ļ=ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=ą=÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^’’’’’’<’’’’’’÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=ļ=÷^’’÷^’’÷^÷^’’÷^’’÷^<÷^’’÷^’’÷^÷^{o’÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’{o÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^ļ=÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷/&;)Lz^÷^÷^÷^÷^÷^’’ B ’’’’ContentsiOverview ofĮAlphabetʅNounsWNoun DeclensionCƒPronounskAdjectives?AdverbsMVerbP‰Verb 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