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’÷4’üD’üD’üD’üD’üD’üD’ü’ļ’ß’…’’ü ’ß’ü’‚ž’ß’ļ ’‡žļ’’ūļū ’ļ’ü’‚ž’æ’÷ ’‡ż÷’’ūļż ’÷’üƒ’ž ’į ’…øēDw ’”ż÷ēåüyųˆÄįŽ"?ĖĖ7’üƒ’ų ’ƒļ€’…{jīīū’ž’”ūóŪŲżżæżŻŁ¶ķ÷ww±±g{’ü‡’łćįųp’ƒļž;’…nžīū’ƒšž’”ūė½Żž;ßżŻŻöž÷w{»w{’üˆ’ūūĄ ’ƒļæ»’…|īžīū’ƒąž’”ūė½ŻżŪßżŻåĪž÷w{»—{’üˆ’ūūŽyŪĒ’ƒļæ»’…{īīū’ƒĒų~’”ūŻ½ŻżŪßżŻł¾ž÷w{»ē{’üˆ’ūūßqŸļ’„žæ»’…{nģfū’„ß’ ’”ūŻŪŻżĶæųĶŻ¶ī÷v3³»w{’üˆ’żūßöļ’ƒļß»’…|C™ū’ƒß’¾’”ūˆē™ž>ż3ćĒaL’Ė3{’ü‡’’óßņ?ļ’ƒļ’;’…æļ’’÷’ƒļ’¾’ż ’w’„ū’’w’ü‡’’÷ßüĻ’ƒļ’{’…æļ’’÷’‚¾’ż ’w’„ū’’w’ü‡’’÷æųß’ƒļ’w’ß’ļ’‚O¾’ž ’ˆ·’’ó’žo’ü’…æł’Ž_’÷’ļ’ß’ ’ø’„ū’’_’üˆ’’?æ’’ž’‚ó÷3’ü„’’?æ ’‚ó÷3’ü’„æļ’ž ’÷3’ü’„ó’Ÿ?<’ü’„ż’Ÿß<’üD’üD’üD’ü’ń’ß!’ü’ö’ē!’ü’ö’ū!’ü’ł>’üD’üD’üD’üƒ’ųA’üƒ’šA’üƒ’óē’ß’æ’…’’ž ’Ē’’ü„’÷÷Ÿ’æ’ß’†w’’ż÷ż’ļ’æ’ü„’÷ūŸ’’ļ ’‡žū’’ż÷ž’ļ’ß’üƒ’óū ’‚ų’…qĪ8ˆļ ’Šžūóņž<ü8ā"ˆ#éć–8‘ß’üƒ’żū 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’–żīķīžęßüfīŪwwf7wĘ÷v;»ļ’üˆ’ū÷óžĆżļ’„÷ļßĒ’†żų†=3÷’ƒß’¾’–żÄsĢ’?ž™ńćŽgwOéögL{ļ’ü‡’’ē’žGż’„÷’Ÿļ’†ž’ß’’ļ’ƒļ’¾’ž ’’…÷’’ūß’ü‡’’ļ’’ł’ƒ÷’æ’†ž’ß’’ļ’‚¾’ž ’’…÷’’ūß’ü‡’’ļ’’ū’ƒ÷’撁’ß’‚O¾’ ’‚ž’…ē’’ó撁ü’ƒ?ūĖ’æ’æ’æ ’w’…÷’’ū’üƒ’ž’Ć’ł4’üƒ’ž ’ł4’ü’„ż’’ß<’ü’„žóē<’ü’ƒæóū<’üD’üD’üD’ü‚’÷’‚ž?’ß’ß!’ü‚’ł’‚žß’ē’ē!’ü‚’ž’‚žß’ū’ū!’ü’?=’üD’üD’üD’üD’ü PGl°D6Arabic Grammar Basics*‡ BrowseButtons()ģ„ć„’’’’ 8’’’’D1ß åDqAdverbs- q# €€€‚’Adverbs&D—# €€€‚’ƈqZ; D€€ˆHEi€‚‚€‚€€€‚’Arabic has adverbial accusatives formed from nouns and adjectives, as well as true adverbs.The adverb of time x£›!ƚZ Hq5®!’  i—ś7 >€Ņ€ȈHEi€€‚€€‚‚’/JY£±!› H\5®!•£ I traveled in the evening. JY£±!› "Evening" defines the time of the travel.V(ZP. ,€P€ˆEi€€‚’The adverb of place x£¼!æšZ Hq5®!’ Ąˆś8 >€€ȈHEi€€‚€€‚‚’/Ię9¾!¶IæšZ !Ķ5©!† HĶ5±!¾!‰ I sat under the umbrella. Ię9¾!¶IæšZ !Ķ5©!† "Under the umbrella" defines the place of sitting. ”SP¤A R€¦€ȈHŲE€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚’Other examples: !w£›!~ (in front of) !Ü5¾!‹ (behind) !r5Ā!• (above){A: D€‚€ˆHEi€€€€€€‚’True adverbs, such as IŌ5›!~ or £ĄH are indeclinable.8¤W1²ó‚ęW Objects8 , (€€„Ei€€‚’Objects )ĮWøh ž€ƒ€„Ei€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚’The object of a verb is in the accusative case. The direct object may be a noun: /![£¤šZ HįH‰!®šZ !Ń!„!• The man opened the door.The door (![£¤šZ ) is the direct object of the opening action (!Ń!„!• ) performed by the man (HįH‰!®šZ ), the subject.It can also be an attached pronoun:!t in: /HāT¾!·HæšZ !ß!šĘ The teacher asked you.Or an independent pronoun:Hy£N  in: /Hy£N  !ßH„5Ć!µ5“~ I gave it to you.¶vn@ N€ķ€„Ei€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚’The word for word translation is "I gave you it."The direct object may precede the subject or follow it:!Ķ5Ć!¤šZ in: /!tĀ…~ !Ķ5Ć!¤šZ ē!Ą!… Your father built the house.The word for word translation is "built the house your father."The following is a list of independent accusative pronouns. These are used for the direct object if two objects are present:WøÅG#^€ µh €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’me!{£N  ]n" G#^€,µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (MS)!t£N  ]Å G#^€,µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (FS)It£N  X" × G#^€"µh €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’himHy£N  X / G#^€"µh €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’her££N  ^×  G#^€.µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (D)£æH˜£N  _/ ģ G#^€0µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’them (D)£æH£N  W C G#^€ µh €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’us£œ£N  ^ģ ” G#^€.µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (MP)āH˜£N  _C G#^€0µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (FP)9ćH˜£N  _” _ G#^€0µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’them (MP)āH£N  ` æ G#^€2µh €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’them (FP)9ćH£N  Q_  7 >€4€„Ei€‚‚ćŪRmI€‰€‚’See also:PronounsAæ Q 1EĄ*€Q ” ĄŠCardinal NumbersC ” / .€(€ į€ˆHł»ƒß€‚’Cardinal Numbers 2Q Ę / .€€ 怈Hł»ƒß€‚’tG” :- *€Ž€ˆHł»ƒß€‚’The basic forms of the numbers, as used in counting, are as follows:&Ę `# €€€‚’‰:éz#Ātl €€’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’¬IŠZz 1•`~„#Ų€"tl "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’x£Ą5‡I 2”é@„#Ų€ tl "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’~@ ’’ę!‡ė!‡ 3i~‡@X#€€"tl 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!·!…5f!~ 4g@ī@X#€€tl 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!±5æ!‹ 5e ‡@SAX#€€tl 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę9„I 6•ī@čA„#Ų€"tl "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!·5¤! 7–SA~B„#Ų€$tl "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ęĆIœ£æ!‡ 8•čAC„#Ų€"tl "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!·5±I† 9–~B©C„#Ų€$tl "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’|!®!²!“ 10&CĻC# €€€‚’©C_Dz#Ā,˜H €€’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€"€ˆHł»ƒß’$€$€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ ¬!Š!~ 11œĻCūD„#Ų€0˜H "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€&€ˆHł»ƒß’$€(€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ £Ą5‡I 12q_DlEX#€€2˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€*€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę!‡£!¾!‡ 13pūDÜEX#€€0˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€(€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę!·!…5f~ 14olEKFX#€€.˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€&€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę!±5æ!‹ 15mÜEøFX#€€*˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€"€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę9„I 16oKF'GX#€€.˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€&€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę!·5¤! 17qøF˜GX#€€2˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€*€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ęIĆIœ£æ!‡ 18o'GHX#€€.˜H 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€&€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę!·5±I† 19–˜GH„#Ų€$˜H "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“ 20&HĆH# €€€‚’“HVIz#Ā2›E €€’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€(€ˆHł»ƒß’$€*€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ¬IŠZz 21¤ĆHśI‡#Ž€:›E "€€ˆHł»ƒß’6€€ˆHł»ƒß€€€‚’"€0€ˆHł»ƒß’$€2€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ xz®5²!“z x£Ą5‡I 22žVI˜J„#Ų€4›E "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€*€ˆHł»ƒß’$€,€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ę!‡ė!‡ 23sśI KX#€€6›E 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€.€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ę!·!…5f!~ 24q˜J|KX#€€2›E 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€*€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ę!±5æ!‹ 25o KėKX#€€.›E 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€&€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ę9„I 26Ÿ|KŠL„#Ų€6›E "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€,€ˆHł»ƒß’$€.€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ę!·5¤! 27 ėK*M„#Ų€8›E "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€.€ˆHł»ƒß’$€0€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ęĆIœ£æ!‡ 28ŸŠLÉM„#Ų€6›E "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€,€ˆHł»ƒß’$€.€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xz®5²!“z ę!·5±I† 29&*MļM# €€€‚’n?ÉM]N/ .€~€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚‚’The compound numbers 31-99 have the same pattern as 21-29.‹ļMčNz#Ā"C7f €€’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xzHė!‡ 30˜]N€O„#Ų€(C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€ €ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xĀ·!…5f!~ 40–čN"€„#Ų€$C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß€O"€ ‚’’’xĀ±5æ!‹ 50•€O·€„#Ų€"C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xĀN„I 60–"€M„#Ų€$C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xĀ·5¤! 70–·€ć„#Ų€$C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xĀœ£æ!‡ 80•Mx‚„#Ų€"C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xĀ5±I† 900ćØ‚- *€€ˆHł»ƒß€‚’“ x‚;ƒs#¶€@C7f €€’N€€ˆHł»ƒß€€ €€ €€ €‚’$€6€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› or ę”£› 100—؂Ņƒ„#Ų€&C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’x£„!ÉI› 200q;ƒC„[#†€,C7f 6€€ˆHł»ƒß€€ €‚’$€"€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› ]ė!‡ 300oŅƒ²„X#€€.C7f 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€$€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› Ś!…5f!~ 400mC„…X#€€*C7f 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€ €ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› Ō5æ!‹ 500l²„‹…X#€€(C7f 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› NĶI 600›…&†„#Ų€.C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€"€ˆHł»ƒß’$€$€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› Ś5¤! 700‹…Ɔ„#Ų€2C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€&€ˆHł»ƒß’$€(€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› åIœ£æ!‡ 800›&†^‡„#Ų€.C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€"€ˆHł»ƒß’$€$€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’ę!ÉI› Ś5±I† 900—Ɔõ‡„#Ų€&C7f "€€ˆHł»ƒß’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’"€€ˆHł»ƒß’$€€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’Ü5š!~ 1000h9^‡]ˆ/ .€r€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚‚’Compound numbers from 101-999 are formed as follows:}õ‡Śˆd#˜€2C €€’0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€(€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’¬IŠZz!z ę!ÉI› 101r]ˆL‰X#€€4C 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€*€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’x£Ą5‡4!z ę!ÉI› 102$ŚˆĖ‰[#†€HC 6€€ˆHł»ƒß€€€‚’$€>€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’®!²!“ !ę!±5æ!‹!z x£„!ÉI› 215~&L‰IŠX#€€LC 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’$€B€ˆHł»ƒß‚’’’xĀ·5Ą!!z ę9„I!z ę!ÉI› ]ė!‡ 376w2Ė‰ĄŠE Z€d€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚ćōÓæK€‰€‚ć`jl€‰‚’See also:Counted NounsOrdinal Numbers> IŠžŠ1*€؃žŠ;‹(ĀCounted Nouns=ĄŠ;‹- *€ €ˆHł»ƒß€‚’Counted Nouns;»žŠv€ Ī€w€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚€ €€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€€€‚’One and two:A singular or dual noun is used to indicate one or two items:a day, one day w5Ā!  two days x£›5Ā!  an hour, one hour ę!“£ two hours x£„!“£ A number may be added for emphasis or contrast:one day ¬IŠZz w5Ā!  two days x£Ą5‡I x£›5Ā!  one hour |!¬IŠZz ę!“£ two hours x£„Ą5‡I x£„!“£ Note that ¬IŠZz and x£Ą5‡I are adjectives which agree in gender and case with the nouns they modify. č;‹”6 :€Ń€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Three and above:When numbers occur with counted nouns, the forms of both the number and the noun follow special rules. With some numbers the counted noun is plural, and with others the noun is singular.Both the number and the counted noun change according to case, as well as gender. The rules for expressing numbers with counted nouns in Modern Standard Arabic are very complicated. Examples are given below so that you can recognize them when you are reading or listening. ¤v®Įj ¢€I€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚‚‚‚€€ ‚€€€€‚€€€‚€€‚€ €€‚€€‚‚‚’”®ĮĄŠIn speaking, you may use the basic numbers followed by a plural noun, as is common in colloquial dialects. Examples:two seconds later; in two seconds ćĆ„!ŗƖ!d ¬5·!… three minutes ŻI”£–!d ]ė!‡ four weeks ŚĆœ£!~ ę!·!…5f!~ one thousand and one nights ę!¾5Ć!š!z ę!¾5Ć!š Ü5š!~ I spent 23 years there. .t£ĄH õ›£“ ćĆ5²I“ HĶ5Ć!“!– for a period of 61 hours ę!“£ ćĆN„!z }¬5ŠI |9¬HæIš See also:z*”(ĀP p€T€ˆHł»ƒßć}­B€‰€‚ć©gõĶ€‰€‚ć؍€‰€‚’Cardinal NumbersGenderCase@®ĮhĀ1¼œhĀ¬Ā7ĒOrdinal NumbersD(Ā¬Ā0 0€(€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’Ordinal Numbers (ßhĀŌĆI `€æ€ 怈Hł»ƒß€‚€€€€€€€€‚’With the exception of "first," ordinal numbers (ę9ĆI¤Ć†5®!„šZ HdZ¬5“ģZ ) are formed from the cardinal numbers (ę9ĆI¾5ģZ HdZ¬5“ģZ ) following the pattern įI“£• for the masculine, and ę!¾I“£• for the feminine. ¶U¬ĀŠÅa €«€ˆHłŃ»ƒ€€€€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€ €€‚€€ ƒ€‚’The words for first are v9z~ for the masculine, and ēšzH~ for the feminine.Ordinal numbers match the gender of the ordered object both in the simple and the composite forms:Masculine v9zģZ HįH‰!®šZ the first man ĪIš£¦šZ Hį5³!¹šZ the third act ®IŽ£·šZ į‰®šZ the tenth man !®²“ !Ś…Z®šZ Ō Āš Louis the fourteenth­6ŌĆ7Ēw ¼€m€ˆHł»ƒß€‚‚€ €€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€€€‚‚‚ć}­B€‰€‚ć©gõĶ€‰€‚’Feminine ēšzģZ H|!¬TĆ!±šZ the first lady ę!·I…Z®šZ Hę!¾!Š®æšZ the fourth stage |®Ž£·šZ |~®æšZ the tenth woman !|®²“ !ę·£„šZ H|ĀµŖšZ the nineteenth stepComposite ordinal numbers from !®²“ !{d£©šZ until !®²“ !Ś£„šZ are always indeclinable.See also:Cardinal NumbersGender: ŠÅqĒ1Ż†qĒÆĒ[ĶFractions>7ĒÆĒ0 0€€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’Fractions n*qĒÉD V€U€ˆHł»ƒß€‚€€€€‚€€‚‚‚’With the exception of ܳIœ (half), fractions (fĀ±H¼šZ ) are built from the cardinal number. They are masculine in gender regardless of the gender of the object. Composite numbers have no fraction form, but are stated as: |®²“ Ōæ‹ ć› ¬ŠZz one out of fifteen, "one fifteenth"Examples:LÆĒiÉ7#>€*GŠ €€€€‚’’’ 5Ü5³Iœ one halfLɵÉ7#>€*GŠ €€€€‚’’’ Ī5¾H‡ one thirdMiÉŹ7#>€,GŠ €€€€‚’’’ Ś5…Hf one fourthLµÉNŹ7#>€*GŠ €€€€‚’’’ Ō5æH‹ one fifthPŹžŹ:#D€,GŠ "€€€€ €‚’’’ i5¬H one sixthMNŹėŹ7#>€,GŠ €€€€‚’’’ Ś5¤H one seventhMžŹ8Ė7#>€,GŠ €€€€‚’’’ ć5æH‡ one eighthLėŹ„Ė7#>€*GŠ €€€€‚’’’ Ś5±H† one ninthP8ĖŌĖ:#D€,GŠ "€€€€ €‚’’’ ®5²H“ one tenthm6„ĖAĢ7#>€lGŠ €€€€‚’’’ ć ®²“ ć› ¬ŠZz one twentieth, "one out of twenty"–cŌĖ×Ģ3 6€Ę€ˆHł»ƒß€€€‚’Percentages are built by the number of the percentage followed by ęÉ!暣… ("in one hundred"):„DAĢ[Ķ@ P€ˆ€Œ[€‚S»ƒß€€‚‚€ć}­B‰‚’ę!ÉI暣… ę!ĆIœ£æ!‡ eight percentSee also: Cardinal Numbers= ×Ģ˜Ķ1É؃„˜ĶŁĶwAll and SomeA[ĶŁĶ2 4€€Œ[€‚S»ƒß€‚’All and Some0ɘĶg œ€“€Œ[€‚S»ƒß€‚€€€ €€ €€ ‚€‚‚‚€€ €‚‚€€€€‚’Hį˜ means "each" or "every" when followed by an indefinite singular noun: ®æ†ČæšZ å• 4ŌĆ”f Hį˜ ā¾¼† . Each president spoke at the conference.When followed by a definite noun, it means "all":!®æ†ČæšZ IY£ž®šZ Hį˜ ®“Š . All the presidents attended the conference.The noun that follows į˜ , definite or indefinite, is in the genitive case. A pronoun suffix may be attached to į˜ to mean " all of them, all of him, all of us,ŁĶ[Ķ" etc.:³oŁĶČD X€Ž€Œ[€‚S»ƒß€‚€€ƒ‚€€€ ‚’āĮS¾˜ HY£ž®šZ ®“Š The presidents came, all of them.ä9¾˜ ![£„¼šZ H\~®– I read the book, all of it.-Ģõa €™€€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€ ƒ€‚€€‚‚€€€€‚€€ €‚’|®£©æšZ ēš £ĄN¾˜ £Ą¤e We all went to the lecture.£Į9¾˜ ę‰£‰¬šZ £Ą¾˜~ We ate all of the chicken.×·… means "some" and is followed by a definite noun in the genitive case;IĢ„¼šZ !×·… H\~®– I read some of the books.®æ†ČæšZ ēš Zz®“Š IY£ž®šZ H×·… Some presidents attended the conference.As in the case of į˜ , a pronoun suffix may be attached to ×·… to mean "some of."®æ†ČæšZ ēš £ĄH“·… Ģe Some of us went to the conference.‚JČw8 @€”€€€ €‚‚‚ć·Ė>€‰€‚’āĮ!“·… q®“~ I know some of them.See also:Nouns and Adjectives= õ“1ywó‚“ó;Prepositions?wó- *€$€†m€E€€‚’Prepositions Ļœ“Ā3 4€9€†m€E€‚€€‚‚’Prepositions (N®!ؚZ HqH®5Š~ ) take a noun in the genitive case, forming a preposition phrase. The following is a list of common Arabic prepositions:³.óu… Ų€]€„1€ƒ€‚€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€‚€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€‚€ƒ€€‚€ƒ‚’ćI› (from, than) ēš (to, towards) 5ć!“ (from, about) ē!¾!“ (on, upon) å• (in, concerning, into) ƒI[ (by, in, at, with; causal and oath.) ƒ!t (like)ƒIv (for, to, belonging to) !z (introducer of an oath.) 5­H› (since)H­5ĄH› same as 5­H› ēN„Š(until)ʄĀ;B R€ €€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚ć؍€‰€‚’Examples: /Ię·…Z®šZ ēN„Š H\5®¶„œZ I waited until four oclock./IĢ!„5¼!æšZ å• Ā He's in the office.See also:Case9ut1ēøt§] Pronouns3 ;§& €€€€‚’Pronouns g't @ N€O€€‚€€‚€€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚’Pronouns (®I”£æ!“šZ ) are words that refer to certain nouns in the text, such as:£œ~ (I) or Hć5©!œ (we).Arabic pronouns have:gender (masculine or feminine)number (singular, dual or plural)case (nominative, accusative or genitive)There are four families of Arabic pronouns.])§k 4 8€R€‚HćHZMļ€‰€€€‚’Personal ę9ĆI³5Ŗ!²šZ H®I”£æ!“šZ [' Ę 4 8€N€‚Vćeō„Y€‰€€€‚’Demonstrative |!f£ŽīZ HY£æ5~ —Ok ] H `€ž€‚HćĪF°ā€‰€€€‚ć‘ń€5€‰€€€‚‚’Relative vĀĀ!æšZ HYH£æ5~ Interrogative w£Į5¹I„5źZ HY£æ5~ BĘ Ÿ 1Uåk Ÿ Ż  Personal Pronouns>] Ż ( €,€‚H€€ ‚’Personal Pronouns mAŸ J , (€‚€‚H€‚€€‚’Personal pronouns (ę9ĆI³5Ŗ!²šZ H®I”£æ!“šZ ) have two forms:·\Ż  [ †€ø€„HS‚€ƒć\jwȀ‰€€€‚€ƒć{\w»€‰€€€€€€‚’ Independent: ć©œ (we) Attached: £œ (we) in £Ą5¤!„!˜ (we wrote) EJ F 1TøŲ€ F ‰ «CIndependent PronounsC ‰ + &€0€„HS‚€€ ‚’Independent PronounsO)F Ų & €R€‚H€‚‚’Pronouns differ according to gender: p:‰ H 6 <€t€„µ€Ų€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚’ ®9˜!­HæšZ (M)asculine Ī9œ!ČHæšZ (F)eminine O)Ų — & €R€‚H€‚‚’Pronouns differ according to number: †GH ? N€Ž€„µ€Ų€ƒ€ƒ‚€ƒ€ƒ‚€ƒ€ƒ‚’ d!®5¹HæšZ(S)ingular ēNĄ!¦HæšZ(D)ual Ś5æ!ؚZ(P)lural)— F& €€„HŲ€‚’QÅ. ,€¢€„!A€€€‚’The following is a list of independent pronouns (ę!¾I³!¹5ĄHæšZ H®I”£æ!“šZ ):-Fņ* $€€„­‚€‚’S ÅEG#^€µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’I£œ~ [ņ G#^€(µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (MS)!Ķœ~ [E @G#^€(µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (FS)IĶœ~   @ U a@G#^€µź €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’he!ĀH V @·@G#^€µź €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’she!åI \a@AG#^€*µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (D)£æH„œ~ [·@nAG#^€(µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’they (D)£æH VAÄAG#^€µź €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’weHć©!œ \nA BG#^€*µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (MP)āH„œ~ ]ÄA}BG#^€,µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’you (FP)9ćH„œ~ [ BŲBG#^€(µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’they (MP)āH \}B4CG#^€*µź €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’they (FP)9ćH w/ŲB«CH `€^€ˆźł­‚€‚‚ć{\w»€‰€‚ćūMĊ€‰€‚’See also:Attached PronounsObjectsB4CķC1ļkŃ ķC4DņKAttached PronounsG«C4D0 0€.€ˆźł­‚€€ ‚’Attached Pronouns śÅķC.E5 8€‹€ˆźł­‚€‚€€‚’Attached pronouns (ę!¾I³9„HæšZ H®I”£æ!“šZ ) are in the form of one or more letters attached to the end of a noun or a verb as a suffix. Object pronouns and possessive pronouns are attached: Éx4D÷EQ r€š€ˆił­‚€€€€€€‚€€€ƒ€€€‚’{ in åĄ!…!®! (he hit me) or 兣„I˜ (my book)£œ in £Ą!·Iæ! (he heard us), or £ĄH…£„I˜ (our book)0.E'F- *€€ˆźł­‚€‚’tI÷E›F+ &€’€†!A…€‚‚’The table below shows the endings for possessive and object pronouns:R 'FķFG#^€† €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’my{ S ›F@GG#^€† €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’meåœ _ķFŸGG#^€0† €€€‚’€"€€€‚’’’your, you (MS)!t _@GžGG#^€0† €€€‚’€"€€€‚’’’your, you (FS)It YŸGWHG#^€$† €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’his, himHy T žG«HG#^€† €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’her£ `WH IG#^€2† €€€‚’€ €€€‚’’’your, you (D)£æH˜ b«HmIG#^€6† €€€‚’€$€€€‚’’’their, them (D)£æH X IÅIG#^€"† €€€‚’€€€€‚’’’our, us£œ amI&JG#^€4† €€€‚’€"€€€‚’’’your, you (MP)5āH˜ aÅI‡JG#^€4† €€€‚’€"€€€‚’’’your, you (FP)9ćH˜ c&JźJG#^€8† €€€‚’€&€€€‚’’’their, them (MP)5āH c‡JMKG#^€8† €€€‚’€&€€€‚’’’their, them (FP)9ćH _&źJ¬K9 B€L€†H­‚€‚‚ć\jwȀ‰€‚’See also:Independent PronounsFMKņK6 <€ €ˆźł­‚ćūMĊ€‰€‚’The ObjectG¬K9L1ŻŲ€L 9L‚LDemonstrative PronounsIņK‚L. ,€6€†H­‚€€ ‚’Demonstrative Pronouns •b9LM3 6€Ä€†H­‚€‚€€‚‚’The demonstrative pronouns (|!f£ŽīZ HY£æ5~ ), this, these, that and those, are as follows:p‚L‡MR#t€<  €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’’’this/ thesethat/ those YMąMR#t€  €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’’’!‡M_N^#Œ€B  €€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’’’Singular MZ­! !ßIš!e ~ ąMŻN^#Œ€@  €€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’’’Singular Fy­! !ß¾I† ’4_NoO^#Œ€h  €€€‚’€€€€‚’€<€€€‚’’’Dual MIć ­! - IxZ­! ßIĄ5 !e - !ßIœZe “5ŻN€^#Œ€j  €€€‚’€€€€‚’€@€€€‚’’’Dual FIćĆ!†£! - Ix£†£! ßIĄ5Ć!† - !ßIœ£† oO€ņK~ oOŒ€^#Œ€@  €€€‚’€€€€‚’€&€€€‚’’’PluralYźČ! !ßIÉ!šz~ ƒ,€W ~€X€ˆµ€Ÿēƒ€‚‚ć©gõĶ€‰€‚ć°Q€‰€‚ć„žG€‰€‚’See also:GenderDualPluralBŒ€Q1”ŃĄ Q‘ō†Relative Pronouns@‘) "€.€‚Ÿ€€ ‚’Relative Pronouns ‹DQƒG \€‰€‚Ÿ€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚’Relative pronouns (ę!šĀ5Ā!æšZ HY£æ5ģZ ) relate a clause to a noun or pronoun that precedes it in the text. Relative pronouns, such as {­9šZ (that) differ according to gender, number and case. Examples:t£9Ć!Š {­šZ HįH‰!®šZ (the man who saluted you)/!ß!æ9¾!“ ć!› wI®˜~ (Honor the one who taught you.)z(‘–ƒR#t€P£ó 0 €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’NominativeAccusative and Genitive‚$ƒ„^#Œ€H£ó 0 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€4€€€‚’’’Singular (M) {­9šZ {­9šZ #–ƒ™„^#Œ€F£ó 0 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’Singular (F)å„9šZ å„9šZ „&„…^#Œ€L£ó 0 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’’’Dual (M)IxZ­!¾šZ Ić !­!¾šZ „&™„”…^#Œ€L£ó 0 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’’’Dual (F)Ix£„!¾šZ IćĆ!„!¾šZ …'…&†^#Œ€N£ó 0 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€4€€€‚’’’Plural (M)!ć I­9šZ !ć I­9šZ !”…„†^#Œ€B£ó 0 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€.€€€‚’’’Plural (F)å†ėšZ å†ėšZ O&†ō†9 B€,€†HłOƒ€‚‚ć؍€‰€‚’See also:CaseG„†;‡1Lœ;‡…‡nŒInterrogative PronounsJō†…‡. ,€8€†HłOƒ€€ ‚’Interrogative Pronouns !ē;‡¦ˆ: B€Ļ€†HłOƒ€‚€€€€‚‚’Interrogative pronouns (w£Į5¹I„5źZ HY£æ5~ ) are used to form questions. They do not vary according to gender, number or case, with the exception of S{~ (which). The following is a list of common interrogative pronouns:öŸ…‡œ‰W |€?€ˆm€łOƒ€€ƒ‚€€‚‚€€€€‚€€‚€€‚‚’5ć!› who, for persons:?!Ķ5œ~ 5ć!› Who are you? £› Ze£› what, for things:?!ß!·!› Ze£› What do you have? ?Z­! £› What is this?§¦ˆ»‹x ¾€O€ˆm€©ƒ€ƒƒƒ€€‚€‚€€‚‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚‚€ƒ€ƒ‚€€‚‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚‚‚’ ē„!› when, used with past and present tenses: ?!ĶĆ!†~ ē„!› When did you come??HĢ!­!  ē„!› When does he go? !ć5 ~ where:?HįH‰!®šZ !ć5 !~ Where is the man? !Ü5Ć!˜how:?!ßHš£Š !Ü5Ć!˜ How are you? (literally, "How is your condition?") 5ā!˜ how many:?!\~®!– õ…£„I˜ 5ā!˜ How many books did you read?This is the only interrogative pronoun that changes with gender and case:³fœ‰nŒM j€Ģ€ˆm€©ƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚‚‚ćó€X€‰€‚’ S{~ who, which: ?!Y£‰ 4įH‰!f S{~ Which man came?See also:Interrogative ParticlesE»‹³Œ1Āŗ’’’’³ŒžĀInna and its SistersU)nŒ, (€R€€€ €€ ‚’Inna and its Sisters £Į†ZĀ‹~z Rx Ž{³Œ Ąc ”€÷€€ ‚€€€‚€€€ €‚‚€€€ €€€‚‚€€€€€€‚’ These are particles that act like the verbs kaana and its sisters £Į†ZĀ‹~z Gx£˜ to modify the meaning of a nominal sentence. They cannot be followed by a verb, but only by the subject of a nominal sentence, which is then called the noun of inna or any of its sisters £Į†ZĀ‹~z Rx āZ. The sisters of inna are: Rxʘ ,GĶMĆ!š ,9į·š ,Rć¼š ,Rxģ ,Rx~ and Rx . They cannot be followed by an independent pronoun (Rć ,ā ,Rć„œ~ & ā„œ~ ć©œ ,å ,Ā ,IGĶœ~ ,£œ~ etc.), but may take an attached possessive pronoun: (Rć˜ ,ā˜ ,I!t ,£œ ,{ ,6ć ,ā etc.). The subject of the subsequent nominal sentence is accusative. ĄnŒŖ&Āp ®€U€€‚€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€‚‚€€€‚‚€€€€€‚‚€€€‚’1 - Rx is used for emphasis at the beginning of a nominal sentence or after the verb 'said' !v£ . It connotes the meaning 'it is confirmed' or ' it is a matter of fact that', and is usually not translated into English, although it is sometimes translated as 'verily' or 'indeed'.2- Rxģ 'because'3- Rć¼š 'but'4- 9į·š 'it is wished or anticipated that, perhaps'5- GĶMĆ!š 'it is hoped'x< ĄžĀ< H€x€€‚€€€‚‚‚ćeA!€‰€‚’6- Rxʘ 'as if'See also:Kaana and its Sisters6&ĀŌĀ1…BŗŌĀĆpIdafa=žĀĆ) "€(€€€€ ‚’Idafa ę•£īZ ¼zŌĀĶÄB R€õ€€ ‚€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚’The idafa consists of at least two nouns drawn together into a relation of possession or affiliation. To understand the idafa, one should think of such English constructions as: the history professor IŅ f£„šZ He£„~ the company manager I꘮²šZ H® ¬› the office of the secretary I®Ć†®¼±šZ HĢ„¼› There are four basic points to remember about the idafa:FĆĘ> J€€‚H€€€€€€€€€‚’1. Only the final noun of the idafa string can take the definite article (vZ ) or a possessive pronoun suffix (£ - It - !t - { , etc). The first noun of the idafa (q£“æšZ ) is always definite by virtue of its relation to the second noun (äƚ q£“æšZ ):&ĶÄ9Ę# €€€‚’śØĘ3ĒR r€Q€†W’€ƒ€€ƒ€‚‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚’äƚ q£“æšZ q£“æšZ Noun II, Noun II꘮²šZ H® ¬› the company directorIĢ„¼æšZ HŌĆ”f the office managerIŅ f£„šZ He£„~ the history professorŻ¶9ĘČ' €m€€‚‚‚‚’2. The final noun of the idafa may or may not take the definite article or the possessive pronoun, thus making the whole construction either definite or indefinite, as follows:€3ĒÉm ؀'€†U ?€ƒ€€ƒ€‚‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚’äƚ q£“æšZ q£“æšZ Noun II, Noun I4꘮Ž H® ¬› a company director4Ģ„¼› HŌĆ”f an office manager4Ņ f£† He£„~ a history professor4e£„~ H|f£Nƍ a professor's carIe£„ģZ H|f£Nƍ the professor's car{e£„~ H|f£Nƍ my professor's car(ČøÉ$ €€€‚‚’=ÉõŹ, &€#€‚H€€€‚’3. The idafa becomes more complex when we construct a relationship among three nouns. It is then like the English expression 'the friend of my sister's husband'. In such a case, all non-final nouns act like the first noun, and can never take the definite article vZ .1 øÉ&Ė$ €€€‚‚’Examples:ˆ%õŹ®Ėc#–€JŪ  ²  €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’321Noun III, Noun II, Noun Il &ĖĢc#–€Ū  ²  €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’’’±<®ĖĖĢu#ŗ€xŪ  ²  "€€€€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’€>€‚’’’Ie£„ģZ Tā“ Hć…Z the professor's uncle's son³AĢ~Ķr#“€‚Ū  ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€H€‚’’’IŅ f£„šZ Ie£„~ H|f£Nƍ the history professor's car«9ĖĢ)Īr#“€rŪ  ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€$€€€‚’€:€‚’’’å‹~ Ię‰zg Hęŗ ¬ my brother's wife's friend„z~ĶĪĪ+ &€ō€€‚‚‚‚‚€‚’4. An idafa may be followed by an adjective or two to modify any of the nouns constructed in the idafa. Examples:µ@)ĪƒĻu#ŗ€€„² ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€ ‚’€F€€‚’’’ę¹ äƚ q£“æšZ q£“æšZ Adjective, Noun II, Noun Il ĪĪ c#–€„² ²  €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’’’ƒĻ žĀ±?ƒĻ½r#“€~„² ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€H€‚’’’I¬ ¬ØšZ IŅ f£„šZ He£„~ the new history professor»I xr#“€’„² ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€F€‚’’’H|¬ ¬ØšZ Iā±ŗšZ H|® ¬› the new chairwoman of the departmentÆ=½'r#“€z„² ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€(€€€‚’€<€‚’’’HÜƵ¾šZ å‹~ HŻ ¬ my brother's nice friend OR,Ŗ8xŃr#“€p„² ²  €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€(€€€‚’€<€‚’’’IÜƵ¾šZ å‹~ HŻ ¬ my nice brother's friendH'4 6€)€€‚‚‚‚€€€€‚’In the last example, the relationship between the adjective and the two nouns of the idafa is ambiguous. The adjective could be modifying either noun, as demonstrated above. Case endings, gender agreement, as well as context will help us deal with the ambiguity.The second or last noun in the idafa string (äƚ q£“æšZ ) must always be in the genitive case, as shown in the above examples. The first noun (q£“æšZ ) may be in any case, depending on the grammatical function of the whole idafa construction in the sentence.W&Ńp1 2€L€€‚‚ć·Ė>€‰€‚’See also:Nouns and AdjectivesC³1“„\³bIndicative PerfectMp6 <€.€Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…€ €‚’Indicative Perfect b ³bW ~€€Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…€‚€†"€‚†"€‚†"€€‚’E§1•7æ§źNIndicative ImperfectCbź+ &€0€°†±O€ ‚’Indicative Imperfect d §NW ~€ €°†±O€†"€€ ‚€†"€€ ‚€†"€€‚’6ź„1Ź†7„Ē` VerbsC NĒ8 @€€ŽHie‚©ƒ]é…€€‚’Verbs ŽM„U A P€›€Œie‚©ƒ]é…€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚’Arabic verbs (v£·5•ģZ ) may be in the perfect or imperfect tense.The perfect denotes a completed action and is equivalent to the past tense.The imperfect may denote an incomplete action, equivalent to the present tense, or an action that has not started yet, equivalent to the future tense.Arabic verbs have three moods: !iĒv ø >Ó€Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…€ƒ€€€‚€ƒ€€€‚€ƒ€€€‚‚‚€ƒ€€€‚€ƒ€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ć«¢Ņ €‰€‚ć—“Ö€‰€‚ć×` €‰€‚ćTŪ€‰€‚’ indicativeŚ5•!®šZ subjunctiveĢ³!ĄšZ jussivew5Æ!ؚZ They have two voices: activewĀ¾5·!› passivevĀĮ5Ø!› The root of the verb consists of three (or four) consonants. Example: the root of the verb (to write) is [ \ t .See also:Indicative PerfectIndicative ImperfectSubjunctiveJussiveźzU ` p °€ō€Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…昃€‰€‚ć‹”v€‰€‚棊Aƀ‰€‚ćŠŖœ[€‰€‚ć¼<$€‰€‚’ImperativeStrong and Weak VerbsConjugation: Stem IDerivations: Stems I - XConjugation: Weak Verb7v — 1\Ą— Ś 6FutureC ` Ś 8 @€€°Œė€A‚‰©ƒ]é…€€ ‚’Future \ö— 6f š€ķ€°Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…€€€€€€€‚€€€€‚‚ć—“Ö€‰€‚€‚’The future tense (į!¤5ŗ!„5±HæšZ Hį5·I• ) is built from the present by adding i as a prefix, or by preceding it with !q5Ā! : HĢH„5˜~ !q5Ā! or HĢH„5˜Ę (I will write. / I'm going to write.)See also:Indicative Imperfect< Ś r1¾ 懃rŗqISubjunctiveH6ŗ7 >€"€°Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…€€‚’Subjunctive (ķr @; D€Ū€˜€€€€€€€€‚‚’The subjunctive (Ģ5³!ĄšZ ) is similar to the imperfect indicative. It is characterized by the deletion of x and by the changing of final H to or by a lack of change, as in the second and third person feminine plural forms.ŗ @6mŗy@R#t€6.5 4 €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’imperfectsubjunctive| @õ@^#Œ€<.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€"€€€‚’’’IHĢH„5˜!~ !ĢH„5˜!~ #y@vA^#Œ€F.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’’’you, MHĢH„5¼!† !ĢH„5¼!† ƒ%õ@łA^#Œ€J.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’’’you, F!ćƤH„5¼!† å¤H„5¼!† }vAvB^#Œ€>.5 4 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€$€€€‚’’’heHĢH„5¼!  !ĢH„5¼!  ~ łAōB^#Œ€@.5 4 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€&€€€‚’’’sheHĢH„5¼!† !ĢH„5¼!† }vBqC^#Œ€>.5 4 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€$€€€‚’’’weHĢH„5¼!œ !ĢH„5¼!œ …'ōBöC^#Œ€N.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’you, MP!xĀ¤H„5¼!† ZĀ¤H„5¼!† †(qC|D^#Œ€P.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’you, FP!ć5¤H„5¼!† !ć5¤H„5¼!† …'öCE^#Œ€N.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’they, M!xĀ¤H„5¼!  ZĀ¤H„5¼!  †(|D‡E^#Œ€P.5 4 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’they, F!ć5¤H„5¼!  !ć5¤H„5¼!  !ģEØF5 8€Ł€˜€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚’Pronunciation note: The final Z in the second and third masculine plural forms is not pronounced.A verb following a subjunctive particle is in the subjunctive mood. Some subjunctive particles are: Nå!˜ ,ēN„!Š ,5ć!š ,5x~ x<‡E G< H€x€°Œė€A‚‰©ƒ]é…€€€‚‚’The most common subjunctive particle is 5x~ .Examples:~8ØFžGF#\€p( €€°€€‚’€8€°‚’’’/!ā9¾!·!†~ 5å!˜ HiHf5d~ I study in order to learn.9 GHF#\€r( €€°€€‚’€:€°‚’’’/!ā9¾!·!†~ ēN„!Š HiHf5d~ I study in order to learn.l&žG‰HF#\€L( €€°€€‚’€.€°‚’’’/!Ģ!5e~ 5x~ H¬ f~ I want to go.h"HńHF#\€D( €€°€€‚’€$€°‚’’’/!Ģ!5e~ 5ć!š I will not go.'‰HI$ €€˜€‚’Y&ńHqI3 6€L€„HŲ€‚ćńŖ8f€‰€‚’See also:Subjunctive Particles8I©I1 Ąµ©IēI¾„Jussive> qIēI1 2€€Šm€Ų‚/€€ ‚’Jussive 1©IJ. ,€€Šm€Ų‚/€‚’7ēIOK7 <€€˜€€€€€€€‚’The jussive (w5Æ!ؚZ ) is similar to the imperfect indicative. It is characterized by the deletion of x and by the diacritic sign "sukuun" 5 over the last letter, or by a lack of change, as in the second and third person feminine plural forms.(JwK% €€‚H€‚’iOKąKR#t€.K 1 €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’’’imperfectjussive&wKL# €€€‚’|ąK‚L^#Œ€<K 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€"€€€‚’’’IHĢH„5˜!~ 5ĢH„5˜!~ #LM^#Œ€FK 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’’’you, MHĢH„5¼!† 5ĢH„5¼!† ƒ%‚L†M^#Œ€JK 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’’’you, F!ćƤH„5¼!† å¤H„5¼!† }MN^#Œ€>K 1 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€$€€€‚’’’heHĢH„5¼!  5ĢH„5¼!  ~ †MN^#Œ€@K 1 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€&€€€‚’’’sheHĢH„5¼!† 5ĢH„5¼!† }NžN^#Œ€>K 1 €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€$€€€‚’’’weHĢH„5¼!œ 5ĢH„5¼!œ †(N„O^#Œ€PK 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€4€€€‚’’’you, MP!xĀH¤H„5¼!† ZĀ¤H„5¼!† …'žN€^#Œ€NK 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’you, FP!ć5¤H„5¼!† !ć5¤„O€qIH„5˜Z ‡)„Oœ€^#Œ€RK 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€4€€€‚’’’they, M!xĀH¤H„5¼!  ZĀH¤H„5¼!  †(€"^#Œ€PK 1 €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’’’they, F!ć5¤H„5¼!  !ć5¤H„5¼!  (œ€J% €€‚H€‚’‘g"Ū* $€Ī€˜€€€‚’Pronunciation note: The final Z in the second and third masculine plural forms is not pronounced.ŽBJiƒL f€…€‚H€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚’Jussive particles include: į• 5ā!š ź Examples: /5ā9¾!¼!„!  5ā!š He did not speak. /IŪ5³H† ź Don't listen. /ZĀ¾!¤5ŗ!  5ā!š They did not accept.For the jussive forms of hollow or defective weak verbs in the present tense forms, the long vowels Z z { are reduced to their short counterparts: V*Ūæƒ, (€T€€€€€‚’ 5fHƆ (!Ķœ~) becomesHfzƆ (!Ķœ~) «kiƒj„@ P€Ö€‚H€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€‚’ åø5³H† (!Ķ5œ~) becomes IŪ5³H† 5ā!š (!Ķ5œ~) . ē®H† (!Ķ5œ~) becomes !l5®H† 5ā!š (!Ķ5œ~) .T#惾„1 2€F€€‚‚ć$øʁ€‰€‚’See also:Jussive Particles; j„ł„1—‡ƒ¤ł„.…”‡Imperative5¾„.…& €€€€ ‚’Imperative Ół„K‡J b€§€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ćŠŖœ[€‰€‚’The imperative (®5›ģZ Hį5·• ) is used for affirmative commands.For many verbs, if the second letter of the second person jussive carries a vowel, it is formed by deleting the first letter, as follows: 5ā9¾!·!† - 5ā9¾!·!„!† (learn)In many cases in which the second letter of the second person jussive tense carries a sukuun, the first letter is deleted and replaced with a vowel: 5ĢH„5˜H~ - 5ĢH„5¼!† (write) See also:Derivations: Stems I - XI .…”‡< H€€Œ‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…ćTŪ€‰€‚’JussiveFK‡Ś‡1jµ/ Ś‡ˆSŒStrong and Weak Verbs@”‡ˆ& €4€€€ ‚’Strong and Weak Verbs •cŚ‡ƈ2 4€Ę€€‚€€‚€€‚‚’Verbs are divided into two categories: strong or sound ŃĆ©!³šZ , and weak Nį!„5·HæšZ . Ķ’ˆ|‰; D€%€„µ€Ų€€€€€€€‚’The sound or strong verb is a verb that has no long vowels ({ ,z ,Z ) in its root, such as !Ģ!„!˜ (to write) and !_!®5Š!d (to roll). 'Üƈ£‹K d€¹€€ƒ€‚‚‚€€€€‚€€‚€€€€‚’ The weak verb is a verb that has a defective letter in its root: !¬!“!z (to promise) and ē›!f (to throw). The defective letters are ({ ,z ,Z ).Assimilated verbs are those whose first root letter is a z or { . Hollow verbs have a weak letter as the second letter of the root, and defective verbs have a weak letter as the last letter of the root. These weak letters are often deleted, or change in some way, depending on the phonetic environment.&|‰ɋ# €€€‚’1 £‹ś‹% €€‚H€‚’See also:YɋSŒ= J€8€ŽH‘€“e‚©ƒ]é…ć¼<$€‰€‚’Conjugation: Weak VerbFś‹™Œ1ņ ęo™ŒėŒŪÅKaana and its SistersR)SŒėŒ) "€R€€€€‚’Kaana and its Sisters £Į†ZĀ‹~z !x£˜ <ū™Œ'A P€÷€€‚€€€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚’The nominal sentence in Arabic is affirmative and is in the present tense. In order to make a modification in the function and meaning of a nominal sentence, we must use a group of verbs whose basic function is to work on the nominal sentence. This group of verbs is named£Į†ZĀ‹~z !x£˜ or "kaana and its sisters" after the verb!x£˜ which changes the nominal sentence to the past tense.Thus:/£Ą H® ¬æšZ The director is here.can be changed to the past by using !x£˜ so the sentence becomes:ÅėŒHĮP n€‹€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚’/£Ą H® ¬æšZ !x£˜ The director was here. Kaana and its sisters take the predicate in the accusative case. Example:/KįĆæ‰ HŌŗµšZ 'HĮSŒ "The weather is beautiful." becomes:/JėĆæ‰ HŌŗµšZ !x£˜ "The weather was beautiful."/K®•£±› HŌĆ”®šZ "The president is traveling." becomes:/JZ®•£±› HŌĆ”®šZ !x£˜ "The president was traveling."The following is a list of kaana's sisters with sample sentences:1) !Ō5Ć!š (not conjugates like a verb)¦'VĆh ž€M€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€‚€‚€€‚€€‚’/KįĆæ‰ HŌŗµšZ "The weather is beautiful." becomes:/JėĆæ‰ HŌŗµšZ !Ō5Ć!š "The weather is not beautiful."2) !Ń!¤5!~ &ē±5›~ &!f£ &!\£… (become)/JZ® ¬› åŗ ¬ !Ń!¤5~ /JZ® ¬› åŗ ¬}±5›~ /JZ® ¬› åŗ ¬ f£ /JZ® ¬› åŗ ¬ !\£… The above four sentences all translate as, "My friend became a manager." 3) ĶšZg£› & vZg£› (still - conjugates)/J£æ”£œ HŌĆ”®šZ !vZg £› The president is still asleep.»HĮmÅ\ †€w€€‚€€‚‚€‚€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚ćG·.€‰€‚’4) 9į!’ & !åIŗ!… (to remain, to continue)/J£Š£¤ ꡛ£¦šZ ę“£±šZ ēN„Š JY£±› ę·…£±šZ ę“£±šZ ć› õ攣œ HŌĆ”®šZ 9į!’ The president remained asleep from 7 p.m. to 8 a.m. /įĆ¾šZ į˜ ® ®ŗ„šZ ē¾“ xĀ¾æ·  xĀ¹N’ĀæšZ !åIŗ!… The employees kept working on the report all night.5) !wZd£› (as long as - conjugates)/䤾¼… åĄ“~ !qĀ±• ō®•£±› åŗ ¬ !wZd£› As long as my friend is traveling, I will look after his dog.See also:Verbsn5VĆŪÅ9 B€j€ć¼<$€‰€‚ć$2€‰€‚’Conjugation: Weak VerbInna and its SistersImÅ$Ę1Z/ ƒ $ĘbĘr Derivations: Stems I - X>ŪÅbĘ# €6€€‚’Derivations: Stems I - XF"$ĘØĘ$ €D€€‚‚’[Strong Verbs - Derived Stems]ū½bĘ£Ē> J€{€”$±Sõ…'ķ}€‚€€‚’The following tables show the different patterns of verb forms I through X. The root v-o-q means "verb" also the verb "to do" in Form I - and is used to demonstrated the patterns.9ØĘÜĒ6 <€€”$±Sõ…'ķ}€‚’@ £ĒČ3 6€€$! ńŪ§5€ ‚’Forms I-V:&ÜĒBČ# €€€‚’¢ČäČ…#Ś€:” • • ” • €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€"€‚’€,€‚’€4€‚’’’Active IIIIIIIVV&BČ É# €€€‚’éFäČóÉ£#Œ” • • ” • €€€‚’€€€€‚’€*€€€‚’€@€€€‚’€X€€€‚’€r€€€‚’’’Perfect!į!·!• !į9·!• !į!“£!• !į!·5•!~ !į9·!¹!† óP ÉęŹ£# ” • • ” • €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€L€€€‚’€h€€€‚’€‚€€€‚’’’ImperfectHį!·5¹!  HįT·!¹H  HįI“£!¹H  HįI·5¹H  Hį9·!¹!„!  ķJóÉÓĖ£#”” • • ” • €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€H€€€‚’€`€€€‚’€z€€€‚’’’Imperative5į!·5• 5įT·!• 5įI“£!• 5įI·5•!~ 5į9·!¹!† ņOęŹÅĢ£#ž” • • ” • €€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€€€€€‚’’’ParticipleKįI“£• KįT·!¹H› KįI“£!¹H› KįI·5¹H› KįT·!¹!„H› šMÓĖµĶ£#š” • • ” • €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€N€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€€€€€‚’’’Verbal NounKį5·I• KįĆI·5¹!† Kv£!·I• Kv£!·5• KįS·!¹!† 7ÅĢģĶ4 8€€$łõńÉ”Q‡€‚’£µĶĪ…#Ś€<Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€.€‚’€6€‚’’’Passive IIIIIIIVV&ģĶµĪ# €€€‚’Ė;Ī€Ļ#š€vŠ— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€*€€€‚’€B€€€‚’€\€€€‚’’’Perfect!įI·H• !įT·H• !įI·5•HZ !įT·H¹H† óPµĪ£# Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€L€€€‚’€€ĻŪÅh€€€‚’€‚€€€‚’’’ImperfectHį!·5¹H  Hį9·!¹H  Hį!“£!¹H  5į!·5¹H  Hį9·!¹!„H  ōQ€Ļs£#¢Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€4€€€‚’€N€€€‚’€j€€€‚’€„€€€‚’’’ParticipleKvĀ·5¹!› Kį9·!¹H› Kį!“£!¹H› Kį!·5¹H› Kį9·!¹!„H› :­7 >€€”$łõńÉ”1Q‡€‚’Fsó6 <€ €ŽHieaķ”€ ‚€‚’Forms VI-X:¤­—…#Ś€>Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€$€‚’€0€‚’€8€‚’’’ActiveVIVIIVIIIIXX&ó½# €€€‚’ńN—®£#œŠ— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’€H€€€ ‚’€d€€€‚’€|€€€‚’’’Perfect!į!“£¹† !į!·!¹5œZ !į!·!„5•Z 9į!·5•Z !į!·5¹!„5Z śW½Ø£#®Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€6€€€‚’€T€€€‚’€r€€€‚’€Œ€€€‚’’’ImperfectHį!“£¹!„!  HįI·!¹5Ą!  HįI·!„5¹!  Sį!·5¹!  HįI·5¹!„5±!  źM®’# šŠ— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€4€‚’€B€€€‚’€^€€€‚’€z€€€‚’’’Imperative5į!“£¹!† -5įI·!„5•Z 5įI¾!·5•Z 5įI·5¹!„5Z ūX؍£#°Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€8€€€‚’€V€€€‚’€t€€€‚’€Ž€€€‚’’’ParticipleKįI“£¹!„H› KįI·!¹5ĄH› KįI·!„5¹H› >į!·5¹H› KįI·5¹!„5±H› śW’‡£#®Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€6€€€‚’€T€€€‚’€r€€€‚’€Œ€€€‚’’’Verbal NounKįH“£¹!† Kv£·I¹5œIZ Kv£!·I„5•Z KvėI·5•Z Kv£!·5¹I„5Z 6½3 6€€Ž3AaoQQ‡€‚’„ ‡b…#Ś€@Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€&€‚’€2€‚’€:€‚’’’PassiveVIVIIVIIIIXX&½ˆ# €€€‚’ćIbk š#’Š— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€ ‚’€0€€‚’€B€€€‚’€`€‚’€p€€€‚’’’Perfect!įI“ĀH¹H† -!įI·H„5•HZ -!įI·5¹H„5HZ ēMˆR š#šŠ— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€ ‚’€8€€‚’€J€€€‚’€h€‚’€x€€€‚’’’ImperfectHį!“£!¹!„H  -Hį!·!„5¹H  -Hį!·5ŗ!„5±H  čNk : š#œŠ— — Ž — — €€€‚’€€€€ ‚’€:€€‚’€L€€€‚’€j€‚’€z€€€‚’’’ParticipleKį!·¾!¹!„H› -Kį!·!„5¹H› -Kį!·5¹!„5±H› 8R r 5 :€€3Aańo’”Q‡€‚’C: µ 1*ƒ vµ ų ń Vocative ParticlesCr ų , (€.€†m€Ų€€‚’Vocative Particles †Vµ ~ 0 0€¬€†m€Ų€‚€€‚’Vocative particles (YZ¬IĄšZ HqH®5Š~ ) are used before nouns to do the following:Ēų E : B€€†Hm€Ų€ƒƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚ƒ‚‚€€‚’Call someone or someones attentionCall for helpExclaimLament or express physical painThe most common vocative particle is £  .E~ Ę < H€Š€†‘€“Ų€ƒ€‚‚€€‚€€‚’ Examples: |!®5±!Š £  alas, what a pity 侚Z £  O, God+E ń ( €€„‘€“€‚’FĘ 714§€7|rASubjunctive ParticlesEń |+ &€4€„‘€“€€‚’Subjunctive Particles „P74 8€ €„HŲ€€€‚‚€€‚’The following are subjunctive particles (Ģ5³!ĄšZ HqH®5Š~ ): 5x~ that:W*|W- *€T€†m€Ų€€‚‚’/!®I•£~ x~ H¬ fH~ I want to travel.=”) "€(€„HŲ€€‚’ 5ć!š will not:T'W @- *€N€†m€Ų€€‚‚’/!®I•£~ 5ć!š I will not travel.” @ń @”L@) "€.€„HŲ€€‚’ēN„Š in order to: d3 @°@1 2€f€ˆm€‚/€€‚’/!ā9¾·„† ēN„Š ~®– I read in order to learn.‘ZL@AA7 >€“€„HŲ€‚‚‚‚‚ć×` €‰€‚’These particles are followed by a verb in the subjunctive.See also:Subjunctive1°@rA. ,€€Šm€Ų‚/€‚’BAA“A1v‚“AśAĻCJussive ParticlesFrAśA1 2€*€Šm€Ų‚/€€ ‚’Jussive Particles.“A{CS t€]€Šm€Ų‚/€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€‚€‚‚‚€‚€‚‚‚’The jussive mood has many functions, including negation of the past and of commands. The following are jussive particles (w5Æ!ؚZ H\Zz!d~ ):ź , 5ā!š Examples: /o£æ„‰źZ ēš 5Ģe~ 5āšI did not go to the meeting./ŲzģZ r®²šZ ēš Zz®•£±  5āš They did not travel to the Middle East.TśAĻC: D€4€†‘€“Ų€‚ćTŪ€‰€‚€‚’See also:JussiveC{CD1'§€Ŗ†DUDKJNegative ParticlesCĻCUD, (€.€†‘€“Ų€€ ‚’Negative Particles ćDkE3 4€Ē€†‘€“Ų€‚€€‚‚‚’Negative particles (Ō5ĄIØ5¾Iš Hę!ĆI•£ĄšZ źz å5¹!ĄšZ H\Zzd~ ) are placed at the start of the sentence unless they negate a specific word only. There are a number of negative particles; each has its special use.Examples:BæUD­Gƒ Ō€€†I€lŲ€ƒƒ€‚€€‚‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚‚€ƒƒ€‚€ƒ€‚€€‚‚‚€ƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚€ƒƒ€‚’ ź no or not:/£É5Ć!Ž HßH¾5æ!  ź He does not own a thing. £› no; negates a nominal sentence:/å„5Ć!¤!˜ Kx£¼!› £› No place like my home. !Ō5Ć!š is not; behaves as a verb and is conjugated: /JZ¬ ¬‰ H[£„¼šZ !Ō5Ć!š The book is not new./£æ!š£“ HĶ5±Iš I am not a scientist. Usage: £› With the perfect, it negates the past:/!Ģ!„!˜ £› He did not write. 5ā!š With the jussive, it negates the past:ÆkEĮIe ˜€_€†I€lŲ€€‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚€ƒƒ€‚€€‚€ƒ€‚’/5ĢH„5¼!  5ā!š He did not write. 5ć!š With the subjunctive, it negates the future:/!ĢH„5¼!  5ć!š He will not, or will never, write. £› With the imperfect, it negates the present: /HĢH„5¼!  £› He is not writing. (now) ź With the imperfect, it is an absolute or general negation, and may refer to any time:/ĢH„5¼!  ź He does not write. ź With a noun in the accusative, and without nunation:Š>­GKJL h€|€†I€lŲ€€‚‚‚ćTŪ€‰€‚ć×` €‰€‚€‚’ 9ߎ ź no doubtSee also:JussiveSubjunctiveFĮI‘J1”‚w‘JÖJN‚Conjunction ParticlesEKJÖJ, (€2€†I€lŲ€€ ‚’Conjunction Particles-Ē‘JMf š€€†I€lŲ€‚€€‚‚ƒ€€ƒ‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€€‚€‚€€‚’There are nine conjunction particles (Ü5µ!·šZ HqH®5Š~ ):1. !z (and) joins two nouns, verb, prepositions or sentences without regards to sequence:/HāT¾!·HæšZz HĢIš£µšZ !Y£‰ The student and the teacher came./![I®!Žz !į˜~ He ate and drank. /IĶƤšZ ēšz ć› !טf He ran from and back to the house./䷛ HĶæ¾¼†z å¹H©H³šZ HĶ¾…£– I met with the journalist and talked to him. 2. !q (then) joins two nouns in close sequence:NąÖJQOn Ŗ€Į€†I€lŲ€‚€ƒ€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚’ /HāT¾!·H暣• HĢIš£µšZ !Y£‰ The student came, then (immediately) the teacher.3. 9āH‡ (then) joins two nouns in loose sequence: /HāT¾!·HæšZ 9āH‡ HĢIš£µšZ !Y£‰ The student came, then (some time later) the teacher.4. ēN„!Š (even, then) joins two nouns provided one is part of the other: /HvĀ±!¼šZ ēN„!Š H[NėHµšZ !ŃIØ!œ The students passed, even the lazy one.5. 5z!~ (or) /ę9¾!Ø!æšZ z~ ![£„I¼šZ ~®5– Read the book or the magazine.ūµMX€F Z€k€†I€lŲ€‚€€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚’6. 5w!~ (or) used after the Hamzah (~ )of inquiry or equation: ?®!æH“ 5w!~ !Y£‰ K¬5 !g!~ DiQOX€KJd Zayd come or Omar?7. 5į!… (rather) joins words but not sentences:*QO‚€' €€†HlŲ€‚’ĢtX€N‚X ~€é€†I€lŲ€€‚‚€€€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€ƒ€‚€‚’/®!æH“ 5į!… K¬5 !g !Y£‰ Zayd came, not Omar.8. ćI¼!š (but) joins words but not sentences. It should be preceded by a negative, but not a (z) . /K®!æH“ 5ćI¼!š K¬5 !g \Ę  5ā!š Zayd did not come but Omar did.9. ź (not) joins words only and should be preceded by a positive: /!|!¬ ®!ؚZ ź ![£„!¼šZ ~!®–Z Read the book, not the newspaper.H‚€–‚1­Ŗ†… –‚Ž‚Z„Interrogative ParticlesHN‚Ž‚+ &€:€„‘€“€€ ‚’Interrogative Particles |–‚Z„k ¤€#€„‘€“€‚€€€€€€‚‚€ €€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚ć‘ń€5€‰€‚’į and ~ are question particles (w£Į5¹I„5źZ H\Zz!d~ ): ?tĀ‹~ Z­~ Is this your brother? ?K従 !®•£~ Did Ali travel [depart]? ?K|¬·„±› IĶœ~ į Are you (f) ready? ?!ß!¾æ“ SĢ©† į Do you like your job?See also:Interrogative Pronouns< Ž‚–„18 !–„ӄŚŠThe Article=Z„ӄ) "€(€€€€‚’The Article vZ Į––„”…+ $€-€€€€‚‚’Like English, Arabic has a definite article, vZ , corresponding to "the." This definite article can be attached to adjectives as well as nouns:…Iӄ†< H€’€†©ƒ€€€‚‚€€€‚’the big house H®Ć¤!¼šZ HĶ5Ć!¤šZ the new man ¬ ¬!ؚZ įH‰9®šZ Į”…6ˆ\ †€ƒ€€‚€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚’vZ has two pronunciations, depending on whether the letter that follows it is a "sun" (Ō5æ!²šZ ) or a "moon" (®!æ!ŗšZ ) letter. The labels "sun" and "moon" are used to refer to these two categories because the first letters of ŌæŽ and ®æ– are examples of sun and moon letters, respectively.If vZ is followed by a moon letter: Y z y w t r q p o b a _ [ then the definite article, vZ , is pronounced "al."_†ʈ1 2€¾€†©ƒ€€€‚’Therefore, in the above example, ®Ć¤!¼šZ Ķ5Ć!¤šZ would be pronounced, "albayt alkabiir." ܞ6ˆ¢‰> J€=€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚’If vZ is followed by a "sun" letter: x v n m l k i g f e d ] \ then the v is not pronounced and the next letter is lengthened.µĘˆWŠ4 6€€†©ƒ€€€‚‚‚’So, ¬Ć·9±šZ įH‰9®šZ (the happy man) would be pronounced, "arrajul assaäiid."Arabic does not have an indefinite article.ƒE¢‰ŚŠ> L€Š€€‚‚ć¹™€‰€‚ć·Ė>€‰€‚’See also:Alphabet and PronunciationNouns and AdjectivesEWŠ‹1!„®"‹k‹[Nouns and AdjectivesLŚŠk‹4 8€0€Šm€ēƒńƒ€€‚’Nouns and Adjectivesšz‹[v ŗ€õ€†©ƒ€‚€€‚‚‚ć©gõĶ€‰€‚ć؍€‰€‚ć°Q€‰€‚ć„žG€‰€‚ć?~€‰€‚’Arabic nouns and adjectives perform in very similar ways. They both can take the definite article, vZ , and they vary according to gender (masculine or feminine), case (nominative, genitive or accusative) and number (singular, dual or plural). Nouns may be rational (human) or non-rational (non-human).See also:GenderCaseDualPluralAdjectives7k‹’1µs€#’ĖAĮGender9 [Ė. ,€€†©ƒ€€ ‚’Gender ܬ’§Ž0 .€Y€†©ƒ€‚‚‚‚‚’All Arabic nouns are either masculine or feminine, whether they are animate (living) or inanimate (non-living). Animate nouns take their gender according to meaning:EĖģŽ) "€8€€€€‚’man (masculine) įH‰!f v§ŽnĄY €€;€†©ƒ€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚‚’mother (feminine) NwH~ Most inanimate feminine nouns end in | , and most inanimate masculine nouns end in another letter:tree (feminine) |!®!Ø!Ž school (feminine) ę!f5¬!› ģŽnĄ[book (masculine) [£„I˜ heart (masculine) Ģ5¾!– Cities and most countries are feminine.ÓsģŽAĮ` €ę€ŽHie‚©ƒ]é…€€€€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ć؍€‰€‚’Damascus Ż5²!›Id Egypt ®5³I› One exception to this rule is:Lebanon x£Ą5¤Hš See also:Case5nĄvĮ1œ®¶‚$vĮ³ĮÅCase=AĮ³Į5 :€€ŽHie‚©ƒ]é…€‚’Case AvĮPĆ\ †€ƒ€ŽHie‚©ƒ]é…€‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚’Nouns and adjectives have one of three cases: nominative (Ś5•!®šZ ), accusative (Ģ5³!Ąš ), or genitive (N®!ؚZ ). These cases are indicated by the endings, H , ! , and I . These signs, which are generally not used in written Arabic, are pronounced as a short "u," "a," and "i," respectively.Dß³Į”Äe ˜€æ€Hie‚©ƒ]é…€€€€€‚‚€€€€€‚€‚€€€€‚’The nominative case is often indicated by H ("damma" ę9æ! ).The accusative case is often indicated by ! ("fatHa" ę!©5„!• ). The genitive case in most nouns is indicated by I ("kasra" |!®5±!˜) .9PĆĶÄ6 <€€ Ȍm€ie‚©ƒ]é…€‚’Q”ÄÅ9 B€0€†©ƒ€‚‚ć©gõĶ€‰€‚’See also:Gender5ĶÄSÅ1ćs€…%SÅ…Å7ÉDual2Å…Å+ &€€†©ƒ€‚’DualŻ›SÅbĘB R€7€†©ƒ€‚€€€€€€€‚’In addition to singular and plural, Arabic also has dual (ēNĄ!¦HæšZ ). It is formed by adding xZ or ć  to the singular regardless of gender. ¦…ÅuČm ؀M€Šm€Eiw‚›€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚’ xZ is added to the singular in the nominative case: /IxėH‰!®šZ !į!˜~ The two men ate. /x£„5ĄI¤šZ Ķ!†~ The two girls came. Ić  is added in the accusative and genitive:/IćĆ!¾H‰!®šZ HĶ5 ~!f I saw the two men./IćĆ!†!~!®5›IźZ HĶ5æ9¾!˜ I spoke to the two women./Ić5Ć!¾H‰!®š£I… H\5f!®!› I passed by the two men./Ić5Ć!„!¤Iš£µšZ Ić!“ HĶ5šĘ I asked about the two female students.See also:F bĘ»Č: D€€Šm€Eiw‚›愾G€‰€‚’PluralH uČÉ> L€€ŽHie‚©ƒ]é…ć؍€‰€‚’Case4»Č7É1 2€€Šm€Eiw‚›€‚’7ÉnÉ1‚¶‚ģ…&nɱÉĖPluralC 7ɱÉ7 >€€Šm€Eiw‚›€€€‚’ PluralU#nÉŹ2 4€F€Šm€Eiw‚›€‚‚’There are two types of plurals:ü¦±ÉĖV z€M€ˆE{w‚›€ƒć44Ķɀ‰€€€‚ƒć2Ņ¾ń€‰€€€‚’Sound plurals (āIš£±šZ HŚæ!‰ ) are formed by adding a suffix.Broken plurals (®Ć±5¼!„šZ HŚ5æ!‰ ) are formed by making an internal change in the word.= Ź?Ė1Ī…˜'?ĖĖųSound PluralBĖĖ1 2€"€ˆE{w‚›€€‚’Sound Plural }H?ĖžĖ5 :€€ˆE{w‚›€‚€€‚’Sound plurals (āIš£±šZ HŚ5æNؚZ ) are divided into two categories:ŗĖĪb ’€u€Ši±w‚›€ƒ€€ƒ‚ƒ€ƒ€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€€€‚‚‚€€‚’āIš£±šZ I®9˜!­HæšZ HŚ5æ!‰ Sound plural of masculine nouns.āIš£±šZ IĪ9œ!ČæšZ HŚ5æ!‰ Sound plural of feminine nouns.The sound plural of masculine nouns This plural applies to nouns and adjectives relating to masculine rational (human) beings, and proper nouns. These plurals are formed by adding xz (for the nominative case) or ć  (for the accusative case) to the end of the singular. Example:teacher iTf¬H› Č^žĖ j ¢€½€Ši±w‚›€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚€€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚’teachers !xĀTf¬H› D !ćƍTf!¬H› /Ü9³šZ å• !xĀTf!¬HæšZ The teachers are in class./ćƍTf!¬HæšZ [ėµšZ }~f The students see the teachers. employee Ü9’!ĀH› employees !xĀ¹9’!ĀH› D ćĆ¹9’!ĀH› /Ģ!„5¼!æ5šZ å• xĀ¹9’!ĀHæšZ The employees are in the office. /!ćĆ¹9’!ĀHæšZ ēš HĶ·!æ!„5IZ I listened to the employees.Ī Ė¶xĪĀ> L€š€ˆE{w‚›€‚‚€€‚‚€€‚’The sound plural of feminine nouns This plural is formed by adding \Z to the end of the noun or adjective. Č~ ŠJ d€ü€ŠHE{w‚›€€€€€‚€€‚‚€€‚’Nouns or adjectives ending with the feminine |- drop this ending then add \Z- :tree |!®!Ø!Ž trees \Z®!Ø!Ž Ÿ_Ā)@ P€¾€ˆHw‚›€‚‚€€€€‚€€‚’Some exceptions are:woman - women Y£±Iœ - |~!®› nation - nations ā!›H~ - ę9›H~ ՊGI `€«€ŠŲE{w‚›€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚’Other examples:Elative (comparative/superlative) feminine adjectives:great greater or greatest \£ !®5¤H˜ - }®¤H˜ Nouns with the feminine ending YZ :desert - deserts \ZzZ®5©! - YZ®5©! ±n)ųC V€Ü€ˆH{w‚›€‚‚€€‚‚‚ć2Ņ¾ń€‰€‚’All nouns of foreign origin:television - televisions \£œĀ Æ¹¾† - xĀ Æ¹¾† See also:Broken Plural> G61cģ…P(6vØBroken Plural@ųv/ .€"€ˆH{w‚›€€‚’Broken PluraläŠ6ZZ ‚€€ˆH{w‚›€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚’The broken plural (®Ć±5¼!„šZ HŚ5æ!‰ ) changes the form of the singular: ĢH„H˜ - [£„I˜ (book-books) |!­I†£!~ - e£„5H~ (teacher-teachers) The change is made by:1. addition of letters: w£Į5~ - ā5Į! (arrow - arrows) 2. changing letters: ®Ćæ!Š - f£æIŠ (donkey - donkeys) 3. changing the short vowels: ¬5H~ - ¬!!~ (lion - lions)or some combination of the above.NvØ1 2€:€€‚‚ć44Ķɀ‰€‚’See alsoSound Plural= Zå1‹˜½)å% Verbal Nouns@Ø%0 0€ €ˆHł»ƒß€€‚’Verbal NounsčåC 6 :€Ń€ˆHł»ƒß€€€‚‚‚’The verbal noun (f¬³æšZ ) is a basic grammatical concept in Arabic which is similar to the gerund or infinitive in English. However, it has various functions in Arabic. It is a noun that expresses the abstract action of a verb. Each verb in Arabic has a verbal noun that denotes the action of the verb in general terms, without reference to time or place. For example, to express that you perform the act of reading habitually in a time frame specified by the day, you can say:?ń%‚ N j€ć€ˆHł»ƒß€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚€€‚’/wĀ  į˜ ~®–~ I read every day.On the other hand, to express that you performed the act of reading at that particular time last night, you can say:/Ō›~ õ…£„˜ \~®– I read a book yesterday.However, to express that you like the act of reading in general, you would use the verbal noun, |YZ®ŗšZ :/|YZ®ŗšZ ĢŠ~ I like reading.The verbal noun is almost always definite, either with a definite article vZ or as a first term of Idafa or when attached to a pronoun suffix.&C Ø # €€€‚’ׁ‚  V z€€Œm€ie‚©ƒ]é…€‚‚‚ćG·.€‰€‚ćŠŖœ[€‰€‚€‚’Each verb has its own verbal noun in accordance with its specific pattern.See also:VerbsDerivations: Stems 1 - X; Ø ŗ 1¹P *ŗ  ‰AdjectivesG  8 @€€Œm€ie‚©ƒ]é…€€‚’Adjectives -ŗ . * $€€†m€i€‚’å  E X€A€Œ[€‚S»ƒß€€€€€€€‚’An adjective ( Ķ5·!œ ) follows a noun. The adjective ( Ķ5·!œ ) and modified noun ( \Ā·5Ą!› ) should match in gender, number, case, and definiteness.-. @* $€€†m€i€‚’©ué4 8€ź€†Hi€€‚€€‚‚‚’/Hį Ā!µšZ HįH‰!®šZ !Y£‰ The tall man came./!ę!¾ Ā!µšZ !|!~5®!æšZ HĶ5 !~!f I saw the tall woman.See also:V@?A R€*€†©ƒć©gõĶ€‰€‚ć؍€‰€‚’GenderCaseJé‰1 2€2€†Hić[CcȀ‰€‚’Relative AdjectivesD?Ķ1?½+Ķ+@DRelative AdjectivesR&‰+@, (€L€€€€€‚’RelatiĶ+@‰ve Adjectives ę!¤5±HĄšZ ĶvĶųAW |€ķ€ˆHiw‚›€€€‚€€€€€€‚‚€€‚€€‚‚’These adjectives are generally formed by adding N{I to the end of the noun:NåIŗ5²!›Id - Ż5²!›Id (Damascus Damascene/ from Damascus) .The noun may undergo some changes either by addition, omission or change in the diacritic signs. Nouns with | at the end will drop it in the relative adjective: Nå9¼!› - ę9¼!› (Mecca Meccan/ from Mecca)g+@_CV z€#€PČ:ˆHiw‚›€€€€€€€‚€€‚€€€€‚’For nouns ending in YZ for the feminine, the Y will change to z in the relative adjective: N{IzZ®5©! - YZ®5©! (desert related to the desert)For nouns ending in YZ for the masculine, the Y may or may not change, and both forms are correct: ²lųADF \€Ų€ˆHiw‚›€€ƒ€€‚‚‚ć·Ė>€‰€‚’N{Iz£ĄI… or NåI”£ĄI… - Y£ĄI… (building-related to buildings)See also:Nouns and AdjectivesF_CWD1t…B,WD—Dę‚Subject and Predicate@D—D& €4€€€‚’Subject and Predicate F÷WDŻFO l€ļ€€‚‚‚‚‚€ƒƒ€ƒƒ‚€‚€ƒƒƒƒ€‚€ƒƒƒƒ€‚‚‚’Arabic has two types of sentences: one starts with a noun, and the second starts with a verb. Type one is the equational or nominal sentence. It starts with a definite noun, noun phrase or pronoun, followed by a predicate which provides information about this noun. Examples: PredicateSubject KįĆæ‰ HŌŗµšZ The weather is beautiful. KdĀ‰Ā› HŌĆ”®šZ The president is present.Both the subject and the predicate of the nominal sentence are in the nominative case. Ž—DéH. *€½€€‚‚‚‚€€‚’The first noun of the nominal sentence is called "starting noun" and functions as the subject. The starting noun must have a predicate in order to form a complete sentence. The difference between the Arabic nominal sentence and an English sentence is that Arabic does not use the equivalent of the verb 'to be' which is used in English. Thus, a sentence such as 'The man is American' will be translated as: />å¼ ®›~ Hį‰®šZ Literally, "The man American." without "is."/ÓŻFK\ †€§€€‚‚‚ƒƒ€‚€ƒ€‚€ƒƒƒ€‚€ƒƒ€‚‚€€€€€‚‚‚‚‚’ Other examples are as follows:The officer is here./£Ą HŲ…£“šZ The weather is beautiful./KįĆæ‰ HŌŗµšZ She is smart./KęNƘe å Mohammed is tall./Kį Ā‘ K¬9橛 The starting noun may be a proper noun, a definite noun, an independent pronoun such asĀ , å , £œ~ , ā , etc. or a demonstrative pronoun such as y­ & Z­ .The predicate may be one of the following:An adjective, a noun, or an adverb, which may be followed by modifiers: &éH>K# €€€‚’iK§KR#t€.’ś o €€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’’’PredicateSubjectY>KLR#t€’ś o €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’’’ƒ%§KƒL^#Œ€J’ś o €€€€‚’€€€€ ‚’€"€€‚’’’KŌĆ”f Ā He is president.Š/L M[#†€^’ś o €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€‚’’’Kį Ā‘ HŌĆ”®šZ The president is tall.‹0ƒL˜M[#†€`’ś o €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€‚’’’!t£Ą HŌĆ”®šZ The president is there.¤I M€‰€‚’See also:Nouns and AdjectivesC‚)ƒ1Z¤–ƒ-)ƒdƒ!ŹConjugation:Stem I;ę‚dƒ% €,€ ‚H€‚’Conjugation: Stem IL!)ƒ°ƒ+ &€B€ ‚H€€€‚’Conjugation of the verb Ģ„˜ D!dƒōƒ# €B€€‚’[Strong Verb - Stem 1 Active]6°ƒ*„1 2€ €ŠA+]Y€ƒ€‚’Mōƒw„4 8€2€ŒāA+]Y€€€‚’Singular d!®5¹H› žI*„…U z€’€Ž¦mCM…]{€ƒ€ƒ€€ƒ€€ƒ€€ƒ€€ƒ€‚’ Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Jussive Imperative&w„;…# €€€‚’öB…1†“#8„?Z g ‚ u f ƒ €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€L€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€€€‚’’’He!ĀH !Ģ!„!˜ HĢH„5¼!  !ĢH„5¼!  5ĢH„5¼!  łE;…*‡“#8Š?Z g ‚ u f ƒ €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€8€€€‚’€R€€€‚’€l€€€‚’€†€‚’’’She!åI 5Ķ!¤!„!˜ HĢH„5¼!† !ĢH„5¼!† 5ĢH„5¼!† S1†7ˆŗ#D¦?Z g ‚ u f ƒ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€$€€€‚’€>€€€‚’€X€€€‚’€r€€€‚’€Œ€€€‚’’’You M!Ķœ!~ !Ķ5¤!„!˜ HĢH„5¼!† !ĢH„5¼!† 5ĢH„5¼!† 5ĢH„5˜H~ Z*‡K‰ŗ#D“?Z g ‚ u f ƒ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€&€€€‚’€@€€€‚’€`€€€‚’€|€€€‚’€˜€€€‚’’’You FIĶ5œ!~ IĶ5¤!„!˜ !ćĆI¤H„5¼!† åI¤H„5¼!† åI¤H„5¼!† å¤H„5˜H~ ųD7ˆCŠ“#8ˆ?Z g ‚ u f ƒ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€€€€‚’€6€€€‚’€P€€€‚’€j€€€‚’€„€‚’’’I£!œ!~ HĶ5¤!„!˜ HĢH„5˜!~ !ĢH„5˜!~ 5ĢH„5˜!~ YK‰œŠD X€*€˜ie‚‰…K” ‡€‚€€‚’Dual ē9Ą!¦H› śFCŠ–‹“#8ŒDU g ‚ u f … €€€‚’€€€€‚’€ €€€‚’€6€€€‚’€T€€€‚’€n€€€‚’€ˆ€‚’’’He D£æH £¤!„!˜ Ix£¤H„5¼!  £¤H„5¼!  £¤H„5¼!  NœŠ˜Œ“#8œDU g ‚ u f … €€€‚’€€€€‚’€$€€€‚’€@€€€‚’€`€€€‚’€|€€€‚’€˜€‚’’’She D£!æH £!„!¤!„!˜ Ix£!¤H„5¼!† £!¤H„5¼!† £!¤H„5¼!† ^–‹°ŗ#D¼DU g ‚ u f … €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€(€€€‚’€H€€€‚’€h€€€‚’€„€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’’’You£!æH„5œ!~ £!æH„5¤!„!˜ Ix£!¤H„5¼!† £!¤H„5¼!† £!¤H„5¼!† £!¤H„5˜H~ [˜Œ ŽD X€.€˜ie‚‰…K” ‡-€‚€€‚’Plural Ś5æ!‰ ’K° “#8–?Z g ‚ u f u €€€‚’€€€€‚’€$€€€‚’€<€€€‚’€Z€€€‚’€v€€€‚’€’€‚’’’They M5āH ZĀ¤!„!˜ !xĀ¤H„5¼!  ZĀ¤H„5¼!  ZĀ¤H„5¼!  N ŽĄ“#8œ?Z g ‚ u f u €€€‚’€€€€‚’€$€€€‚’€>€€€‚’€\€€€‚’€z€€€‚’€˜€‚’’’They F9ćH !ć5¤!„!˜ !ć5¤H„5¼!  !ć5¤H„5¼!  !ć5¤ Ąę‚H„5¼!  ] /Įŗ#Dŗ?Z g ‚ u f u €€€‚’€€€€‚’€*€€€‚’€H€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€‚€€€‚’€ž€€€‚’’’You M5āH„5œ!~ 5āH„5¤!„!˜ !xĀ¤H„5¼!† ZĀ¤H„5¼!† ZĀ¤H„5¼!† ZĀ¤H„5˜H~ `ĄIĀŗ#DĄ?Z g ‚ u f u €€€‚’€€€€‚’€*€€€‚’€H€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€„€€€‚’€¢€€€‚’’’You F9ćH„5œ!~ NćH„5¤!„!˜ !ć5¤H„5¼!† !ć5¤H„5¼!† !ć5¤H„5¼!† !ć5¤H„5˜H~ śF/ĮCĆ“#8Œ?Z g ‚ u f u €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€:€€€‚’€T€€€‚’€n€€€‚’€ˆ€‚’’’WeHć5©!œ £Ą5¤!„!˜ HĢH„5¼!œ !ĢH„5¼!œ 5ĢH„5¼!œ EIĀˆĆA R€€œšĘe‚‰…KY‹ ‡-€ƒ‚’g CĆļĆG ^€@€˜9e‚‰…K” ‡-€€ƒ€€‚’Active participleKĢI†£!˜ ˜YˆĆ‡Ä? N€²€˜ie‚‰…K” ‡-€‚‚‚’The pattern of the above verb is one of six subtypes of Form I. These patterns are:ƒ9ļĆ ÅJ d€r€Š[Ć 9G€€ƒ€€ƒ€€ƒ€€ƒ€‚’Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Jussive &‡Ä0Å# €€€‚’Ā9 Åņʼn#ā€rœ© ˜  | €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€d€‚’’’!Ģ!„!˜ HĢH„5¼!  !ĢH„5¼!  5ĢH„5¼!  writeĄ70Å²Ę‰#ā€nœ© ˜  | €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€d€‚’’’![!®! H[I®5“!  ![I®5“!  5[I®5“!  hitĮ8ņÅsĒ‰#ā€pœ© ˜  | €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€d€‚’’’!Ń!„!• HŃ!„5¹!  !Ń!„5¹!  5Ń!„5¹!  openÄ;²Ę7ȉ#ā€vœ© ˜  | €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€d€‚’’’!aI®!• Ha!®5¹!  !a!®5¹!  5a!®5¹!  rejoiceÄ;sĒūȉ#ā€vœ© ˜  | €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€d€‚’’’!įHĮ! HįHĮ5±!  !įHĮ5±!  5įHĮ5±!  be easyĆ:7Č¾É‰#ā€tœ© ˜  | €€€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€d€‚’’’!ĢI±!Š HĢI±5©!  !ĢI±5©!  5ĢI±5©!  reckon=ūČūÉ: D€€ż€±тĶƒɄé…1Ó€‚’&¾É!Ź# €€€‚’GūÉhŹ1–ƒ4.hŹ¤Ź Conjugation: Weak Verb<!Ź¤Ź# €2€€‚’Conjugation: Weak Verb{JhŹĖ1 2€”€€€€‚€€ƒ‚’Conjugation of the verb x£˜ [Weak Verb - Middle (z ) - Stem 1]J¤ŹiĖ2 4€0€‚E€ ƒ€€‚€ ‚’Singulard!®5¹H› Ń;Ė:Ģ–#ü€vf” ¢ ” ¢ ” ” €€€‚’€€‚’€ €‚’€€‚’€2€‚’€L€‚’€^€‚’’’PerfectImperfectSubjunctiveJussiveImperativeń=iĖ+Ķ“#8zf” ¢ ” ¢ ” ” €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€0€€€‚’€H€€€‚’€`€€€‚’€v€‚’’’He!ĀH !x£!˜ HxĀH¼!  !xĀH¼!  5ćH¼!  ō@:ĢĪ“#8€f” ¢ ” ¢ ” ” €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€€€€‚’€6€€€‚’€N€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€|€‚’’’She!åI 5Ķ!œ£!˜ HxĀH¼!† !xĀH¼!† 5ćH¼!† K+Ķ$Ļŗ#D–f” ¢ ” ¢ ” ” €€€‚’€€€€‚’€&€€€‚’€<€€€‚’€V€€€‚’€n€€€‚’€„€€€‚’’’You M!Ķ5œ!~ !Ķ5ĄH˜ HxĀH¼!† !xĀH¼!† 5ćH¼!† 5ćH˜ RĪ<ŗ#D¤f” ¢ ” ¢ ” ” €€€‚’€€€€‚’€&€€€‚’€<€€€‚’€Z€€€‚’€t€€€‚’€Ž€€€‚’’’You FIĶ5œ!~ IĶ5ĄH˜ !ćĆ$Ļ<!ŹIœĀH¼!† åIœĀH¼!† åIœĀH¼!† åIœĀH˜ ņ>$Ļ.“#8|f” ¢ ” ¢ ” ” €€€‚’€€€€‚’€€€€‚’€2€€€‚’€J€€€‚’€b€€€‚’€x€‚’’’I£!œ!~ HĶ5ĄH˜ HxĀH˜!~ !xĀH˜!~ 5ćH˜!~ g<•R t€*€˜$E±Ձ­‚тĶƒɄķ„é… †-‡€ ‚ƒ€€‚€ ‚’Dualē9Ą!¦H› üH.‘“#8f  ˜ Ø ©     €€€‚’€€€€‚’€(€€€‚’€>€€€‚’€Z€€€‚’€t€€€‚’€Œ€‚’’’They MD£!æH £!œ£!˜ x£HœĀH¼!  £!œĀH¼!  £œĀH¼!  %•¶" €€€’ L‘¶“#8˜f  ˜ Ø ©     €€€‚’€€€€‚’€*€€€‚’€D€€€‚’€b€€€‚’€|€€€‚’€”€‚’’’ They FD£!æH £!„!œ£!˜ Ix£!œĀH¼!† £!œĀH¼!† £œĀH¼!† V¶Ęŗ#D¬f  ˜ Ø ©     €€€‚’€€€€‚’€,€€€‚’€H€€€‚’€f€€€‚’€€€€€‚’€˜€€€‚’’’You D£!æH„5œ!~ £!æH„5ĄH˜ Ix£!œĀH¼!† £!œĀH¼!† £œĀH¼!† £œĀH˜ g¶-R t€*€˜$E±Ձ­‚тĶƒɄķ„é… †-‡€ ‚ƒ€€‚€ ‚’PluralŚ5æ!‰ žJĘ+“#8”f      ²   — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€"€€€‚’€:€€€‚’€X€€€‚’€t€€€‚’€€‚’’’They MāH ZĀHœ£!˜ !xĀHœĀH¼!  ZĀHœĀH¼!  ZĀHœĀH¼!  ņ>-“#8|f      ²   — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€$€€€‚’€6€€€‚’€L€€€‚’€b€€€‚’€x€‚’’’They F9ćH 9ćH˜ 9ćH¼!  9ćH¼!  9ćH¼!  X+/ŗ#D°f      ²   — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€(€€€‚’€B€€€‚’€`€€€‚’€|€€€‚’€˜€€€‚’’’You MāH„5œ!~ 5āH„5ĄH˜ !xĀHœĀH¼!† ZĀHœĀH¼!† ZĀHœĀH¼!† ZĀHœĀH˜ L5 ŗ#D˜f      ²   — €€€‚’€€€€‚’€*€€€‚’€D€€€‚’€Z€€€‚’€p€€€‚’€†€€€‚’’’You F9ćH„5œ!~ 9ćH„5ĄH˜ 9ćH¼!† 9ćH¼!† 9ćH¼!† 9ćH˜ ó?/( “#8~f      ²   — €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€ €€€‚’€4€€€‚’€L€€€‚’€d€€€‚’€z€‚’’’WeHć5©!œ £9ĄH˜ HxĀH¼!œ HxĀH¼!œ 5ćH¼!œ u&5  O n€L€˜$Ł€±Ձ­‚тĶƒɄķ„é… †-‡€‚ƒƒ€€‚’Active Participle: KćI”£!˜ K( č 1)7ī  /č + ¢Alphabet and PronunciationC + % €<€Œ˜€‚’ Alphabet and Pronunciation…\č ° ) €¹€€‚‚‚‚‚‚’The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, all of which are considered to be consonants. Vowels are designated by diacritic marks above or below the consonants. These short vowels are generally left out of the written language. The Arabic script is a cursive one, with the letters joined by ligatures, much like cursive in English handwriting. Arabic is written from right to left.Modern Standard Arabic is generally written without short vowels, although vowels within words are pronounced. Vowels and nunation are added to the ends of words to express a variety of grammatical functions. Ģ¦+ |& €M€€‚‚‚’The chart below gives the letters of the Arabic alphabet, their names, the transliteration key for the Transliterated Survival Phrases, and approximate pronunciations. The examples given below are meant as a general guide to pronunciation; since many of the sounds of English and Arabic are so different, the audio component of this program should be used to get a more precise feel for the pronunciation of Arabic. ³N° ;@e#š€œf„ Č ß €€€‚’€€‚‚’€2€‚’€d€‚‚’’’Letter:Letter name:Transl|;@ iteration symbol:Approximatepronunciation:} |ø@r#“€f„ Č ' €€€‚’€€€‚’€ €‚’€€’€€‚’’’¤ ;@\A„#Ų€@f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €€‚‚’€€‚‚’€&€’€(€‚‚’’’Zalifaaas in madžø@śA#Ņ€:f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’[baabas in boyž\A˜B#Ņ€:f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’\taatas in tip¢!śA:C#Ņ€Bf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€$€’€&€‚‚’’’]thaathas in three ˜BŚC#Ņ€>f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’_jiimjas in jumpÕT:CÆD#Ņ€Øf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’aHaaHas in hi, but heavily aspirated, with friction at back of throatĢKŚC{E#Ņ€–f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€$€’€&€‚‚’’’bkhaakhas in the German ich, with friction at back of tongueŸÆDF#Ņ€<f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’ddaaldas in dog¢!{E¼F#Ņ€Bf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€&€’€(€‚‚’’’edhaaldhas in thisŹIF†G#Ņ€’f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’fraaras in the Spanish pero, or gotta said with a tapped tŸ¼F%H#Ņ€<f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’gzaayzas in zoo †GÅH#Ņ€>f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’isiinsas in same¢!%HgI#Ņ€Bf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€&€’€(€‚‚’’’jshiinshas in shipµ4ÅHJ#Ņ€hf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’kSaadSas in sock, but heavier (velar)“3gIŠJ#Ņ€ff„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’lDaadDas in dog, but heavier (velar)“3J„K#Ņ€ff„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’mTaaTas in talk, but heavier (velar)¶5ŠJ:L#Ņ€jf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€$€’€&€‚‚’’’nDHaaDHas in this, but heavier (velar)ĢK„KM#Ņ€–f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’oäaynäguttural sound, made by constricting air in the throat¾=:LÄM#Ņ€zf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€&€’€(€‚‚’’’pghaynghas in the French raison, like a gargleŸMcN#Ņ€<f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’qfaafas in fame½<ÄM O#Ņ€xf„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’rqaafqas in cough, but darker and unaspirated cNĄO#Ņ€>f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’tkaafkas in came  Ol€#Ņ€>f„ Č ' €€’€€ĄOl€ €€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’vlaamlas in line ĄO #Ņ€>f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’wmiimmas in madežl€Ŗ#Ņ€:f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€"€’€$€‚‚’’’xnuunnas in no G‚#Ņ€8f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’yhaahas in hi£Ŗź‚„#Ų€>f„ Č ' €€’€€€€ ‚’€ €€‚‚’€€‚‚’€$€’€&€‚‚’’’zwaawwas in winžG‚ˆƒ#Ņ€:f„ Č ' €€’€€€€‚’€ €‚‚’€€‚‚’€ €’€"€‚‚’’’{yaayas in yesT.ź‚܄& €]€€‚‚‚’In addition to the letters of the alphabet listed above, Arabic also has special signs and letters used to indicate short vowels and grammatical constructions, and for other purposes. In the chart below, a line has been drawn to indicate where the diacritical signs go in relation to the letter. “Eˆƒ…o#®€Šf© Ä č €€€‚’€€‚’€€‚’€P€’€R€‚’’’Sign:Name:Transliteration symbol:Approximate pronunciation:·0܄G†‡#Ž€`f© Ä č €€’"€€€€€‚’€€€‚‚’€$€‚‚’€,€’€.€‚‚’’’! ŹfatHaaas in mat or as in metŖ#…ń†‡#Ž€Ff© Ä č €€’"€€€€€‚’€€€‚‚’€$€‚‚’€,€’€.€‚‚’’’1 Źkasraias in fin«$G†œ‡‡#Ž€Hf© Ä č €€’"€€€€€‚’€€€‚‚’€&€‚‚’€.€’€0€‚‚’’’00 Źdammauas in putŌMń†pˆ‡#Ž€šf© Ä č €€’"€€€€€‚’€€€‚‚’€$€‚‚’€h€’€j€‚‚’’’6 shaddadouble consonant (ex. dd or ll)doubles the consonantŹCœ‡:‰‡#Ž€†f© Ä č €€’"€€€€€‚’€€€‚‚’€&€‚‚’€.€’€0€‚‚’’’2 tanwiinnadds n to the end of the word (nunation)ø7pˆņ‰#Ņ€nf© Ä č €€’€€€‚’€ €€‚‚’€€‚‚’€,€’€.€‚‚’’’Msukuunnoneindicates the lack of a vowelŪU:‰ĶŠ†#܀Ŗf© Ä č €€’€€€€‚’€ €€‚‚‚’€ €‚‚‚’€*€’€,€‚‚’’’Yhamza'glottal stop; as in eaten (eaen) when said quickly without tß^ņ‰¬‹#Ņ€¼f© Ä č €€’€€€‚’€ €€‚‚’€*€‚‚’€<€’€>€‚‚’’’|taa marbuuTaa or tmay be pronounced as t prior to a vowel at the end of a word¾=ĶŠjŒ#Ņ€zf© Ä č €€’€€€‚’€ €€‚‚’€*€‚‚’€4€’€6€‚‚’’’}alif maqsuraaaas is mad, at the end of a word½<¬‹'#Ņ€xf© Ä č €€’€€€‚’€ €€‚‚’€€‚‚’€&€’€(€‚‚’’’ņmaddaaaas in mad, at the beginning of a word jŒ?x ¾€A€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€‚‚‚€€€€€€€€€€€€€ ‚’To hear the pronunciation of each letter in a variety of contexts, see the accompanying Arabic Alphabet Reference. Depending on the context, Arabic letters may take different shapes. There are six letters that are not joined to the letters following them: Z , d , e , f , g and z. When joined to the proceeding letter, they have the following form: £ , ¬ , ­ , ® , Æ and Ā.‘_'ÜĄ2 2€æ€€‚€€€€‚‚’Although at first glance, the shapes of the letters may appear to be very different depending on their positions, most letters have similar f?ÜĄ orms in all positions. The following chart shows variations in shape for each letter. Note how letters with similar independent forms (such as i and j) have similar changes in the various positions:ėy?ĒĮr#“€ņ„Ä Ö Ä €€€‚‚’€@€’€B€‚‚’€z€‚’€¶€‚‚’’’Independent (not connected):Final (after connection):Medial (between connectors):Initial (before connector):ˆÜĄOĀu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’[Ģ¤…ˆĒĮ×Āu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’x桜ˆOĀ_Ću#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’\Ķ„†ˆ×ĀēĆu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’{åƞˆ_ĆoÄu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’]Ī¦‡ˆēĆ÷Äu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’iŌ±ˆoÄÅu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’jÕ²Žˆ÷ÄĘu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’kÖ³ˆÅĘu#ŗ€&„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€‚’’’lדŒĘĒx#Ą€(„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€‚’’’mŲµmŒĘ§Ēx#Ą€(„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€‚’’’nŁ¶nŽĒ5Čx#Ą€,„Ä Ö Ä €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’qܹ• Ž§ĒĆČx#Ą€,„Ä Ö Ä €€€€ ‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’rŻŗ– Ž„5Č”É9 @€K€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚’The following letters change their shape a bit more. Again, note how letters with similar independent forms (such as _ , a and b) have similar patterns:*ĆČ.Źc#–€Tœ© ©   €€€‚’€€‚’€.€‚’€@€‚’’’Independent:Final:Medial:Initial:„”ɲŹr#“€$œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€‚’€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’_ŠØ‰Œ.Ź>Ėx#Ą€(œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’aŃ©ŠŒ²ŹŹĖx#Ą€(œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’bŅŖ‹Ž>ĖXĢx#Ą€,œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’oŚ·“ ŽŹĖęĢx#Ą€,œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’pŪø” ŒXĢrĶx#Ą€(œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’tß¼˜ŒęĢžĶx#Ą€(œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’vį¾šŒrĶŠĪx#Ą€(œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’wā曌žĶĻx#Ą€(œ© ©   €€€€‚’€ €€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’€€€€ ‚’’’yäĮʊĪ3K d€€PČ:‚H€‚‚‚‚ƒ€€€€€€€€€€‚’Special cases:1.When Z follows the letter v, it takes on a distinctive shape, somewhat slanted and connected to the v at the base of the letter: Ļ3 ź (unconnected) or ė (connected).ȐĻū8 >€!€P‘€:‚€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚’2.The glottal stop, called hamza Y , is considered a fully functioning consonant and has four distinct placements: a)standing alone Y §^3¢I b€¼€€ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚ƒ€€‚‚‚ć£€€‰€‚’b)seated on a č c)seated on a žd)seated on an alif ~See also:The Article= ūß1D*‡ ę 0ßdBIntroduction8¢) "€€Œ˜¤„$~€‚’Introductionóß2( €ē€€‚€‚’Arabic grammar is extremely complex, and can be baffling even to experts and native speakers. Since each Arab country has its own dialect, Classical Arabic is learned in school, but it is not generally used in daily life. Although Classical Arabic is used in writing and in formal situations throughout the Arab world, the spoken forms of Arabic vary widely. Of all the spoken dialects, Egyptian Arabic is probably the most widely understood, due to Egypts role as producer of movies and TV programs in the Arab world. In order for people from different countries with different dialects to communicate effectively, a form of Modern Standard Arabic is used. The level of grammatical complexity may vary according to the formality of the occasion. „x×- (€ń€€‚€ €‚‚‚’In ArabicNow! all individual words have been recorded in the pausal form of Modern Standard Arabic, that is, without most grammatical case endings. For the beginning, conversational Titles, sentence segments have also been recorded in the pausal form. The advanced, more formal Titles have fully vowelled sentence recordings, that is, the case endings are present. J"2!( €D€˜¦„$~€ ‚’Suggestions for Getting StartedE×f 6 :€€¤„$~€‚‚€ €€ €‚’Because Arabic is so different from English in its alphabet, vocabulary and grammar, it presents special challenges to the beginning student. Here are some suggestions for getting started.1. Start with the alphabet. Use the Alphabet Reference in conjunction with the Alphabet and Pronunciation page in this Grammar Basics until you are familiar with almost all of the letters of the Arabic alphabet in their various positions. Arabic writing is an art form; appreciation for the beauty of Arabic will help you learn!±!l U x€c€¤„$~€‚€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚’2. While you are working on the alphabet, use Transliterated Arabic Survival Phrases to begin to get a feel for the language and develop some basic vocabulary. Practice your pronunciation with Conversation Practice or Listen and Speak.3. Once you have some familiarity with the alphabet, begin The Most Common Words in Arabic, which was written with the beginning student in mind. In this Title, 100 Arabic words are introduced in groups of ten, with simple sentences and dialogues. At the end of each section the ten new words and additional vocabulary are reviewed again. Create a vocabulary list of these 100 basic words by using the Check Words feature as you progress through each section. Simply check each of the Vocabulary words at the end of each section. To master these words play the different games using just your Checked Words. Also, sound out each word with the Word Sound available in each Title on CD.–;f A[ „€w€¤„$~€‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚‚€ €€ €€ €€ €‚’4. To continue to review basic phrases while developing more sophisticated vocabulary, Survival Phrases for Arabic serves as a bridge from beginning to intermediate Arabic. Practice more formal Arabic with Morocco: A Tale of Two Cities, appropriate for the intermediate student. Dialogues with Naguib Mafouz and Unified Arab Market Still a Dream provide more formal material from newspapers, ideal for the advanced student. 5. Refer to Grammar Basics (this Help file) for grammatical information about any word in a Title. With the word in question l A¢highlighted, either use the Link button on the Grammar window or click the opposite button on your mouse to jump to a grammar topic in Grammar Basics. In this Help file you will find concise information highlighting the major points of Arabic grammar.0l >B+ $€ €¤„$~€‚‚‚‚’6. Everyone has his or her own optimal learning style. Experiment with the many features of Transparent Language to find what works best for you.7. To learn a foreign language is to learn how another people lives, thinks, and feels. Enjoy the adventure!&AdB# €€€‚’@>B¤B1 ę „1¤BŁB·KThe Root System5dBŁB# €$€€‚’The Root System5ѤBEd –€£€€‚‚‚‚€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€ €‚’Most Arabic verbs and nouns are derived from a three-letter root, consisting of consonants only. Some words have two- or four-letter roots.From these roots, words are created by adding letters to the root through a set of patterns. For example, the root Ģ„˜ (k-t-b) embodies the general idea of writing. The word 00Ģ00„M˜~ (aktubu) means I write, Ģ!„!˜ (katabtu) means I wrote, and Ģ!„M¼!› (maktab) means office (or place of writing). ŠŁB%GG \€”€€‚€€€€‚‚€€€€€€‚‚‚’Many Arabic dictionaries list words under their roots. For example, to find the meaning of the word Ķ±Ā„› mutawassit, one would have to look it up under its root: Ķ±Ā (w-s-t).Roots that undergo further modification include WEAK verbs. These are roots that have a weak letter (Y, z, or {) as one of the three letters.Arabic words are additive in nature; many prepositions, pronouns, and conjunctions are actually joined to the words they modify.&EKG# €€€‚’Ļf%GHi#¢€ĢŠĻ ł ņ €€€‚’€€‚’€.€‚‚‚’€l€‚‚‚‚‚’’’NounNoun + pronounPreposition +Noun + PronounConjunction + Preposition + Noun + Pronounœ9KG¶Hc#–€rŠĻ ł ņ €€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’€J€‚’’’housetheir houseto their houseand to their house–3HLIc#–€fŠĻ ł ņ €€€‚’€€‚’€*€‚’€F€‚’’’manzalmanzalhuumlimanzalhuumwalimanzalhuum®*¶HśI„#Ų€TŠĻ ł ņ €€’€€€€‚’€€€€‚’€&€€€‚’€<€€€‚’’’vÆĄ›wzšÆĄ›wzšÆĄæšwzšÆĄæšz'LI!J$ €€Ȁ‚’–mśI·K) €Ū€€‚‚€‚’Identifying which parts of an Arabic word are modifiers and which are derived from a root takes practice. However, once you become familiar with the logic behind Arabic word construction, you have the tools to decipher the general meaning of almost any word. As you learn new Arabic words, looks for similarities in meaning between words with the same root.9!JšK1½ ’’’’ī 2šK L²…Contents0 ·K L% €€°Œ€‚’Contents冚KM_ Œ€ €€‚‚‚‚ć\š=‰€ ‚€‚ć¹™‰€ ‚€‚ćĘ$*‰€ ‚€‚ć£€‰€ ‚€‚’The following Help Topics are available:IntroductionAlphabet and PronunciationThe Root SystemThe ArticleG LLM- *€4€Čć·Ė>€‰€ ‚’Nouns and Adjectives)MĖMV |€R€Hȑ€ć©gõĶ€‰€ ‚ć؍€‰€ ‚ć°Q€‰€ ‚ć„žG€‰€ ‚’GenderCaseDualPluralV!LM!N5 :€B€Xȑ€‘€ć44Ķɀ‰‚ć2Ņ¾ń‰‚’Sound PluralBroken PluralQĖMrN3 6€<€Hȑ€ć©ļ€‰‚ć?~‰‚’Verbal NounsAdjectivesJ!N¼N1 2€2€Xȑ€‘€ć[CcȀ‰€ ‚’Relative AdjectivesTrNO: D€4€Čć„f¼€‰€ ‚ćŪRmI€‰€ ‚’AdverbsPronounsB¼NRO, (€,€Hȑ€ćHZMļ€‰‚’Personal Pronounsb-O“O5 :€Z€Xȑ€‘€ć\jwȀ‰‚ć{\w»‰‚’Independent PronounsAttached Pronouns‚HROB€: D€€Hȑ€ćeō„Y€‰‚ćĪF°ā‰‚ć‘ń€5‰‚’Demonstrative Pr“OB€·KonounsRelative PronounsInterrogative Pronouns. “Op€$ €€Ȁ‚’Numbers¢TB€N l€Ø€Hȑ€ć}­B€‰‚ć`jl‰€ ‚ćōÓæK€‰‚ćėó÷‰‚ć“m(‰‚’Cardinal NumbersOrdinal NumbersCounted NounsFractionsAll and Some4 p€F* $€€ČćG·.€‰‚’VerbsÖw‚_ Ž€ī€Hȑ€ć«¢Ņ €‰‚ć—“Ö‰‚ć[«|ȉ€ ‚ć×` €‰‚ćTŪ‰‚ć˜ƒ‰‚ć‹”v‰€ ‚’Indicative PerfectIndicative ImperfectFutureSubjunctiveJussiveImperativeStrong and Weak Verbs/ FK‚& €€ȑ€€‚’Tables—O‚ā‚H `€ž€Xȑ€‘€ćŁŠAƀ‰€ ‚ćŠŖœ[€‰€ ‚ć¼<$€‰‚’Conjugation: Stem IDerivations: Stems I XConjugation: Weak Verb0 K‚ƒ$ €€Ȁ‚’ParticlesŚŠā‚ģƒP n€€Hȑ€ć ”r$€‰‚ćńŖ8f‰‚ć$øʁ‰‚ć£铉‚ćŪźßA‰‚ćó€X‰‚’Vocative ParticlesSubjunctive ParticlesJussive ParticlesNegative ParticlesConjunction ParticlesInterrogative ParticlesCƒ/„+ &€0€Č挔WS€‰‚‚’PrepositionsSyntax«^ģƒŚ„M j€¼€Hȑ€ć¼Š¹€‰‚ćūMĊ‰‚ćQķ0‰‚ćeA!‰‚ć$2‰€‚‚‚’Subject and PredicateObjectsIdafaKaana and its SistersInna and its SistersÆy/„‰…6 <€ō€„H~€‚€!†"€€‚’For Help on Help for Windows, press F1.For Help on Help for Macintosh, select Help with Quick Help from the menu.)Ś„²…& €€Hȑ€€‚’1‰…’’’’1’’’’’’’’3’’’’’’’’’’’’×Ī"XHelvÆjØTcS@ÆśdTimes New RomanÉīTL Naskh Help31 ĶiArialjļœ5ækīä((($$0$(088,$8«¢Ō…*‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ ® ®®*‡ *‡ ó‚BB*‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ *‡ „„7 \!æ"*‡ #*‡ $‚%*‡ &„'*‡ („)µ*µ+*‡ ,Ą-*‡ .*‡ 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